Table of Contents

​

​

2450 N Street N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20037

(Address of Principal Executive Offices and Zip Code)

​

(202) 295-4200

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

​

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒  No ☐

​

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒  No ☐

​

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

​

​

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

​

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐  No ☒

​

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

​

Common Stock, $0.001 par value 50,077,663 shares outstanding as of April 30, 2026

​

​

​

Table of Contents

INDEX

​

​

​

​

Page 2 of 46

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated statements.

​

Page 4 of 46

Table of Contents

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated statements.

​

Page 5 of 46

Table of Contents

COGENT COMMUNICATIONS HOLDINGS, INC., AND SUBSIDIARIES

Page 6 of 46

Table of Contents

In addition to providing on-net services, the Company provides Internet access and private network services to customers that are not located in buildings directly connected to its network. The Company provides these off-net services primarily to corporate customers using other carriers’ circuits to provide the “last mile” portion of the link from the customers’ premises to the Company’s network. The Company also provides certain non-core services that resulted from acquisitions, including the acquisition of Sprint Communications, now called Cogent Fiber LLC (as discussed below). The Company continues to support but does not actively sell these non-core services.

Following the Company’s acquisition of Cogent Fiber LLC and pursuant to intercompany arrangements between Cogent Fiber LLC and the Company for use of the acquired Cogent Fiber LLC network, the Company began to provide optical wavelength services and optical transport services over its Optical Wave Network that is generally independent of the Company’s IP Network. The Company is selling these wavelength services to its existing customers, customers of Cogent Fiber LLC and to new customers who require dedicated optical transport connectivity without the capital and ongoing expenses associated with owning and operating network infrastructure.

Additionally, the customers of the Cogent Fiber Business (as defined below) include a number of companies larger than the Company’s historical customer base. In connection with the acquisition of Cogent Fiber LLC, the Company expanded selling services to these larger “Enterprise” customers.

Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40) Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, (“ASU 2024-03”), which requires a public business entity to disclose additional information about specific expense categories in the notes to financial statements on an annual and interim basis. The amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. A public entity should apply the amendments either prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date of the ASU or retrospectively to any or all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company will not early adopt ASU 2024-03 and is in the process of evaluating the impact on its consolidated financial statements from the adoption of ASU 2024-03.

Acquisition of Cogent Fiber Business

On September 6, 2022, Cogent Infrastructure, Inc. (now Cogent Infrastructure, LLC), a Delaware corporation and a direct wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (the “Buyer” or “Cogent Infrastructure”), entered into a Membership Interest Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with Sprint Communications LLC, a Kansas limited liability company (“Sprint Communications”) and an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of T-Mobile US, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“T-Mobile”), and Sprint LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of T-Mobile (the “Seller”), pursuant to which the Company acquired the U.S. long-haul fiber network (including the non-U.S. extensions thereof) of Sprint Communications (now Cogent Fiber LLC) and its subsidiaries (the “Cogent Fiber Business”). Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the Company purchased from the Seller all of the issued and outstanding membership interests (the “Purchased Interests”) of Wireline Network Holdings LLC, a Delaware limited liability company that, following an internal restructuring and divisive merger, held Sprint Communications’ assets and liabilities relating to the Cogent Fiber Business (such transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement, collectively, the “Transaction”). The Purchase Agreement included customary representations, warranties, indemnities and covenants, including regarding the conduct of the Cogent Fiber Business prior to the closing of the Transaction (the “Closing”). In addition, the Closing was subject to customary closing conditions, including the receipt of certain required regulatory approvals and consents.

The Company believes it is in a unique position to monetize the Cogent Fiber Business and its network and management expects to achieve significant cost reduction synergies and revenue synergies from the Transaction.

Page 7 of 46

Table of Contents

Purchase Price

The Transaction closed on May 1, 2023 (the “Closing Date”). On the Closing Date, the Buyer consummated the Transaction pursuant to the terms of the Purchase Agreement, providing a purchase price of $1 payable to the Seller for the Purchased Interests, subject to customary adjustments, including working capital (the “Working Capital Adjustment”), as set forth in the Purchase Agreement. As consideration for the Purchased Interests, the Working Capital Adjustment (primarily related to acquired cash and cash equivalents of an estimated $43.4 million at the Closing Date in order to fund the international operations of the Cogent Fiber Business) resulted in the Buyer making a payment to the Seller of $61.1 million on the Closing Date. During the third quarter of 2023, an additional Working Capital Adjustment of $5.0 million was accrued due to the Seller. The final determination of the Working Capital Adjustment (which included the Short-term Lease Payment below) was completed in April 2024, and the Company paid the Seller $5.0 million for the remaining Working Capital Adjustment.

Short-term lease payment

The Purchase Agreement also provides for a payment of $28.1 million ($19.8 million net of discount) from the Seller to the Buyer related to acquired short-term operating lease obligations (the “Short-term Lease Payment”). The Short-term Lease Payment will be paid from the Seller to the Company in four equal payments in months 55 to 58 after the Closing Date. The final determination of the Short-term Lease Payment was completed in April 2024. The Short-term Lease Payment was recorded at its present value resulting in a discount of $8.4 million. The interest rate used in determining the present value was derived considering rates on similar issued debt instruments with comparable durations, among other market factors. The determination of the discount rate requires some judgment. During the third quarter of 2023, the Short-term Lease Payment was reduced by $4.8 million and in the first quarter of 2024, the Short-term Lease Payment was reduced by an additional $17.0 million, net of discount of $7.2 million. Including the cumulative impact of these adjustments, the amortization of the discount resulted in interest income of $0.5 million and $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

IP Transit Services Agreement

On the Closing Date, Cogent Communications, Inc. (now Cogent Communications, LLC), and T-Mobile USA, Inc., a Delaware corporation and direct subsidiary of T-Mobile (“TMUSA”), entered into an agreement for IP transit services (“IP Transit Services Agreement”), pursuant to which TMUSA will pay an affiliate of the Company an aggregate of $700.0 million, consisting of (i) $350.0 million in equal monthly installments of $29.2 million per month during the first year after the Closing Date and (ii) $350.0 million in equal monthly installments of $8.3 million per month over the subsequent 42 months. Under the IP Transit Services Agreement. TMUSA paid the Company $25.0 million both during the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025.

The Company accounted for the Transaction as a business combination under ASC Topic 805 Business Combinations (“ASC 805”). The Company evaluated what elements are part of the business combination and the consideration exchanged to complete the acquisition. Under ASC 805, the Company has concluded that the $700.0 million of payments to be made represent consideration received from T - Mobile to complete the acquisition of a distressed business. The Company also evaluated whether the IP Transit Services Agreement was in the scope of ASU No. 2014 - 09 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). The Company has concluded that T - Mobile did not represent a “customer” as defined by ASC 606, the stated contract price did not represent consideration for services to be delivered, and the transaction did not satisfy the definition of revenue, which excluded this arrangement from the scope of ASC 606. As a result, and considering statements made by T - Mobile, the IP Transit Services Agreement was recorded in connection with the Transaction at its discounted present value resulting in a discount of $79.6 million. The interest rate used in determining the present value was derived considering rates on similar issued debt instruments with comparable durations, among other market factors. The determination of the discount rate requires some judgment. The amortization of the discount resulted in interest income of $3.1 million and $4.7 million during the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

Acquired Property & Equipment

In connection with the Transaction, the Company acquired property and equipment of $965.7 million. This was primarily comprised of the legacy Sprint network and consisted of optical fiber, related equipment, and owned real estate that were valued using a combination of cost and market approaches. Management intends to operate the acquired business; however, management valued these assets using factors that represent an orderly liquidation value, to approximate the highest and best use of assets acquired in a distressed business.

Page 8 of 46

Table of Contents

The estimated fair value of the optical fiber on the Closing Date was $369.2 million. The valuation required the estimation of the total replacement cost per mile of fiber and a factor to reflect the orderly liquidation value. There is no active market data for these assumptions and these assumptions are inherently subjective. Market participants could have differing views on these assumptions, which could result in a materially different fair value of the optical fiber.

Acquired Leases

The Company acquired a portfolio of lease arrangements for the lease of dark fiber, rights-of-way and facilities. In accordance with ASC 805 and ASC Topic 842 Leases, the acquired leases are accounted for as if the leases were new at the acquisition date, however, the Company retains the lease classification from the Seller. The Company followed its historical policies with respect to evaluating the renewal periods of the acquired leases and estimating the incremental borrowing rate.

The Company also evaluated the leases for unfavorable terms and recorded an adjustment for unfavorable market terms of $157.2 million that was valued using the income approach. Unfavorable lease liabilities are presented net of the corresponding right-of-use assets.

Acquired Intangible Assets

Intangible assets acquired include $458.0 million of Internet Protocol version 4 (“IPv4”) addresses and $16.0 million of acquired customer relationships. The acquired customer relationships have an estimated useful life of nine years, and the estimated fair value was determined using a market-based income approach. Amortization expense was $0.4 million and $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. Future amortization expense of the customer relationships is $1.8 million per year for six years.

The fair value measurement of the IPv4 addresses was based on recent auction prices and a factor to incorporate the uncertainty for how the market for IPv4 addresses will function in the future. The Company believes that the IPv4 address asset has an indefinite useful life and is not being amortized. The Company evaluates the IPv4 address asset for impairment on the first day of the fourth quarter, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. In performing the impairment assessment, the Company may first evaluate qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying amount. Upon consideration of relevant factors, the Company concluded that it was not more-likely-than-not that impairment was present, and therefore, a quantitative impairment assessment was not required. There was no impairment recorded during the period from May 1, 2023 through March 31, 2026.

Basis of presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared by the Company pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. In the opinion of management, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all normal recurring adjustments that the Company considers necessary for the fair presentation of its results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods covered, and of the financial position of the Company at the date of the interim condensed consolidated balance sheet. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the annual consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the entire year. While the Company believes that the disclosures are adequate to not make the information misleading, these interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes included in its annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to current year presentation.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all wholly owned subsidiaries. All inter-company accounts and activity have been eliminated.

Use of estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of

Page 9 of 46

Table of Contents

the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Financial instruments

At March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, prepaid and other current assets, accounts payable, and accrued expenses approximated fair value because of the short-term nature of these instruments. The Company measures its cash equivalents and restricted cash at amortized cost, which approximates fair value based upon quoted market prices (Level 1).

Based upon recent trading prices (Level 2—market approach) at March 31, 2026:

Restricted cash

Restricted cash includes amounts held in segregated bank accounts by the Company’s clearing broker as margin in support of the Company’s Swap Agreement, as discussed in Note 3, and was $4.1 million as of December 31, 2025. The Swap Agreement was settled in February 2026. Restricted cash related to the IPv4 Notes, as discussed in Note 3, was $39.0 million as of March 31, 2026 and $52.5 million as of December 31, 2025. Additional cash may be further restricted under the provisions of the Company’s IPv4 Note indenture. The Company does not use derivative financial instruments for trading purposes.

Gross receipts taxes, universal service fund and other surcharges

Revenue recognition standards include guidance relating to taxes or surcharges assessed by a governmental authority that are directly imposed on a revenue-producing transaction between a seller and a customer and may include, but are not limited to, gross receipts taxes, excise taxes, Universal Service Fund fees and certain state regulatory fees. Such charges may be presented gross or net based upon the Company’s accounting policy election. The Company records certain excise taxes and surcharges on a gross basis and includes them in its revenue and network operations expense. Excise taxes and surcharges billed to customers and recorded on a gross basis (as service revenue and network operations expense) were $19.5 million and $20.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

Basic and diluted net loss per common share

Basic net income or net loss per share (“EPS”) excludes dilution for common stock equivalents and is computed by dividing net income or net loss available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS is based on the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period, adjusted for the effect of dilutive common stock equivalents. Shares of restricted stock are included in the computation of basic EPS as they vest and are included in diluted EPS, to the extent they are dilutive, determined using the treasury stock method.

Page 10 of 46

Table of Contents

The following details the determination of diluted weighted-average shares:

​

​

The following details unvested shares of restricted common stock as well as the anti-dilutive effects of stock options and restricted stock awards outstanding:

​

​

Page 11 of 46

Table of Contents

Revenue recognition

The Company recognizes revenue under ASU No. 2014 - 09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), which requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. Fees billed in connection with customer installations are recorded as deferred revenue. Installation fees for contracts with terms longer than month-to-month are recognized over the contract term. The Company recognizes revenue over the estimated average customer life for installation fees associated with month-to-month contracts. To the extent a customer contract is terminated prior to its contractual end, the customer is subject to termination fees. The Company vigorously seeks payment of these termination fees. The Company recognizes revenue for termination fees as they are collected.

​

​

Lessor Accounting

The Company is a lessor for leases of owned dark fiber acquired in connection with the Transaction, that have contract terms that are accounted for as operating leases. These transactions are generally structured as indefeasible-right-of use agreements (“IRUs”), which are the exclusive right to use specified fibers for a specified term, typically 20 - 25 years. Cash consideration received on transfers of dark fiber, including upfront installation fees, is recognized on a straight-line basis to service revenue over the term of the agreement. Lease income is included in service revenue in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income.

Leases

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (“ASU 2016-02”). ASU 2016-02 replaced most existing lease accounting guidance. The operating lease liability under ASU 2016-02 is not considered a liability under the consolidated leverage ratio calculations in the indentures governing the Company’s senior unsecured and senior secured note obligations. The Company has made an accounting policy election to not apply the recognition requirements of ASU 2016-02 to its short-term leases-leases with a term of one year or less. The Company has also elected to apply certain practical expedients under ASU 2016-02 including not separating lease and non-lease components on its finance and operating leases.

​

​

Page 12 of 46

Table of Contents

​

Operating leases and finance leases

The Company has entered into lease agreements with numerous providers of dark fiber under IRUs. These IRUs typically have initial terms of 15-20 years and include renewal options after the initial lease term. The majority of these leases are finance leases. The Company also leases office space, rights-of-way, dark fiber and certain data center facilities under operating leases. Right-of-use assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent its obligation to make lease payments under the lease.

As of March 31, 2026, the Company had committed to additional IRU agreements totaling $105.5 million in future payments to be paid over periods of up to 20 years. These obligations begin when the related fiber is accepted, which is generally expected to occur in the next 12 months.

The future minimum payments under the Company’s operating lease and finance lease agreements are as follows (in thousands):

​

Page 13 of 46

Table of Contents

Allowance for credit losses

The Company estimates credit losses expected over the life of its trade receivables based on historical information combined with current conditions that may affect a customer’s ability to pay and reasonable and supportable forecasts. While the Company uses various credit quality metrics, it primarily monitors collectability by reviewing the duration of collection pursuits on its delinquent trade receivables. Based on the Company’s experience, the customer’s delinquency status is the strongest indicator of the credit quality of the underlying trade receivables, which is analyzed monthly.

​

​

​

Asset Retirement Obligations

​

In accordance with ASC 410, the Company has not recorded an asset retirement obligation related to restoration obligations for the removal of optical fiber because a settlement date for which to remove the fiber is indeterminable and therefore a reasonable estimation of fair value cannot be made.

​

​

2.  Property and equipment:

Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment and finance leases and capitalized compensation costs of employees directly involved with construction activities were as follows:

​

​

​

3.  Long-term debt:

As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had the following long-term debt obligations outstanding;

Page 14 of 46

Table of Contents

Issuance of $600.0 million principal amount of 2032 Notes and redemption of the 2026 Notes

On June 17, 2025 (the “2032 Notes Closing Date”), Group and Cogent Finance, Inc. (the “Co-Issuer” and, together with Group, the “Issuers”), two wholly owned subsidiaries of the Company, completed an offering of $600.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2032 Notes for issuance in a private placement not registered under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). The 2032 Notes were offered and sold only to persons reasonably believed to be qualified institutional buyers in an unregistered offering pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act and to certain non-U.S. persons in transactions outside the United States in compliance with Regulation S under the Securities Act. The 2032 Notes are due on July 1, 2032, and bear interest at a rate of 6.50% per year. Interest on the 2032 Notes is paid semi - annually on January 1 and July 1 of each year beginning on January 1, 2026. The 2032 Notes were issued in connection with the redemption of the Company’s $500.0 million 3.50% Senior Secured Notes due to mature in May 2026 (the “2026 Notes”).

The net proceeds from the offering were $597.8 million after deducting offering expenses. On June 4, 2025, the Issuers issued a notice of conditional full redemption to holders of all of the then-outstanding 2026 Notes, specifying the 2032 Notes Closing Date as the redemption date. On the 2032 Notes Closing Date, Group used $507.3 million of the net proceeds from the offering to redeem in full, and satisfy and discharge the Issuers’ obligations under, the 2026 Notes. The obligations under the 2026 Notes included the $500.0 million principal amount, a $5.0 million make-whole payment and $2.2 million of accrued interest. As a result of the redemption of the 2026 Notes, the Company incurred a loss on debt extinguishment and redemption of $5.6 million. Group expects to use the remainder of the net proceeds for general corporate purposes and/or to make special or recurring dividends to the Company.

The 2032 Notes were issued pursuant to, and are governed by, an indenture, dated June 17, 2025 (the “2032 Notes Indenture”), among the Issuers, the Company, the other guarantors named therein and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee and collateral agent. The 2032 Notes are jointly and severally guaranteed (the “2032 Notes Subsidiary Guarantees”) on a senior secured basis by each of Group’s existing and future material domestic subsidiaries (other than the Co-Issuer), subject to certain exceptions (collectively, the “2032 Notes Subsidiary Guarantors”). In addition, the 2032 Notes are guaranteed (together with the 2032 Notes Subsidiary Guarantees, the “Guarantees”) on a senior unsecured basis by the Company (together with the 2032 Notes Subsidiary Guarantors, the “Guarantors”). However, the Company is not subject to the covenants under the 2032 Notes Indenture. Under certain circumstances, the 2032 Notes Guarantors may be released from these 2032 Notes Guarantees without the consent of the holders of the 2032 Notes.

The 2032 Notes and the 2032 Notes Subsidiary Guarantees are the Issuers’ and the 2032 Notes Subsidiary Guarantors’ senior secured obligations, secured by a first-priority lien on substantially all of the Issuers’ and the 2032 Notes Subsidiary Guarantors’ assets, subject to certain exceptions, exclusions, limitations and permitted liens. The 2032 Notes and the 2032 Notes Subsidiary Guarantees are effectively senior to any of the Issuers’ and the Subsidiary Guarantors’ existing and future senior unsecured indebtedness, including the 2027 Notes and 2027 Mirror Notes (together, the “Existing Unsecured 2027 Notes”), and future indebtedness secured by liens on the collateral securing the 2032 Notes that are junior to the liens on the collateral securing the 2032 Notes, in each case, to the extent of the value of the collateral securing the 2032 Notes. Without giving effect to collateral arrangements, the 2032 Notes and the 2032 Notes Subsidiary Guarantees rank pari passu in right of payment with all of the Issuers’ and the 2032 Notes Subsidiary Guarantors’ existing and future senior indebtedness that is not subordinated in right of payment to the 2032 Notes or the 2032 Notes Subsidiary Guarantees, including the Existing Unsecured 2027 Notes, and are effectively subordinated to any of the Issuers’ and the 2032 Notes Subsidiary Guarantors’ indebtedness that is secured by assets that do not constitute collateral or that is secured by liens on the collateral securing the 2032 Notes that are senior to the liens securing the 2032 Notes, in each case, to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such indebtedness. In addition, the 2032 Notes and the 2032 Notes Subsidiary Guarantees rank contractually senior in right of payment to all of the Issuers’ and the 2032 Notes Subsidiary Guarantors’ subordinated indebtedness and are structurally subordinated to any existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities of Group’s non-guarantor subsidiaries (other than the Co-Issuer). The Company’s guarantee is its senior unsecured obligation and is effectively subordinated to the Company’s secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such indebtedness. Without giving effect to collateral arrangements, the Company’s guarantee ranks pari passu in right of payment with all of the Company’s existing and future senior indebtedness, including its guarantee of the Existing Unsecured 2027 Notes, and contractually senior in right of payment to all of the Company’s future subordinated indebtedness. The Company’s guarantee is structurally subordinated to any existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities of the Company’s subsidiaries that are neither the Issuers nor a 2032 Notes Subsidiary Guarantor, including the secured IPv4 Notes.

Page 15 of 46

Table of Contents

The 2032 Notes bear interest at a rate of 6.50% per annum. Interest began to accrue on the 2032 Notes on June 17, 2025 and will be paid semi-annually in arrears on January 1 and July 1 of each year, commencing January 1, 2026, to the persons who are registered holders of the 2032 Notes at the close of business on the December 15 or June 15 immediately preceding the applicable interest payment date. Unless earlier redeemed or repurchased, the 2032 Notes will mature on July 1, 2032.

The Issuers may redeem some or all of the 2032 Notes at any time prior to July 1, 2028 at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2032 Notes, plus a “make-whole” premium as set forth in the 2032 Notes Indenture, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of redemption. The Issuers may also redeem up to 40% of the principal amount of the 2032 Notes using proceeds of certain equity offerings completed prior to July 1, 2028 at a redemption price equal to 106.500%, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of redemption, subject to certain exceptions. Thereafter, the Issuers may redeem the 2032 Notes, in whole or in part, at a redemption price ranging from 103.250% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2032 Notes redeemed to par (depending on the year), in each case, as set forth in the 2032 Notes Indenture, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of redemption.

If Group undergoes specific kinds of changes in control accompanied by certain ratings events, the Issuers will be required to offer to repurchase the 2032 Notes from holders at a price equal to 101.0% of the aggregate principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of repurchase. Additionally, if Group or any of its restricted subsidiaries sells assets and does not apply the proceeds from such sale in a certain manner or certain other events have not occurred, under certain circumstances, the Issuers will be required to use the net proceeds to make an offer to purchase the 2032 Notes at an offer price in cash equal to 100.0% of the principal amount of the 2032 Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the repurchase date.

In connection with any offer to purchase all or any of the 2032 Notes (including a change of control offer, asset sale, offer or any tender offer), if holders of not less than 90.0% of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding 2032 Notes validly tender their 2032 Notes, the Issuers or a third party are entitled to redeem any remaining 2032 Notes at the price paid to each holder.

The 2032 Notes Indenture includes covenants that restrict Group and its restricted subsidiaries’ (including the Co-Issuer’s) ability to, among other things:

However, the covenants provide for certain exceptions to these restrictions, and neither the Company nor any subsidiary of the Company that is not Group or a subsidiary of Group is subject to the covenants under the 2032 Notes Indenture. Certain covenants will cease to apply to the 2032 Notes if, and for so long as, the 2032 Notes have investment grade ratings from any two of Moody’s Investors Service, Inc., Fitch Ratings, Inc. and S&P Global Ratings and so long as no default or event of default under the 2032 Notes Indenture has occurred and is continuing. Upon suspension of the covenants, the 2032 Notes Guarantees and the related liens on the collateral, as applicable, will be released until such time as the covenants are no longer suspended.

Page 16 of 46

Table of Contents

The principal amount of the 2032 Notes would become immediately due and payable upon the occurrence of certain bankruptcy or insolvency events involving Group, the Co-Issuer or certain of Group’s subsidiaries, and may be declared immediately due and payable by the trustee or the holders of at least 25.0% of the aggregate principal amount of the then-outstanding 2032 Notes upon the occurrence of certain events of default under the Indenture. Events of default include the following with respect to the Issuers and Group’s significant subsidiaries: (i) failure to pay principal, premium or interest at required times; (ii) failure to comply with any other agreements in the Indenture; (iii) default on certain material indebtedness that is caused by a failure to make a payment within any applicable grace period when due at maturity or results in the acceleration of such indebtedness prior to its express maturity; (iv) failure to pay certain material judgments; (v) a Guarantee being held unenforceable or invalid or ceasing for any reason to be in full force and effect or a Guarantor denying or disaffirming its obligations under its Guarantee; (vi) certain events of bankruptcy or insolvency; and (vii) certain defaults with respect to the security documentation related to the 2032 Notes and the collateral securing the 2032 Notes and the Guarantees of the Subsidiary Guarantors.

Issuance of $174.4 million of New IPv4 Notes

On April 11, 2025 (the “New IPv4 Notes Closing Date”), Cogent IPv4 LLC (the “IPv4 Issuer”), a special-purpose, bankruptcy remote, indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, issued $174.4 million aggregate principal amount of secured IPv4 address revenue notes, Series 2025-1 Class A-2 (collectively, the “New IPv4 Notes”), with an anticipated repayment date (“ARD”) in April 2030, in an offering exempt from registration under the Securities Act. The New IPv4 Notes bear interest at a rate of 6.646%, which is paid monthly.

The net proceeds of the New IPv4 Notes, after offering expenses, were $170.5 million. At the New IPv4 Notes Closing Date, $72.6 million of the net proceeds were restricted, and $97.9 million of the net proceeds were unrestricted. The restricted cash proceeds become available based upon improvements in the monthly leverage ratio and debt service coverage ratio (both as defined in the IPv4 Notes Indenture (as defined below). During the three months ended March 31, 2026 and year ended December 31, 2025 the restriction on $13.5 million and $26.9 million, respectively, of restricted cash was released primarily due to an improvement in the Company’s monthly leverage and debt service coverage ratios under the IPv4 base Indenture. Under the Terms of the IPv4 Notes Indenture, the Company has until October 2026 to satisfy the performance metrics and unlock the remaining restricted funds. If there are any remaining restricted funds at that time, they will be used to pay principal on the New IPv4 Notes.

The New IPv4 Notes were issued pursuant to the IPv4 Base Indenture, dated as of May 2, 2024, as supplemented by the Series 2025-1 Supplement thereto, dated as of the New IPv4 Notes Closing Date (the “Series 2025-1 Supplement”), by and between the IPv4 Issuer and the IPv4 Trustee (as defined below). The IPv4 Base Indenture allows the IPv4 Issuer to issue additional series of notes subject to certain conditions set forth therein, and the IPv4 Base Indenture, together with the Series 2024-1 Supplement thereto (as defined below) and the Series 2025-1 Supplement, and any other series supplements to the IPv4 Base Indenture, is referred to as the “IPv4 Notes Indenture.” Under the IPv4 Notes Indenture, interest is paid on a monthly basis. From and after the monthly payment date in April of 2030, principal payments will also be required to be made on the New IPv4 Notes on a monthly basis. No principal payments will be due on the New IPv4 Notes prior to the monthly payment date in April of 2030, unless certain rapid amortization, mandatory prepayment or acceleration events occur. The legal final maturity date of the New IPv4 Notes is in April of 2055. If the IPv4 Issuer has not repaid or refinanced any New IPv4 Notes prior to the monthly payment date in April of 2030, additional interest will accrue thereon in an amount equal to the greater of (i) 5.0% per annum and (ii) the excess amount, if any, by which the sum of the following exceeds the interest rate for such New IPv4 Notes: (A) the yield to maturity (adjusted to a “mortgage-equivalent basis” pursuant to the standards and practices of the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association) on the monthly payment date in April of 2030 of the United States Treasury Security having a remaining term closest to 10 years; plus (B) 5.0%; plus (C) the post ARD note spread of 3.00% applicable to such New IPv4 Notes.

Page 17 of 46

Table of Contents

In connection with the issuance of the New IPv4 Notes, the IPv4 Issuer obtained consents from noteholders representing more than 50% of the Voting Rights (as defined in the IPv4 Base Indenture) of the Existing IPv4 Notes to adopt amendments to the IPv4 Base Indenture to, among other things, permit the IPv4 Issuer to (i) issue additional Class A Notes (as defined in the IPv4 Base Indenture) (provided that the Class A Leverage Ratio (as defined in the IPv4 Base Indenture) is less than or equal to 7.25 to 1.00) (as opposed to 6.10 to 1.00 under the Base Indenture as previously in effect), (ii) dispose of IPv4 addresses owned by the IPv4 Issuer (provided that the pro forma Leverage Ratio (as defined in the IPv4 Base Indenture) is less than or equal to 7.25 to 1.00) (as opposed to the greater of (x) 7.10 to 1.00 and (y) the Leverage Ratio as of the date of the most recent issuance of Additional Notes (as defined in the IPv4 Base Indenture) (after giving effect to the issuance of such Additional Notes) under the IPv4 Base Indenture as previously in effect) and (iii) substitute new IPv4 addresses (including Non-Contributed IP Addresses (as defined in the IPv4 Base Indenture)) to be owned by the IPv4 Issuer for the Contributed IP Addresses then owned by the IPv4 Issuer (provided that the pro forma Leverage Ratio is not greater than 7.25 to 1.00) (as opposed to 6.10 to 1.00 under the IPv4 Base Indenture as previously in effect), in each case, among other applicable requirements (collectively, the “Amendments”). Accordingly, on the New IPv4 Notes Closing Date, prior to the issuance of the New IPv4 Notes, the IPv4 Issuer entered into a second amendment to the IPv4 Base Indenture (the “Second Amendment”) with the IPv4 Trustee giving effect to the Amendments.

Issuance of $206.0 million of Existing IPv4 Notes

On May 2, 2024, the IPv4 Issuer issued $206.0 million aggregate principal amount of IPv4 Notes (the “Existing IPv4 Notes”), with an ARD in May 2029 in an offering exempt from registration under the Securities Act. The net proceeds from the offering, after debt offering costs, were $198.4 million. The Existing IPv4 Notes bear interest at a rate of 7.924% which is paid monthly.

The Existing IPv4 Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture, dated as of May 2, 2024 (the “IPv4 Base Indenture”), as supplemented by the Series 2024-1 Supplement thereto, dated as of May 2, 2024 (the “Series 2024-1 Supplement”), in each case entered into by and between the IPv4 Issuer and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as the trustee for the IPv4 Notes (the “IPv4 Trustee”). The IPv4 Base Indenture allows the IPv4 Issuer to issue additional series of notes subject to certain conditions set forth therein.

The Existing IPv4 Notes were issued as part of a securitization transaction, pursuant to which certain IPv4 addresses, customer IPv4 address leases, customer accounts receivable and other IPv4 address assets (collectively, “IPv4 Address Assets”) were contributed to the IPv4 Issuer and are included as collateral for the Existing IPv4 Notes. While the Existing IPv4 Notes are outstanding, scheduled payments of interest are required to be made on a monthly basis. From and after the monthly payment date in May of 2029, principal payments will also be required to be made on the Existing IPv4 Notes on a monthly basis. No principal payments will be due on the Existing IPv4 Notes prior to the monthly payment date in May of 2029, unless certain rapid amortization, mandatory prepayment or acceleration events occur. The legal final maturity date of the Existing IPv4 Notes is in May of 2054. If the IPv4 Issuer has not repaid or refinanced the Existing IPv4 Notes prior to the monthly payment date in May of 2029, additional interest will accrue thereon in an amount equal to the greater of (i) 5.0% per annum and (ii) the excess amount, if any, by which the sum of the following exceeds the interest rate for such Existing IPv4 Note: (A) the yield to maturity (adjusted to a “mortgage-equivalent basis” pursuant to the standards and practices of the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association) on the monthly payment date in May of 2029 of the United States Treasury Security having a remaining term closest to 10 years; plus (B) 5.0%; plus (C) the post ARD note spread of 3.400% applicable to such Existing IPv4 Notes.

IPv4 Notes collateral, guaranty, covenants and restrictions

The IPv4 Notes are obligations only of the IPv4 Issuer pursuant to the indenture (the “IPv4 Notes Indenture”), and are secured by a security interest in substantially all of the IPv4 Address Assets pursuant to the IPv4 Notes Indenture. The IPv4 Notes are guaranteed by Cogent IPv4 Holdco LLC, a special-purpose entity and an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, as the guarantor (in such capacity, the “IPv4 Guarantor”), pursuant to a guaranty, dated as of May 2, 2024 (the “Guaranty”) by the IPv4 Guarantor in favor of the IPv4 Trustee pursuant to which the IPv4 Guarantor has granted a security interest in the equity interests of the IPv4 Issuer as collateral security for its obligations under the Guaranty. Except as described below, neither the Company nor any subsidiary of the Company, other than the IPv4 Issuer and the IPv4 Guarantor, will guarantee or in any way be liable for the obligations of the IPv4 Issuer under the IPv4 Notes Indenture or the IPv4 Notes.

Page 18 of 46

Table of Contents

The IPv4 Notes are subject to a series of covenants and restrictions customary for transactions of this type. These covenants and restrictions include (i) that the IPv4 Issuer maintains a liquidity reserve account to be used to make required payments in respect of the IPv4 Notes with such funds considered restricted cash, (ii) provisions relating to optional and mandatory prepayments, including specified make-whole payments in the case of certain optional prepayments of the IPv4 Notes prior to the monthly payment date in May of 2028, (iii) certain indemnification payments in the event, among other things, that the transfers of the assets pledged as collateral for the IPv4 Notes are in stated ways defective or ineffective and (iv) covenants relating to recordkeeping, access to information and similar matters. As provided in the IPv4 Base Indenture, the IPv4 Notes are also subject to rapid amortization in the event of a failure to maintain a stated debt service coverage ratio as defined in the IPv4 Notes Indenture. A rapid amortization may be cured if the debt service coverage ratio exceeds a certain threshold for a certain period of time, upon which cure, regular amortization, if any, will resume. In addition, if certain utilization thresholds are not met (i.e., the proportion of IP addresses which are leased to the total number of IP addresses owned by the IPv4 Issuer falls below certain thresholds), the IPv4 Issuer will be required to apply collections to the repayment of the IPv4 Notes and in certain circumstances, the noteholders will have the ability to direct a sale of the IP Address Assets, in whole or in part, pursuant to the terms set forth in the IPv4 Notes Indenture. The IPv4 Notes are also subject to certain customary events of default, including events relating to non-payment of required interest, principal or other amounts due on or with respect to the IPv4 Notes, failure to comply with covenants within certain time frames, certain bankruptcy events, breaches of specified representations and warranties, failure of security interests to be effective and certain judgments.

IPv4 Notes Manager

Cogent Communications, LLC (in such capacity, the “Manager”) performs certain monthly services related to the IPv4 Address Assets and the $380.4 million of IPv4 Notes including billing customers, collecting amounts paid by customers, forwarding payments to the IPv4 Trustee related to the IPv4 Address Assets and other administrative services. Amounts received by the IPv4 Issuer in respect of collections on the IPv4 Address Assets are reconciled on a monthly basis, and the IPv4 Issuer pays the monthly interest on the IPv4 Notes and other expenses from the accumulated customer payments on the IPv4 Address Assets. Amounts received by the IPv4 Issuer as collections on IPv4 Address Assets before the monthly reconciliation is completed are held in a segregated account by the IPv4 Trustee as collateral for the IPv4 Notes. After the IPv4 Trustee pays the monthly interest and other IPv4 Address Assets related costs, including monthly fees paid to the Manager for its services, any residual cash is paid to the Company and becomes unrestricted.

Issuance of $300.0 million of 2027 Mirror Notes

On June 11, 2024, the Issuers completed an offering of $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 2027 Mirror Notes for issuance in a private placement not registered under the Securities Act. The 2027 Mirror Notes were offered and sold only to persons reasonably believed to be qualified institutional buyers in an unregistered offering pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act and to certain non-U.S. persons in transactions outside the United States in compliance with Regulation S under the Securities Act. The 2027 Mirror Notes have the same maturity date and call protection, bear interest at the same rate and otherwise have substantially the same terms as the 2027 Notes; however, the 2027 Mirror Notes are not fungible (from a trading or tax perspective) with the 2027 Notes and are a separate series of notes from the 2027 Notes.

The 2027 Mirror Notes were issued at a price equal to 98.50% of their face value. The net proceeds from the offering were approximately $291.9 million after deducting the discount and offering expenses. Group used $114.6 million of the net proceeds from the offering to exercise a contractual option to prepay in full the IRU lease noted above, at a discount. Interest on the 2027 Mirror Notes accrues at 7.00% and is paid semi - annually in arrears on June 15 and December 15 of each year. Holdings provided a guarantee of the 2027 Mirror Notes, but Holdings is not subject to the covenants under the indenture.

The 2027 Mirror Notes were issued pursuant to, and are governed by, an indenture, dated June 11, 2024 (the “2027 Mirror Notes Indenture”), among the Issuers, the Company, the other guarantors named therein and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee (the “2027 Notes Trustee”). The 2027 Mirror Notes are jointly and severally guaranteed (the “Guarantees”) on a senior unsecured basis by each of Group’s existing and future material domestic subsidiaries (other than the Co-Issuer), subject to certain exceptions (collectively, the “Subsidiary Guarantors”), and by the Company (together with the Subsidiary Guarantors, the “Guarantors”). However, the Company is not subject to the covenants under the 2027 Mirror Notes Indenture. Under certain circumstances, the Guarantors may be released from these Guarantees without the consent of the holders of the 2027 Mirror Notes.

Page 19 of 46

Table of Contents

The 2027 Mirror Notes and the Guarantees are the Issuers’ and the Guarantors’ senior unsecured obligations. The 2027 Mirror Notes and the Guarantees are effectively subordinated to all of the Issuers’ and the Guarantors’ existing and future secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such indebtedness, and are structurally subordinated to all indebtedness and other liabilities of subsidiaries that are not Subsidiary Guarantors. Without giving effect to collateral arrangements, the 2027 Mirror Notes and the Guarantees rank pari passu in right of payment with all of the Issuers’ and the Guarantors’ existing and future senior indebtedness, including the Issuers’ 2026 Notes and the 2027 Notes. The 2027 Mirror Notes and the Guarantees rank contractually senior in right of payment to all of the Issuers’ and the Guarantors’ subordinated indebtedness and are structurally subordinated to any existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities of the Issuers’ non-guarantor subsidiaries.

After June 15, 2024, the Issuers may redeem the 2027 Mirror Notes, in whole or in part, at a redemption price ranging from 103.5% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2027 Mirror Notes redeemed to par (depending on the year), in each case, as set forth in the 2027 Mirror Notes Indenture, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including, the date of redemption.

If Group undergoes specific kinds of changes in control accompanied by certain ratings events, the Issuers will be required to offer to repurchase the 2027 Mirror Notes from holders at a price equal to 101% of the aggregate principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including, the date of repurchase. Additionally, if Group or any of its restricted subsidiaries sells assets and does not apply the proceeds from such sale in a certain manner or certain other events have not occurred, under certain circumstances, the Issuers will be required to use the net proceeds to make an offer to purchase the 2027 Mirror Notes at an offer price in cash equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2027 Mirror Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including, the repurchase date. In connection with any offer to purchase all or any of the 2027 Mirror Notes (including a change of control offer, asset sale, offer or any tender offer), if holders of no less than 90% of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding 2027 Mirror Notes validly tender their 2027 Mirror Notes, the Issuers or a third party are entitled to redeem any remaining 2027 Mirror Notes at the price paid to each holder.

The 2027 Mirror Notes Indenture includes covenants that restrict Group and its restricted subsidiaries’ (including the Co-Issuer’s) ability to, among other things: incur indebtedness; issue certain preferred stock or similar equity securities; pay dividends or make other distributions in respect of, or repurchase or redeem, capital stock; make certain investments and other restricted payments, such as prepayment, redemption or repurchase of certain indebtedness; create liens; consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of the properties and assets of Group and its restricted subsidiaries taken as a whole; incur restrictions on the ability of a subsidiary to pay dividends or make other payments; or enter into transactions with affiliates. The covenants provide for certain exceptions to these restrictions, and the Company is not subject to the covenants under the 2027 Mirror Notes Indenture. Certain covenants will cease to apply to the 2027 Mirror Notes if, and for so long as, the 2027 Mirror Notes have investment grade ratings from any two of Moody’s Investors Service, Inc., Fitch Ratings, Inc. and S&P Global Ratings and so long as no default or event of default under the 2027 Mirror Notes Indenture has occurred and is continuing. Upon suspension of the covenants, the Guarantees will be released until such time as the covenants are no longer suspended.

The principal amount of the 2027 Mirror Notes would become immediately due and payable upon the occurrence of certain bankruptcy or insolvency events involving Group, the Co-Issuer or certain of Group’s subsidiaries, and may be declared immediately due and payable by the 2027 Notes Trustee or the holders of at least 25% of the aggregate principal amount of the then-outstanding 2027 Mirror Notes upon the occurrence of certain events of default under the 2027 Mirror Notes Indenture. Events of default include the following with respect to the Issuers and Group’s significant subsidiaries: (i) failure to pay principal, premium or interest at required times; (ii) failure to comply with any other agreements in the 2027 Mirror Notes Indenture; (iii) default on certain material indebtedness that is caused by a failure to make a payment within any applicable grace period when due at maturity or results in the acceleration of such indebtedness prior to its express maturity; (iv) failure to pay certain material judgments; (v) a Guarantee being held unenforceable or invalid or ceasing for any reason to be in full force and effect or a Guarantor denying or disaffirming its obligations under its Guarantee; and (vi) certain events of bankruptcy or insolvency.

Page 20 of 46

Table of Contents

Issuance of $450.0 million of 2027 Notes

On June 22, 2022 (the “2027 Notes Closing Date”), Group completed its offering of $450.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 2027 Notes for issuance in a private placement not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). The 2027 Notes were offered and sold only to persons reasonably believed to be qualified institutional buyers in an unregistered offering pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act and to certain non-U.S. persons in transactions outside the United States in compliance with Regulation S under the Securities Act. The 2027 Notes were issued pursuant to, and are governed by, an indenture (the “2027 Notes Indenture”), dated the 2027 Notes Closing Date by and among Group, Holdings, the other guarantors named therein and the trustee. The 2027 Notes are jointly and severally guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by each of the Company’s existing and future material domestic subsidiaries, subject to certain exceptions, and by the Company. Under certain circumstances, the Guarantors may be released from these Guarantees without the consent of the holders of the 2027 Notes.

The net proceeds from the 2027 Notes offering were $446.0 million after deducting the $2.7 million discount and $1.3 million of offering expenses. Interest on the 2027 Notes accrues at 7.00% and is paid semi-annually in arrears on June 15 and December 15 of each year. Holdings provided a guarantee of the 2027 Notes, but Holdings is not subject to the covenants under the indenture.

Unless earlier redeemed or repurchased, the 2027 Notes will mature on June 15, 2027. After June 15, 2024, Group may redeem the 2027 Notes, in whole or in part, at a redemption price ranging from 103.5% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2027 Notes redeemed to par (depending on the year), in each case, as set forth in the 2027 Notes Indenture, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any.

Issuance of $500.0 million of 2026 Notes

On May 7, 2021 (the “2026 Notes Closing Date”), Group completed an offering of $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 2026 Notes for issuance in a private placement exempt from registration under the Securities Act. The 2026 Notes were offered and sold only to persons reasonably believed to be qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act and to certain non-U.S. persons in transactions outside the United States in compliance with Regulation S under the Securities Act. The 2026 Notes were issued pursuant to, and are governed by, an indenture (the “2026 Notes Indenture”), dated the 2026 Notes Closing Date by and among Group, Holdings, the other guarantors named therein, the trustee and the collateral agent. The 2026 Notes are guaranteed on a senior secured basis, jointly and severally, by Group’s material domestic subsidiaries, subject to certain exceptions (the “Subsidiary Guarantors”). In addition, the 2026 Notes were guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by Holdings (together with the Subsidiary Guarantors, the “Guarantors”). The net proceeds from the 2026 Notes offering were $496.9 million after deducting the $1.8 million discount and $1.3 million of offering expenses.

Unless earlier redeemed or repurchased, the 2026 Notes were scheduled to mature on May 1, 2026. The 2026 Notes were extinguished and redeemed with the issuance of the 2032 Notes in June 2025.

Limitations under the Indentures

The indentures governing the 2032 Notes, the 2027 Notes, and the 2027 Mirror Notes (collectively, the “Indentures”), among other things, limit the ability of Group and its restricted subsidiaries to incur indebtedness; issue certain preferred stock or similar equity securities; pay dividends or make other distributions; make certain investments and other restricted payments; create liens; consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of its properties and assets; incur restrictions on the ability of a subsidiary to pay dividends or make other payments; and enter into certain transactions with its affiliates. There are certain exceptions to the limitations on the ability to incur indebtedness under the Indentures, including IRU agreements incurred in the normal course of business and any additional indebtedness if Group’s consolidated leverage ratio, as defined in the Indentures, is less than 6.0 to 1.0 or Group’s fixed charge coverage ratio, as defined in the Indentures, is 2.0 to 1.0 or greater. Group and its subsidiaries can also incur unlimited liens (which can be used, together with capacity under the debt covenant, to incur additional secured indebtedness) if Group’s consolidated secured leverage ratio, as defined in the Indentures, is less than 4.0 to 1.0. Under the Indentures, Group and its restricted subsidiaries can pay dividends, make other distributions, make certain investments and make other restricted payments under certain circumstances, including, with respect to its restricted payments, if, after giving pro forma effect to such restricted payment, Group could still incur $1 of “Ratio Debt,” as defined (i.e., either its consolidated leverage ratio is less than 6.0 to 1.0 or its fixed charge coverage ratio is 2.0 to 1.0 or greater).

Page 21 of 46

Table of Contents

As of March 31, 2026, and under the more restrictive leverage ratio definitions under the 2027 Notes Indenture and the 2027 Mirror Notes Indenture (the “2027 Notes Indentures”),

As of March 31, 2026, and under the leverage ratio definitions under the 2032 Notes Indenture, (the definition of consolidated cash flow under Group’s 2032 Notes Indenture includes cash payments from TMUSA under the IP Transit Services Agreement for the reference period, as defined.)

Unrestricted Payments

As of March 31, 2026, a total of $354.0 million was unrestricted and permitted for restricted payments, including dividends and stock purchases.

Interest Rate Swap Agreement

As of December 31, 2025, the Company was party to the Swap Agreement that has the economic effect of modifying the fixed interest rate obligation associated with its 2026 Notes to a variable interest rate obligation based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) so that the interest payable on the 2026 Notes effectively became variable based on overnight SOFR. The Swap Agreement was an independent agreement from the Company’s now extinguished 2026 Notes and remained outstanding until its maturity in February 2026. Under the Swap Agreement, the Company paid the counterparty a semi-annual payment based upon overnight SOFR plus a contractual interest rate spread, and the counterparty paid the Company a semi-annual fixed 3.50% interest payment. The settlement payments were made each November and May.

The Swap Agreement was recorded at its fair value at each reporting period, and the Company incurred gains and losses due to changes in market interest rates. The values that the Company reported for the Swap Agreement as of each reporting date were recognized as “interest expense including change in valuation – interest rate swap agreement” with the corresponding amounts included in assets or liabilities in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

As of December 31, 2025, the fair value of the Swap Agreement was a net liability of $4.1 million, which was presented with accrued and other current liabilities. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had made a $4.3 million deposit with the counterparty to the Swap Agreement. As of December 31, 2025, $4.1 million of the deposit was restricted and $0.2 million was unrestricted. The Swap Agreement was settled on February 5, 2026 with a payment of $4.1 million and the total $4.3 million cash deposit was released and the account was closed.

​

Page 22 of 46

Table of Contents

4.  Commitments and contingencies:

Current and potential litigation

In accordance with the accounting guidance for contingencies, the Company accrues its estimate of a contingent liability when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Where it is probable that a liability has been incurred and there is a range of expected loss for which no amount in the range is more likely than any other amount, the Company accrues at the low end of the range. The Company reviews its accruals at least quarterly and adjusts them to reflect the impact of negotiations, settlements, rulings, advice of legal counsel, and other information and events pertaining to a particular matter. The Company has taken certain positions related to its obligations for leased circuits for which it is reasonably possible to result in a loss of up to $4.6 million in excess of the amount accrued at March 31, 2026.

In the ordinary course of business, the Company is involved in other legal activities and claims. Because such matters are subject to many uncertainties and the outcomes are not predictable with assurance, the liability related to these legal actions and claims cannot be determined with certainty. Management does not believe that such claims and actions will have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations. Judgment is required in estimating the ultimate outcome of any dispute resolution process, as well as any other amounts that may be incurred to conclude the negotiations or settle any litigation. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions, and such differences could be material.

​

5.  Income taxes:

The components of loss before income taxes consist of the following (in thousands):

​

​

6.  Common stock buyback program:

The Company’s Board of Directors has approved purchases of shares of the Company’s common stock under a buyback program (the “Buyback Program”) through December 31, 2026. As of March 31, 2026, there was $105.8 million remaining for purchases under the Buyback Program. There were no purchases of common stock in the three months ended March 31, 2026 or in the three months ended March 31, 2025.

​

7.  Dividends on common stock:

On May 1, 2026, the Company’s Board of Directors approved the payment of a quarterly dividend of $0.02 per share of common stock. This estimated $1.0 million dividend payment is expected to be made on June 2, 2026.

The payment of any future dividends and any other returns of capital, including stock buybacks, will be at the discretion of the Company’s Board of Directors and may be reduced, eliminated or increased and will be dependent upon the Company’s financial position, results of operations, available cash, cash flow, capital requirements, limitations under the Company’s debt indentures and other factors deemed relevant by the Company’s Board of Directors. The Company is a Delaware corporation, and under the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, distributions may be restricted including a restriction that distributions, including stock purchases and dividends, do not result in an impairment of a corporation’s capital, as defined under Delaware law. The Indentures limit the Company’s ability to return cash to its stockholders.

​

8.  Related party transactions:

Office leases

The Audit Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Audit Committee”) reviews and approves all transactions with related parties.

Page 23 of 46

Table of Contents

The Company’s headquarters is located in an office building owned by Sodium LLC whose owner is the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chairman, David Schaeffer. The fixed annual rent for the headquarters building is $1.0 million per year plus an allocation of taxes and utilities. The lease began in May 2015, and the lease term was for five years. In February 2020, the lease term was extended to May 2025 and in March 2025 the lease was extended to May 2030. The lease is cancellable at no cost by the Company upon 60 days’ notice.

On January 6, 2023, the Company entered into two lease agreements (the “New Leases”), one with Thorium LLC (“Thorium”) and one with Germanium LLC (“Germanium”), entities owned by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chairman, David Schaeffer. The first of the New Leases is with Thorium for 54,803 square feet of office space, which serves as office space for the Company replacing a portion of its office space in the Northern Virginia area (“Office Lease”). The second of the New Leases is with Germanium LLC for 1,587 square feet of technical space which serves as network operations space for the Company (“Network Operations Lease”). The term for each of the New Leases is five years beginning on April 1, 2023. Both of the New Leases are cancellable by the Company without penalty upon 60 days written notice. The Company took occupancy of the office space and network operations space in April 2023. The amount of fixed annual rent during the term of the Office Lease is $1.2 million, and the Company is responsible for paying its proportionate share of the building’s operating expenses that exceed a 2023 base year. The amount of fixed annual rent for the Network Operations Lease is $34,914, and the Company is also responsible for paying its metered utility costs and a proportionate share of the building’s other operating expenses that exceed a 2023 base year.

On July 25, 2023, the Company entered into a Second Amendment to the lease agreement with Germanium (the “Amendment”), which amended the Network Operations Lease to lease an additional 7,369 square feet on the first floor of the building, beginning on August 1, 2023, in connection with the planned expansion of the technical space. This included 4,987 square feet for an auditorium suitable for training and 2,382 square feet for the data center in the building. The amended Network Operations Lease remains cancellable by the Company without penalty upon 60 days written notice. The Amendment provides for $162,118 of additional fixed annual rent during the term of the Network Operations Lease, plus a proportionate share of real estate taxes and operating expenses and separately metered utilities expense.

The Company paid $0.8 million and $0.8 million in the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively, for rent and related costs (including taxes and utilities) for these leases.

​

9.  Geographic and segment information:

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing the Company’s performance. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chairman, David Schaeffer is the Company’s CODM. The Company has one operating segment. The consolidated operating segment financial information regularly reviewed by the CODM, inclusive of assets, revenue, expenses, profit or loss, and noncash items are included in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, and Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Page 24 of 46

Table of Contents

Revenues are attributed to regions based on where the services are provided. Below are the Company’s service revenues and long-lived assets by geographic region - including property plant and equipment and excluding intangible assets (in thousands):

​

​