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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549 
____________________________________________________________
FORM 10-Q
____________________________________________________________

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2026
 
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from __________ to __________             
Commission file number 001-41170
____________________________________________________________
GLACIER BANCORP, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 ____________________________________________________________
Montana81-0519541
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)(IRS Employer Identification No.)
49 Commons LoopKalispell,Montana59901
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)
(406)756-4200
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
 ____________________________________________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par valueGBCIThe New York Stock Exchange
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    ☒  Yes    ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    ☒ Yes    ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer☒Accelerated filer☐
Non-accelerated filer☐Smaller reporting company☐
Emerging growth company☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).   ☐ Yes    ☒  No
The number of shares of Registrant’s common stock outstanding on April 14, 2026 was 130,142,654. No preferred shares are issued or outstanding.


TABLE OF CONTENTS
 

 Page
Part I. Financial Information
Item 1 – Financial Statements










ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS
ACL or allowance – allowance for credit losses
AFS - available-for-sale
ALCO – Asset Liability Committee
ASC – Accounting Standards Codification
ASU – Accounting Standards Update
ATM – automated teller machine
Bank – Glacier Bank
BOID - Bank of Idaho Holding Co. and its wholly owned subsidiary, Bank of Idaho
CDE – Certified Development Entity
CDFI Fund – Community Development Financial Institutions Fund
CEO – Chief Executive Officer
CFO – Chief Financial Officer
CRE - Commercial real estate
Company – Glacier Bancorp, Inc.
DDA – demand deposit account
Fannie Mae – Federal National Mortgage Association
FASB – Financial Accounting Standards Board
FDIC – Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FHLB – Federal Home Loan Bank
Final Rules – final rules implemented by the federal banking agencies that established a
  new comprehensive regulatory capital framework
FRB – Federal Reserve Bank
Freddie Mac – Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
GAAP – accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America
Ginnie Mae – Government National Mortgage Association
Guaranty - Guaranty Bancshares, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary, Guaranty Bank & Trust
HTM - Held-to-maturity
Interest rate locks - residential real estate derivatives for commitments
LIHTC – Low-Income Housing Tax Credit
MBFD - Modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty
NMTC – New Markets Tax Credit
NOW – negotiable order of withdrawal
NRSRO – Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations
OCI – other comprehensive income
OREO – other real estate owned
PCD – purchased credit-deteriorated
Repurchase agreements – securities sold under agreements to repurchase
ROU – right-of-use
S&P – Standard and Poor’s
SEC – United States Securities and Exchange Commission
SOFR – Secured Overnight Financing Rate
TBA – to-be-announced
VIE – variable interest entity




GLACIER BANCORP, INC.
UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)March 31,
2026		December 31,
2025
Assets
Cash on hand and in banks$350,801 321,526 
Interest bearing cash deposits1,034,436 913,735 
Cash and cash equivalents1,385,237 1,235,261 
Debt securities, available-for-sale3,585,531 4,007,512 
Debt securities, held-to-maturity3,058,662 3,110,216 
Total debt securities6,644,193 7,117,728 
Loans held for sale, at fair value41,652 39,186 
Loans receivable21,033,663 20,927,796 
Allowance for credit losses(255,771)(255,319)
Loans receivable, net20,777,892 20,672,477 
Premises and equipment, net492,031 486,184 
Right-of-use assets, net76,344 75,574 
Other real estate owned and foreclosed assets
1,610 411 
Accrued interest receivable122,795 120,092 
Deferred tax asset, net103,863 101,337 
Intangibles, net100,470 105,269 
Goodwill1,378,283 1,378,283 
Federal Home Loan Bank stock, at cost21,524 42,764 
Bank-owned life insurance236,540 235,090 
Other assets351,648 368,407 
Total assets$31,734,082 31,978,063 
Liabilities
Non-interest bearing deposits$7,427,280 7,314,779 
Interest bearing deposits17,314,591 17,276,317 
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase2,085,623 2,084,113 
Federal Home Loan Bank advances— 440,000 
Other borrowed funds51,564 51,473 
Finance lease liabilities31,209 28,808 
Subordinated debentures188,032 187,492 
Accrued interest payable30,512 32,786 
Operating lease liabilities51,457 52,869 
Other liabilities305,315 295,605 
Total liabilities27,485,583 27,764,242 
Commitments and Contingent Liabilities— — 
Stockholders’ Equity
Preferred shares, $0.01 par value per share, 1,000,000 shares authorized, none issued or outstanding
— — 
Common stock, $0.01 par value per share, 234,000,000 shares authorized at
  March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively
1,301 1,300 
Paid-in capital3,224,619 3,220,064 
Retained earnings1,198,628 1,159,567 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(176,049)(167,110)
Total stockholders’ equity4,248,499 4,213,821 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$31,734,082 31,978,063 
Number of common stock shares issued and outstanding130,124,378 129,971,712 
See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
4

GLACIER BANCORP, INC.
UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
 Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)March 31,
2026		March 31,
2025
Interest Income
Investment securities$45,126 45,646 
Residential real estate loans33,708 24,275 
Commercial loans258,616 197,388 
Consumer and other loans24,887 22,616 
Total interest income362,337 289,925 
Interest Expense
Deposits72,251 62,865 
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase13,619 13,733 
Federal Home Loan Bank advances4,226 20,719 
Other borrowed funds
443 402 
Subordinated debentures3,121 2,227 
Total interest expense93,660 99,946 
Net Interest Income268,677 189,979 
Provision for credit losses6,064 7,814 
Net interest income after provision for credit losses262,613 182,165 
Non-Interest Income
Deposit service charges and other fees15,265 13,215 
Payment services11,368 9,328 
Miscellaneous loan fees and charges2,279 1,691 
Gain on sale of loans5,108 4,311 
Gain (loss) on sale of securities— — 
Other income4,062 4,097 
Total non-interest income38,082 32,642 
Non-Interest Expense
Compensation and employee benefits115,770 91,443 
Occupancy and equipment15,682 12,294 
Advertising and promotions5,256 4,144 
Data processing13,273 9,138 
Other real estate owned and foreclosed assets206 63 
Regulatory assessments and insurance6,403 5,534 
Intangibles amortization4,799 3,270 
Other expenses39,140 25,432 
Total non-interest expense200,529 151,318 
Income Before Income Taxes100,166 63,489 
Federal and state income tax expense18,022 8,921 
Net Income$82,144 54,568 
Basic earnings per share$0.63 0.48 
Diluted earnings per share$0.63 0.48 
Dividends declared per share$0.33 0.33 
Average outstanding shares - basic130,052,858 113,451,199 
Average outstanding shares - diluted130,242,765 113,546,365 

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
5


GLACIER BANCORP, INC.
UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
 
 Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)March 31,
2026		March 31,
2025
Net Income$82,144 54,568 
Other Comprehensive Income, Net of Tax
Available-For-Sale and Transferred Securities:
Unrealized (losses) gains on available-for-sale securities
(13,313)60,765 
Reclassification adjustment for securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity
1,199 1,469 
Tax effect3,003 (15,509)
Net of tax amount(9,111)46,725 
Fair Value Hedge:
Unrealized gain on derivatives used for fair value hedges229 — 
Tax effect(57)— 
Net of tax amount172 — 
Cash Flow Hedge:
Unrealized losses on derivatives used for cash flow hedges— (657)
Amount of losses reclassified from other comprehensive income to net income— (63)
Tax effect— 180 
Net of tax amount— (540)
Total other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax
(8,939)46,185 
Total Comprehensive Income$73,205 100,753 




















See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
6

GLACIER BANCORP, INC.
UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES
IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Three Months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)Common StockPaid-in CapitalRetained
Earnings		Accumulated
Other Compre-
hensive Loss		 
SharesAmountTotal
Balance at January 1, 2025
113,401,955 $1,134 2,448,758 1,083,258 (309,296)3,223,854 
Net income— — — 54,568 — 54,568 
Other comprehensive income— — — — 46,185 46,185 
Cash dividends declared ($0.33 per share)
— — — (37,553)— (37,553)
Stock issuances under stock incentive plans
115,989 1 (1)— — — 
Stock-based compensation and related taxes
— — 554 — — 554 
Balance at March 31, 2025113,517,944 $1,135 2,449,311 1,100,273 (263,111)3,287,608 
Balance at January 1, 2026
129,971,712 $1,300 3,220,064 1,159,567 (167,110)4,213,821 
Net income— — — 82,144 — 82,144 
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — — (8,939)(8,939)
Cash dividends declared ($0.33 per share)
— — — (43,083)— (43,083)
Stock issuances under stock incentive plans
152,666 1 (1)— — — 
Stock-based compensation and related taxes
— — 4,556 — — 4,556 
Balance at March 31, 2026130,124,378 $1,301 3,224,619 1,198,628 (176,049)4,248,499 















See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
7

GLACIER BANCORP, INC.
UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
 
 Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)March 31,
2026		March 31,
2025
Operating Activities
Net income$82,144 54,568 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provision for credit losses6,064 7,814 
Net amortization of debt securities2,027 2,939 
Net amortization of purchase accounting adjustments and deferred loan fees and costs(5,660)(3,250)
Origination of loans held for sale(194,651)(160,307)
Proceeds from loans held for sale197,292 157,156 
Gain on sale of loans(5,108)(4,311)
Bank-owned life insurance income, net(2,260)(1,182)
Stock-based compensation, net of tax benefits4,452 2,541 
Depreciation and amortization9,082 7,494 
Loss (gain) on dispositions of premises and equipment445 (1,010)
(Gain) loss on sale and write-downs of other real estate owned, net(17)18 
Amortization of core deposit and other intangibles4,799 3,270 
Amortization of investments in variable interest entities9,674 8,662 
Net increase in accrued interest receivable(2,703)(4,729)
Net decrease (increase) in other assets2,361 (1,784)
Net decrease in accrued interest payable(2,274)(3,394)
Net decrease in operating lease liabilities(1,934)(921)
Net decrease in other liabilities(15,853)(11,128)
Net cash provided by operating activities87,880 52,446 
Investing Activities
Maturities, prepayments and calls of available-for-sale debt securities1,405,802 148,759 
Purchases of available-for-sale debt securities(999,904)(13,791)
Maturities, prepayments and calls of held-to-maturity debt securities51,648 46,904 
Purchases of held-to-maturity debt securities— (13,723)
Net (increase) decrease in loans(103,981)44,684 
Proceeds from sale of premises and equipment1,457 2,051 
Net additions to premises and equipment(13,530)(5,663)
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned192 22 
Proceeds from redemption of equity securities21,606 12,931 
Purchases of equity securities(365)(1,214)
Proceeds from bank-owned life insurance987 — 
Investments in variable interest entities(11,826)(15,453)
Net cash provided by investing activities352,086 205,507 





See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
8

GLACIER BANCORP, INC.
UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued)
 
 Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)March 31,
2026		March 31,
2025
Financing Activities
Net increase in deposits$150,654 87,169 
Net increase in securities sold under agreements to repurchase1,510 71,596 
Repayments of long-term Federal Home Loan Bank advances(440,000)(280,000)
Net increase in other borrowed funds90 154 
Principal payments on finance lease liabilities(1,150)(976)
Cash dividends paid(337)(363)
Tax withholding payments for stock-based compensation(2,195)(2,456)
Proceeds from stock option exercises1,438 — 
Net cash used in financing activities(289,990)(124,876)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents149,976 133,077 
Cash, cash equivalents at beginning of period1,235,261 848,408 
Cash, cash equivalents at end of period$1,385,237 981,485 
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information
Cash paid during the period for interest$95,934 103,340 
Cash (received) paid during the period for income taxes(805)2,427 
Supplemental Disclosure of Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities
Sale and refinancing of other real estate owned$— 1 
Transfer of loans to other real estate owned1,374 30 
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities4,169 176 
Equity investments obtained in exchange for delayed equity contributions— 5,268 
Dividends declared during the period but not paid43,082 37,553 





















See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
9

GLACIER BANCORP, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 
Note 1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

General
Glacier Bancorp, Inc. (“Company”) is a Montana corporation headquartered in Kalispell, Montana. The Company provides a full range of banking services to individuals and businesses in Montana, Idaho, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, Nevada, and Texas through its wholly-owned bank subsidiary, Glacier Bank (“Bank”). The Company offers a wide range of banking products and services, including: 1) retail banking; 2) business banking; 3) real estate, commercial, agriculture and consumer loans; and 4) mortgage origination and loan servicing. The Company serves individuals, small to medium-sized businesses, community organizations and public entities.

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. These interim consolidated financial statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for complete financial statements and they should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2026 are not necessarily indicative of the results anticipated for the year ending December 31, 2026. The condensed consolidated statement of financial condition of the Company as of December 31, 2025 has been derived from the audited consolidated statements of the Company as of that date.

The Company is a defendant in legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business. In the opinion of management, the disposition of pending litigation will not have a material affect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change include: 1) the determination of the allowance for credit losses (“ACL” or “allowance”) on loans; 2) the valuation of debt securities; and 3) the evaluation of goodwill impairment. For the determination of the ACL on certain loans and real estate valuation estimates, management obtains independent appraisals (new or updated) for significant items. Estimates relating to the investment valuations are obtained from independent third parties. Estimates relating to the evaluation of goodwill for impairment are determined based on internal calculations using market-based inputs.

Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements of the Company include the parent holding company and the Bank, which consists of eighteen bank divisions and a corporate division. The corporate division includes the Bank’s investment portfolio, wholesale borrowings and other centralized functions. The Bank divisions operate under separate names, management teams and advisory directors. The Bank also has non-bank subsidiaries which hold certain Bank investments. These non-bank subsidiaries are either consolidated or accounted for under the equity method depending on whether the Bank has a controlling interest or significant influence over the entity.

The Bank has interests in variable interest entities (“VIE”) for which the Bank has both the power to direct the VIE’s significant activities and the obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. These interests are consolidated into the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Bank also has interests in VIEs for which the Bank does not have a controlling financial interest and is not the primary beneficiary. These interests are accounted for under the equity method in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. For additional information on the Bank’s interest in VIEs, see Note 7.

The parent holding company owns non-bank subsidiaries that have issued trust preferred securities. The trust subsidiaries are not consolidated into the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company's investments in the trust subsidiaries are included in other assets on the Company's consolidated statements of financial condition and its liabilities to the trust subsidiaries are included in subordinated debentures.

Segment Reporting
The Company has determined that its current operating model is structured whereby banking locations and divisions serve a similar base of commercial and retail customers for which the Company provides similar products and services managed
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through similar processes and technology platforms. The Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) serves as the Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”). The CODM allocates resources and assesses performance of the Company based on the consolidated performance, excluding all significant intercompany balances and transactions between the Company and the Bank, its wholly owned subsidiary, and does not significantly utilize disaggregated segment financial information for decision making and resource allocation. The CODM assesses performance for the banking segment and decides how to allocate resources based on net income as reported on the consolidated statements of operations as consolidated net income. Accordingly, all of the Company’s operations are considered by management to be aggregated in one reportable operating segment, the banking segment. All categories of interest expense and non-interest expense as disclosed on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations are considered significant to the banking segment.

The Company has determined that no additional segment disclosures are required, specifically as a result of the following;

▪the Company does not use the tracked performance on the disaggregated segment level for decision-making or resource allocation purposes,
▪no significant segment-specific expenses or performance metrics are used internally for decision-making or resource allocation purposes other than those reported on the consolidated statements of operations, and
▪the level of financial consolidation presented in these financial statements aligns with the CODM’s internal reporting and decision-making process

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Interest Bearing Cash Deposits
Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, cash held as demand deposits at various banks and the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”), interest bearing deposits, federal funds sold, and liquid investments with original or acquired maturities of three months or less. Interest bearing deposits are maintained at other financial institutions as collateral for certain derivative contracts and are considered restricted cash. Interest earned on interest bearing cash deposits was $8,127,000 and $6,143,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively, and was included in interest income on investment securities on the consolidated statements of operations. The Company had no restricted cash held as collateral for derivative contracts as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. The Bank is required to maintain an average reserve balance either with the FRB or in the form of cash on hand at a reserve rate determined by the FRB. Effective March 26, 2020, the FRB Board reduced the reserve requirement ratio to zero percent. The required reserve balance at March 31, 2026 was $0.

Debt Securities
Debt securities for which the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held-to-maturity (“HTM”) and are carried at amortized cost. Debt securities held primarily for the purpose of selling in the near term are classified as trading securities and are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses included in income. Debt securities not classified as HTM or trading are classified as available-for-sale (“AFS”) and are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses, net of income taxes, as a separate component of other comprehensive income (“OCI”). Premiums and discounts on debt securities are amortized or accreted into income using a method that approximates the interest method. The objective of the interest method is to calculate periodic interest income at a constant effective yield. The Company does not have any debt securities classified as trading securities. When the Company acquires another entity, it records the debt securities at fair value.

The Company reviews and analyzes the various risks that may be present within the investment portfolio on an ongoing basis, including market risk, credit risk and liquidity risk. Market risk is the risk to an entity’s financial condition resulting from adverse changes in the value of its holdings arising from movements in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, equity prices or commodity prices. The Company assesses the market risk of individual debt securities as well as the investment portfolio as a whole. Credit risk, broadly defined, is the risk that an issuer or counterparty will fail to perform on an obligation. The credit rating of a security is considered the primary credit quality indicator for debt securities. Liquidity risk refers to the risk that a security will not have an active and efficient market in which the security can be sold.

A debt security is investment grade if the issuer has adequate capacity to meet its commitment over the expected life of the investment, i.e., the risk of default is low and full and timely repayment of interest and principal is expected. To determine investment grade status for debt securities, the Company conducts due diligence of the creditworthiness of the issuer or counterparty prior to acquisition and ongoing thereafter consistent with the risk characteristics of the security and the overall risk of the investment portfolio. Credit quality due diligence takes into account the extent to which a security is guaranteed by the U.S. government and other agencies of the U.S. government. The depth of the due diligence is based on the complexity of the structure, the size of the security, and takes into account material positions and specific groups of securities or stratifications for analysis and review of similar risk positions. The due diligence includes consideration of payment performance, collateral adequacy, internal analyses, third party research and analytics, external credit ratings and default statistics.

11



For additional information relating to debt securities, see Note 2.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Available-for-Sale Debt Securities
For AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more-likely-than-not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through loss on sale of securities. For the AFS securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In such assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, if there are any changes to the investment grade of the security by a rating agency, and if there are any adverse conditions that impact the security. If this assessment indicates a credit loss exists, the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected from the security is compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a potential credit loss exists and an ACL is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost. Any estimated credit losses that have not been recorded through an ACL are recognized in OCI.

The Company has acquired debt securities through acquisitions and if the securities have more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination, they are designated as purchased credit-deteriorated (“PCD”) securities. An ACL is determined using the same methodology as with other debt securities. The sum of a PCD security’s fair value and associated ACL becomes its initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the debt security is a noncredit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the security. Subsequent changes to the ACL are recorded through provision for credit losses.

The Company has elected to exclude accrued interest from the estimate of credit losses for AFS debt securities. As part of its non-accrual policy, the Company charges-off uncollectable interest at the time it is determined to be uncollectable.

Allowance for Credit Losses - HTM Debt Securities
For estimating the allowance for HTM debt securities that share similar risk characteristics with other securities, such securities are pooled based on major security type. For pools of such securities with similar risk characteristics, the historical lifetime probability of default and severity of loss in the event of default is derived or obtained from external sources and adjusted for the expected effects of reasonable and supportable forecasts over the expected lives of the securities on those historical credit losses. Expected credit losses on securities in the HTM portfolio that do not share similar risk characteristics with any of the pools of debt securities are individually measured based on net realizable value, or the difference between the discounted value of the expected future cash flows, based on the original effective interest rate, and the recorded amortized cost basis of the securities.

The Company has elected to exclude accrued interest from the estimate of credit losses for HTM debt securities. As part of its non-accrual policy, the Company charges off uncollectable interest at the time it is determined to be uncollectable.

Loans Held for Sale
Loans held for sale generally consist of long-term, fixed rate, conforming, single-family residential real estate loans intended to be sold on the secondary market. Fair value elections are made at the time of origination based on the Company’s fair value election policy. Loans held for sale are currently recorded at fair value and may be sold with or without servicing rights. Changes in fair value are recognized in gain on sale of loans included in non-interest income.

Loans Receivable
The Company’s loan segments or classes are based on the purpose of the loan and consist of residential real estate, commercial real estate (“CRE”), other commercial, home equity, and other consumer loans. Loans that are intended at origination to be held for investment are reported at the unpaid principal balance less net charge-offs and adjusted for deferred fees and costs on originated loans and unamortized premiums or discounts on acquired loans. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Fees and costs on originated loans and premiums or discounts on acquired loans are deferred and subsequently amortized or accreted as a yield adjustment over the expected life of the loan utilizing the interest or straight-line methods. The interest method is utilized for loans with scheduled payment terms and the objective is to calculate periodic interest income at a constant effective yield. The straight-line method is utilized for revolving lines of credit or loans with no scheduled payment terms. When a loan is paid off prior to maturity, the remaining unamortized fees and costs on originated loans and unamortized premiums or discounts on acquired loans are immediately recognized as interest income.
12


Loans that are 30 days or more past due based on payments received and applied to the loan are considered delinquent. Loans are designated non-accrual and the accrual of interest is discontinued when the collection of the contractual principal or interest is unlikely. A loan is typically placed on non-accrual when principal or interest is due and has remained unpaid for 90 days or more. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, interest previously accrued but not collected is reversed against current period interest income. Subsequent payments on non-accrual loans are applied to the outstanding principal balance if doubt remains as to the ultimate collectability of the loan. Interest accruals are not resumed on partially charged-off impaired loans. For other loans on non-accrual, interest accruals are resumed on such loans only when they are brought fully current with respect to interest and principal and when, in the judgment of management, the loans are estimated to be fully collectible as to both principal and interest.

The Company has acquired loans through acquisitions, some of which have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination. The Company considers all acquired non-accrual loans to be PCD loans. In addition, the Company considers loans accruing 90 days or more past due or substandard loans to be PCD loans. An ACL is determined using the same methodology as other loans held for investment. The ACL determined on a collective basis is allocated to individual loans. The sum of a loan’s fair value and ACL becomes the initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the loan is a noncredit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent changes to the ACL are recorded through provision for credit losses.

For additional information relating to loans, see Note 3.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Receivable
The ACL for loans receivable represents management’s estimate of credit losses over the expected contractual life of the loan portfolio. The estimate is determined based on the amortized cost of the loan portfolio including the loan balance adjusted for charge-offs, recoveries, deferred fees and costs, and loan discount and premiums. Recoveries are included only to the extent that such amounts were previously charged-off. The Company has elected to exclude accrued interest from the estimate of credit losses for loans. Determining the adequacy of the allowance is complex and requires a high degree of judgment by management about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Subsequent evaluations of the then-existing loan portfolio, in light of the factors then prevailing, may result in significant changes in the allowance in those future periods.

The allowance is adjusted for estimated credit losses which is recorded in the provision for credit losses. The portion of loans and overdraft balances determined by management to be uncollectable are charged-off as a reduction to the allowance and recoveries of amounts previously charged-off increase the allowance. The Company’s charge-off policy is consistent with bank regulatory standards. Consumer loans generally are charged-off when the loan becomes over 120 days delinquent. Real estate acquired as a result of foreclosure or by deed-in-lieu of foreclosure is classified as other real estate owned (“OREO”) until such time as it is sold.

The expected credit loss estimate process involves procedures to consider the unique characteristics of each of the Company’s loan portfolio segments, which consist of residential real estate, CRE, other commercial, home equity, and other consumer loans. When computing the allowance levels, credit loss assumptions are estimated using a model that categorizes loan pools and that considers loss history, credit and risk characteristics, including current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts about the future. The Company has determined a four consecutive quarter forecasting period is a reasonable and supportable period. Expected credit loss for periods beyond reasonable and supportable forecast periods are determined based on a reversion method which reverts back to historical loss estimates over a four consecutive quarter period on a straight-line basis.

Credit quality is assessed and monitored by evaluating various attributes and the results of those evaluations are utilized in underwriting new loans and the process for estimating the expected credit losses. The following paragraphs describe the risk characteristics relevant to each portfolio segment.

Residential Real Estate.  Residential real estate loans are secured by owner-occupied 1-4 family residences. Repayment of these loans is primarily dependent on the personal income and credit rating of the borrowers. Credit risk in these loans is impacted by economic conditions within the Company’s market areas that affect the value of the residential property securing the loans and affect the borrowers' personal incomes. Mitigating risk factors for this loan segment include a large number of borrowers, geographic dispersion of market areas and the loans are originated for relatively smaller amounts.

13

Commercial Real Estate.  CRE loans typically involve larger principal amounts, and repayment of these loans is generally dependent on the successful operation of the property securing the loan and/or the business conducted on the property securing the loan. Credit risk in these loans is impacted by the creditworthiness of a borrower, valuation of the property securing the loan and conditions within the local economies in the Company’s diverse geographic market areas.

Other Commercial.  Other commercial loans consist of loans to commercial customers for use in financing working capital needs, equipment purchases and business expansions. The loans in this category are repaid primarily from the cash flow of a borrower’s principal business operation. Credit risk in these loans is driven by creditworthiness of a borrower and the economic conditions that impact the cash flow stability from business operations across the Company’s diverse geographic market areas.

Home Equity.  Home equity loans consist of junior lien mortgages and first and junior lien lines of credit (revolving open-end and amortizing closed-end) secured by owner-occupied 1-4 family residences. Repayment of these loans is primarily dependent on the personal income and credit rating of the borrowers. Credit risk in these loans is impacted by economic conditions within the Company’s market areas that affect the value of the residential property securing the loans and affect the borrowers' personal incomes. Mitigating risk factors for this loan segment are a large number of borrowers, geographic dispersion of market areas and the loans are originated for terms that range from 10 to 15 years.

Other Consumer.  The other consumer loan portfolio consists of various short-term loans such as automobile loans and loans for other personal purposes. Repayment of these loans is primarily dependent on the personal income of the borrowers. Credit risk is driven by consumer economic factors (such as unemployment and general economic conditions in the Company’s diverse geographic market areas) and the creditworthiness of a borrower.

The allowance is impacted by loan volumes, delinquency status, credit ratings, historical loss experiences, estimated prepayment speeds, weighted average lives and other conditions influencing loss expectations, such as reasonable and supportable forecasts of economic conditions. The methodology for estimating the amount of expected credit losses reported in the allowance has two basic components: 1) individual loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with other loans and the measurement of expected credit losses for such individual loans; and 2) the expected credit losses for pools of loans that share similar risk characteristics.

Loans that do not Share Similar Risk Characteristics with Other Loans. For a loan that does not share similar risk characteristics with other loans, expected credit loss is measured based on the net realizable value, that is, the difference between the discounted value of the expected future cash flows, based on the original effective interest rate, and the amortized cost basis of the loan. For these loans, the expected credit loss is equal to the amount by which the net realizable value of the loan is less than the amortized cost basis of the loan (which is net of previous charge-offs and deferred loan fees and costs), except when the loan is collateral-dependent, that is, when foreclosure is probable or the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. In these cases, expected credit loss is measured as the difference between the amortized cost basis of the loan and the fair value of the collateral. The fair value of the collateral is adjusted for the estimated cost to sell if repayment or satisfaction of a loan is dependent on the sale (rather than only on the operation) of the collateral. The Company has determined that non-accrual loans do not share similar risk characteristics with other loans and these loans are individually evaluated for estimated allowance for credit losses. The Company, through its credit monitoring process, may also identify other loans that do not share similar risk characteristics and individually evaluate such loans. The starting point for determining the fair value of collateral is to obtain external appraisals or evaluations (new or updated). The valuation techniques used in preparing appraisals or evaluations include the cost approach, income approach, sales comparison approach, or a combination of the preceding valuation techniques. The Company’s credit department reviews appraisals, giving consideration to the highest and best use of the collateral. The appraisals or evaluations are reviewed at least quarterly and more frequently based on current market conditions, including deterioration in a borrower’s financial condition and when property values may be subject to significant volatility. Adjustments may be made to the fair value of the collateral after review and acceptance of the collateral appraisal or evaluation.

Loans that Share Similar Risk Characteristics with other Loans. For estimating the allowance for loans that share similar risk characteristics with other loans, such loans are segregated into loan segments. Loans are designated into loan segments based on loans pooled by product types and similar risk characteristics or areas of risk concentration. In determining the ACL, the Company derives an estimated credit loss assumption from a model that categorizes loan pools based on loan type. This model calculates an expected loss percentage for each loan segment by considering the non-discounted simple annual average historical loss rate of each loan segment (calculated through an “open pool” method), multiplying the loss rate by the amortized loan balance and incorporating that segment’s internally generated prepayment speed assumption and contractually scheduled remaining principal pay downs on a loan level basis. The annual historical loss rates are adjusted over a reasonable economic
14

forecast period by a multiplier that is calculated based upon current national economic forecasts as a proportion of each segment’s historical average loss levels. The Company will then revert from the economic forecast period back to the historical average loss rate on a straight-line basis. After the reversion period, the loans will be assumed to experience their historical loss rate for the remainder of their contractual lives. The model applies the expected loss rate over the projected cash flows at the individual loan level and then aggregates the losses by loan segment in determining their quantitative allowance. The Company will also include qualitative adjustments to adjust the ACL on loan segments to the extent the current or future market conditions are believed to vary substantially from historical conditions in regards to:

•lending policies and procedures;
•international, national, regional and local economic business conditions, developments, or environmental conditions that affect the collectability of the portfolio, including the condition of various markets;
•the nature and volume of the loan portfolio including the terms of the loans;
•the experience, ability, and depth of the lending management and other relevant staff;
•the volume and severity of past due and adversely classified or graded loans and the volume of non-accrual loans;
•the quality of our loan review system;
•the value of underlying collateral for collateralized loans;
•the existence and effect of any concentrations of credit, and changes in the level of concentrations; and
•the effect of external factors such as competition and legal and regulatory requirements on the level of estimated credit losses in the existing portfolio.

The Company regularly reviews loans in the portfolio to assess credit quality indicators and to determine the appropriate loan classification and grading in accordance with applicable bank regulations. The primary credit quality indicator for residential, home equity and other consumer loans is the days past due status, which consists of the following categories: 1) performing loans; 2) 30 to 89 days past due loans; and 3) non-accrual and 90 days or more past due loans. The primary credit quality indicator for CRE and commercial loans is the Company’s internal risk rating system, which includes the following categories: 1) pass loans; 2) special mention loans; 3) substandard loans; and 4) doubtful or loss loans. Such credit quality indicators are regularly monitored and incorporated into the Company’s allowance estimate. The following paragraphs further define the internal risk ratings for CRE and commercial loans.

Pass Loans. These ratings represent loans that are of acceptable, good or excellent quality with very limited to no risk. Loans that do not have one of the following ratings are considered pass loans.

Special Mention Loans. These ratings represent loans that are designated as special mention per the regulatory definition. Special mention loans are currently protected but are potentially weak. The credit risk may be relatively minor yet constitute an undue and unwarranted risk in light of the circumstances surrounding a specific loan. The rating may be used to identify credit with potential weaknesses that if not corrected may weaken the loan to the point of inadequately protecting the Company’s credit position. Examples include a lack of supervision, inadequate loan agreement, condition, or control of collateral, incomplete, or improper documentation, deviations from lending policy, and adverse trends in operations or economic conditions.

Substandard Loans. This rating represents loans that are inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged. A loan so classified must have a well-defined weakness that jeopardizes the liquidation of the debt. These loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Loss potential, while existing in the aggregated amount of substandard loans, does not have to exist in an individual loan classified substandard.

Doubtful/Loss Loans. A loan classified as doubtful has the characteristics that make collection in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly improbable. The possibility of loss is extremely high, but because of pending factors, which may work to the advantage and strengthening of the loan, its classification as loss is deferred until its more exact status may be determined. Pending factors include proposed merger, acquisition, or liquidation procedures, capital injection, perfecting liens on additional collateral and refinancing plans. Loans are classified as loss when they are deemed to be not collectible and of such little value that continuance as an active asset of the Company is not warranted. Loans classified as loss must be charged-off. Assignment of this classification does not mean that an asset has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but that it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off a basically worthless asset, even though partial recovery may be attained in the future.


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Modifications
The Company identifies and monitors loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty (“MBFD”). The Company considers some of the indicators that a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty to be: currently in payment default on any of their debt, declaring bankruptcy, going concern, borrower’s securities have been delisted, and other indicators of inability to meet obligations. This list does not include all potential indicators of a borrower’s financial difficulties. Each debt modification is separately negotiated with the borrower and includes terms and conditions that reflect the borrower’s prospective ability to service their obligations as modified. The ACL on loans that are considered MBFD’s are measured using the same method as all other loans held for investment.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures
The Company maintains a separate ACL for off-balance sheet credit exposures, including unfunded loan commitments. Such ACL is included in other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition. The Company estimates the amount of expected losses by calculating a commitment usage factor over the contractual period for exposures and applying the loss factors used in the ACL methodology to the results of the usage calculation to estimate the liability for credit losses related to unfunded commitments for each loan segment. No credit loss estimate is recorded for off-balance sheet credit exposures that are unconditionally cancellable by the Company. At March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had an ACL of $32,523,000 and $29,973,000, respectively, for off-balance sheet credit exposures.

Provision for Credit Losses
The Company recognizes provision for credit losses on the allowance for off-balance sheet credit exposures (e.g., unfunded loan commitments) together with provision for credit losses on the loan portfolio in the consolidated statement of operations line item provision for credit losses.

The following table presents the provision for credit losses on the loan portfolio and off-balance sheet exposures:
Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)March 31,
2026		March 31,
2025
Provision for credit loss - loans$3,514 6,154 
Provision for credit loss - unfunded2,550 1,660 
Total provision for credit losses$6,064 7,814 

There was no provision for credit losses on debt securities for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

Premises and Equipment
Premises and equipment are accounted for at cost less depreciation. Depreciation is computed on a straight-line method over the estimated useful lives or the term of the related lease. The estimated useful life for office buildings is 15 to 40 years and the estimated useful life for furniture, fixtures, and equipment is 3 to 10 years. Interest is capitalized for any significant building projects.

Leases
The Company leases certain land, premises and equipment from third parties. A lessee lease is classified as an operating lease unless it meets certain criteria (e.g., lease contains option to purchase that Company is reasonably certain to exercise), in which case it is classified as a finance lease. These leases are included in net premises and equipment as right-of-use (“ROU”) assets on the Company’s consolidated statement of financial condition. The operating leases have an ROU liability in operating lease liabilities on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition and lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The finance leases have liabilities that are included in finance lease liabilities on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition. The interest expense incurred on the finance lease liability is included in interest expense on other borrowed funds on the Company’s consolidated statement of operations. ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. An ROU asset represents the right to use the underlying asset for the lease term and also includes any direct costs and payments made prior to lease commencement and excludes lease incentives. When an implicit rate is not available, an incremental borrowing rate for the Company based on the information available at commencement date is used in determining the present value of the lease payments. A lease term will include an option to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain the option will be exercised. The Company accounts for lease and non-lease components (e.g., common-area maintenance) together as a single combined lease component for all asset classes. The Company has elected to recognize payments for short-term leases of 12 months or less on a straight-line basis over the lease term, and exclude such leases from the Company’s
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consolidated statements of financial condition. Renewal and termination options are considered when determining short-term leases. Leases are accounted for on an individual lease level.

Lease improvements incurred at the inception of the lease are recorded as an asset and depreciated over the initial term of the lease and lease improvements incurred subsequently are depreciated over the remaining term of the lease.

The Company also leases certain premises and equipment to third parties. A lessor lease is classified as an operating lease unless it meets certain criteria that would classify it as either a sales-type lease or a direct financing lease. For additional information relating to leases, see Note 4.

Other Real Estate Owned
Property acquired by foreclosure or deed-in-lieu of foreclosure is initially recorded at fair value, less estimated selling cost, at acquisition date (i.e., cost of the property). The Company is considered to have received physical possession of residential real estate property collateralizing a consumer mortgage loan upon the occurrence of either the Company obtaining legal title to the property or the borrower conveying all interest in the property through a deed-in-lieu or similar agreement. Fair value is determined as the amount that could be reasonably expected in a current sale between a willing buyer and a willing seller in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Subsequent to the initial acquisition, if the fair value of the asset, less estimated selling cost, is less than the cost of the property, a loss is recognized in other expense and the asset carrying value is reduced. Gain or loss on disposition of OREO is recorded in non-interest income or non-interest expense, respectively. In determining the fair value of the properties on the date of transfer and any subsequent estimated losses of net realizable value, the fair value of OREO acquired by foreclosure or deed-in-lieu of foreclosure is determined primarily based upon appraisal or evaluation of the underlying property value.

Business Combinations and Intangible Assets
Acquisition accounting requires the total purchase price to be allocated to the estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including certain intangible assets. Goodwill is recorded if the purchase price exceeds the net fair value of assets acquired and a bargain purchase gain is recorded in other income if the net fair value of assets acquired exceeds the purchase price.

Adjustment of the allocated purchase price may be related to fair value estimates for which all information has not been obtained for the acquired entity and becomes known or discovered during the allocation period, the period of time required to identify and measure the fair values of the assets and liabilities acquired in the business combination. The allocation period is generally limited to one year following consummation of a business combination.

Core deposit intangible represents the intangible value of depositor relationships resulting from deposit liabilities assumed in acquisitions and is amortized using an accelerated method based on an estimated runoff of the related deposits. The core deposit intangible is evaluated for impairment and recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that its carrying amount may not be recoverable, with any changes in estimated useful life accounted for prospectively over the revised remaining life.

The Company tests goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level annually during the third quarter. The Company has identified the aggregated Bank divisions as a single reporting unit (i.e., a component of the Bank operating segment) given that each division has similar economic characteristics, products, services, and are all subject to Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) oversight under one regulatory call report.

The goodwill of a reporting unit is tested for impairment between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. Examples of events and circumstances that could trigger the need for interim impairment testing include:
•a significant change in legal factors or in the business climate;
•an adverse action or assessment by a regulator;
•unanticipated competition;
•a loss of key personnel;
•a more-likely-than-not expectation that a reporting unit or a significant portion of a reporting unit will be sold or otherwise disposed of; and
•the testing for recoverability of a significant asset group within a reporting unit.

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For the goodwill impairment assessment, the Company has the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. The Company elected to bypass the qualitative assessment for its 2025 annual goodwill impairment testing and proceed directly to the goodwill impairment assessment. The goodwill impairment process requires the Company to make assumptions and judgments regarding fair value. The Company calculates an implied fair value for the reporting unit and if the implied fair value is less than the carrying value, an impairment loss is recognized for the difference. For additional information relating to goodwill, see Note 5.

Loan Servicing Rights
For residential real estate loans that are sold with servicing retained, servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value in other assets and gain on sale of loans. Fair value is based on market prices for comparable mortgage servicing contracts. The servicing asset is subsequently measured using the amortization method which requires the servicing rights to be amortized into non-interest income in proportion to, and over the period of, the estimated future net servicing income of the underlying loans.

Loan servicing rights are evaluated for impairment based upon the fair value of the servicing rights compared to the carrying value. Impairment is recognized through a valuation allowance, to the extent that fair value is less than the carrying value. If the Company later determines that all or a portion of the impairment no longer exists, a reduction in the valuation allowance may be recorded. Changes in the valuation allowance are recorded in other income. The fair value of the servicing assets are subject to significant fluctuations as a result of changes in estimated actual prepayment speeds and default rates and losses.

Servicing fee income is recognized in other income for fees earned for servicing loans. The fees are based on contractual percentage of the outstanding principal; or a fixed amount per loan and is recorded when earned. The amortization of loan servicing rights is netted against loan servicing fee income. For additional information relating to loan servicing rights, see Note 6.

Equity Securities
Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) stock is restricted because such stock may only be sold to FHLB at its par value. Due to restrictive terms, and the lack of a readily determinable fair value, FHLB stock is carried at cost and evaluated for impairment. The investments in FHLB stock are required investments related to the Company’s borrowings from FHLB. FHLB obtains its funding primarily through issuance of consolidated obligations of the FHLB system. The U.S. government does not guarantee these obligations, and each of the regional FHLBs is jointly and severally liable for repayment of each other’s debt.

The Company also has other equity securities that are included in other assets on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition. Equity securities with readily determinable fair values are measured at fair value and changes in fair value are recognized in other income. Equity securities without readily determinable fair values are carried at cost, minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment. For equity securities that qualify for the practical expedient method using the net asset value, the equity security is measured at the net asset value and changes in the fair value are recognized in other income.

Other Borrowings
Borrowings of the Company’s consolidated VIEs and finance lease arrangements are included in other borrowings. For additional information relating to VIE’s, see Note 7.

Bank-Owned Life Insurance
The Company maintains bank-owned life insurance policies on certain current and former employees and directors, which are recorded at their cash surrender values as determined by the insurance carriers. The appreciation in the cash surrender value of the policies is recognized as a component of other income in non-interest income in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

Derivatives and Hedging Activities
The Company is exposed to certain risks relating to its ongoing operations. The primary risk managed by using derivative instruments is interest rate risk. The Company does not enter into derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes. At the inception of a derivative contract, the Company designates the derivatives as one of three types based on the intention of the hedge. These three types are (1) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or of an unrecognized firm commitment (“fair value hedge”), (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (“cash flow hedge”), or (3) an instrument with no hedging designation (“non-designated derivative”).

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Hedging Derivatives
The derivatives designated in fair value hedges and cash flow hedges are recognized as other assets or other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition and are measured at fair value. Earnings effect of fair value hedges and cash flow hedge derivatives are recognized in the same income statement line item that is used to present the earnings effect of the hedged item. Cash flows resulting from the fair value hedge and cash flow hedge derivatives are classified in the Company’s cash flow statement in the same category as the cash flows of the items being hedged. For a fair value hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative included in the effectiveness testing, as well as the offsetting gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk, are recognized in earnings as fair value changes. For a fair value hedge, the Company has elected that the amounts excluded from the initial assessment of effectiveness will be amortized in earnings using a systematic and rational method and any difference in the fair value of the excluded component and amounts recognized in earnings to be recognized in OCI. For a cash flow hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative is reported in OCI and is reclassified into earnings in the same periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings.

The Company formally documents the relationship between derivatives and hedged items, as well as the risk-management objective and the strategy for undertaking hedge transactions at the inception of the hedging relationship. This documentation includes linking fair value or cash flow hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the consolidated statement of financial condition or to specific firm commitments or forecasted transactions. The Company then formally assesses, both at the hedge’s inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivative instruments that are designated are highly effective in offsetting changes in cash flows or fair values of the hedged items. The Company has elected not to offset the fair value amounts recognized for derivative instruments and the fair value amounts recognized for the right to reclaim cash collateral arising from derivative instruments recognized at fair value executed with the same counterparty under a master netting arrangement.

When hedge accounting is discontinued, subsequent changes in fair value of the derivative are recorded as non-interest income. When a fair value hedge is discontinued, the hedged asset or liability is no longer adjusted for changes in fair value and the existing basis adjustment is amortized or accreted over the remaining life of the asset or liability. When a cash flow hedge is discontinued but the hedged cash flows or forecasted transactions are still expected to occur, gains or losses that were accumulated in OCI are amortized into earnings over the same periods which the hedged transactions will affect earnings.

Non-Designated Derivatives
Commitments to fund mortgage loans (“interest rate locks”) to be sold on the secondary market and forward commitments for the future delivery of these mortgage loans are accounted for as non-designated derivatives. The fair value of the interest rate lock is recorded at the time the commitment to fund the mortgage loan is executed and is adjusted for the expected exercise of the commitment before the loan is funded. In order to economically hedge the change in interest rates resulting from its commitment to fund the majority of these loans, the Company enters into forward commitments to sell to-be-announced (“TBA”) securities which are used to economically hedge the interest rate risk associated with such loans and unfunded commitments. For all other residential real estate loans to be sold, the Company enters into “best efforts” forward sales commitments for the future delivery of loans to third party investors when interest rate lock commitments are entered into in order to economically hedge the effect of changes in interest rates resulting from its commitments to fund the loans. Forward sales commitments on a “best efforts” basis are not derivatives until the loan is funded. Fair values of these mortgage derivatives are estimated based on changes in mortgage interest rates from the date the interest on the loan is locked. Changes in the fair values of these derivatives are included in net gains on sales of loans.

For additional information relating to the derivatives and hedging activity, see Note 9.

Revenue Recognition
The Company recognizes revenue when services or products are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled. Revenue from contracts with customers was $26,634,000 and $22,543,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively, and largely consisted of revenue from service charges and other fees from deposits (e.g., overdraft fees, automated teller machine (“ATM”) fees, debit card fees). Due to the short-term nature of the Company’s contracts with customers, an insignificant amount of receivables related to such revenue was recorded at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 and there were no impairment losses recognized. Policies specific to revenue from contracts with customers include the following:

Service Charges. Revenue from service charges consists of service charges and fees on deposit accounts under depository agreements with customers to provide access to deposited funds and, when applicable, pay interest on deposits. Service charges on deposit accounts may be transactional or non-transactional in nature. Transactional service charges occur in the form of a service or penalty and are charged upon the occurrence of an event (e.g., overdraft fees, ATM fees, wire transfer fees). Transactional service charges are recognized as services are delivered to and consumed by the customer, or as penalty fees are
19

charged. Non-transactional service charges are charges that are based on a broader service, such as account maintenance fees and dormancy fees, and are recognized on a monthly basis.

Debit Card Fees. Revenue from debit card fees includes interchange fee income from debit cards processed through card association networks. Interchange fees represent a portion of a transaction amount that the Company and other involved parties retain to compensate themselves for giving the cardholder immediate access to funds. Interchange rates are generally set by the card association networks and are based on purchase volumes and other factors. The Company records interchange fees as services are provided.
Reclassifications
Certain reclassifications have been made to the 2025 financial statements to conform to the 2026 presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on net earnings.

Accounting Guidance Pending Adoption
The ASC is the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) officially recognized source of authoritative GAAP applicable to all public and non-public non-governmental entities. Rules and interpretive releases of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) under the authority of the federal securities laws are also sources of authoritative GAAP for the Company as an SEC registrant. All other accounting literature is non-authoritative. The following provides a description of recently issued but not yet effective ASUs that could have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

ASU 2024-03 - Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. In November 2024, FASB amended ASC subtopic 220-40 which requires certain disaggregated disclosures of the income statement. The amendments require new financial statement disclosures in tabular format, disaggregating information about prescribed categories underlying any relevant income statement expense caption. The prescribed categories include, among other things, employee compensation, depreciation and intangible amortization. The amendments are effective for public business entities in the first annual reporting period beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods with annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The amendments in this update may be applied on a prospective basis or retrospective to any or all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this Update, but does not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact to the consolidated financial statements, including related disclosures, or significant impact on its current processes.

ASU 2025-08 - Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. In November 2025, FASB amended ASC Topic 326 related to purchased loans (the “Update”). The amendments in the Update expand the population of acquired financial assets subject to the gross-up approach in Topic 326. Loans acquired without credit deterioration and deemed seasoned are considered purchased seasoned loans and accounted for using the gross-up approach at acquisition. All non-PCD loans that are acquired in a business combination are deemed seasoned. The amendments in this Update are effective for all entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026. Early adoption is permitted and the amendments should be applied prospectively to loans that are acquired on or after the initial application date. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this Update.


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Note 2. Debt Securities
The following tables present the amortized cost, the gross unrealized gains and losses and the fair value of the Company’s debt securities:
 March 31, 2026
(Dollars in thousands)Amortized
Cost		Gross
Unrealized
Gains		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Fair
Value
Available-for-sale
U.S. government and federal agency$242,269 22 (1,398)240,893 
U.S. government sponsored enterprises125,596 43 (2,405)123,234 
State and local governments154,719 369 (2,805)152,283 
Corporate bonds13,323 262 (24)13,561 
Residential mortgage-backed securities2,271,505 111 (190,022)2,081,594 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities1,017,295 197 (43,526)973,966 
Total available-for-sale$3,824,707 1,004 (240,180)3,585,531 
Held-to-maturity
U.S. government and federal agency867,249 — (25,174)842,075 
State and local governments1,575,040 836 (189,597)1,386,279 
Residential mortgage-backed securities616,373 62 (33,848)582,587 
Total held-to-maturity3,058,662 898 (248,619)2,810,941 
Total debt securities$6,883,369 1,902 (488,799)6,396,472 


 December 31, 2025
(Dollars in thousands)Amortized
Cost		Gross
Unrealized
Gains		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Fair
Value
Available-for-sale
U.S. government and federal agency$257,650 264 (1,984)255,930 
U.S. government sponsored enterprises315,675 86 (3,273)312,488 
State and local governments165,305 1,035 (2,256)164,084 
Corporate bonds33,691 279 (21)33,949 
Residential mortgage-backed securities2,391,698 1,417 (177,996)2,215,119 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities1,069,355 998 (44,411)1,025,942 
Total available-for-sale$4,233,374 4,079 (229,941)4,007,512 
Held-to-maturity
U.S. government and federal agency865,696 — (24,129)841,567 
State and local governments1,587,673 1,341 (175,623)1,413,391 
Residential mortgage-backed securities656,847 224 (31,913)625,158 
Total held-to-maturity3,110,216 1,565 (231,665)2,880,116 
Total debt securities$7,343,590 5,644 (461,606)6,887,628 



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Maturity Analysis
The following table presents the amortized cost and fair value of AFS and HTM debt securities by contractual maturity at March 31, 2026. Actual maturities may differ from expected or contractual maturities since some issuers have the right to prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties.
 March 31, 2026
 Available-for-SaleHeld-to-Maturity
(Dollars in thousands)Amortized CostFair ValueAmortized CostFair Value
Due within one year$311,130 308,079 386,161 380,380 
Due after one year through five years101,232 100,720 602,305 580,801 
Due after five years through ten years69,788 68,609 264,743 252,138 
Due after ten years53,757 52,563 1,189,080 1,015,035 
535,907 529,971 2,442,289 2,228,354 
Mortgage-backed securities 1
3,288,800 3,055,560 616,373 582,587 
Total$3,824,707 3,585,531 3,058,662 2,810,941 
______________________________
1 Mortgage-backed securities, which have prepayment provisions, are not assigned to maturity categories due to fluctuations in their prepayment speeds.

Sales and Calls of Debt Securities
Proceeds from sales and calls of debt securities and the associated gains and losses that have been included in earnings in gain (loss) on sale of securities are listed below:
 Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)March 31,
2026		March 31,
2025
Available-for-sale
Proceeds from sales and calls of debt securities$17,755 435 
Gross realized gains 1
— — 
Gross realized losses 1
— — 
Held-to-maturity
Proceeds from calls of debt securities9,530 4,130 
Gross realized gains 1
— — 
Gross realized losses 1
— — 
______________________________
1 The gain or loss on the sale or call of each debt security is determined by the specific identification method.


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Allowance for Credit Losses - Available-for-Sale Debt Securities
The following tables summarize AFS debt securities that were in an unrealized loss position based on the length of time the individual securities have been in an unrealized loss position, and for which an ACL has not been recorded. The number of AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position is also disclosed.

 March 31, 2026
 Number
of
Securities		Less than 12 Months12 Months or MoreTotal
(Dollars in thousands)Fair
Value		Unrealized
Loss		Fair
Value		Unrealized
Loss		Fair
Value		Unrealized
Loss
Available-for-sale
U.S. government and federal agency
38 $58,564 (414)179,719 (984)238,283 (1,398)
U.S. government sponsored enterprises
5 — — 113,750 (2,405)113,750 (2,405)
State and local governments117 64,057 (569)45,302 (2,236)109,359 (2,805)
Corporate bonds2 1,485 (5)3,982 (19)5,467 (24)
Residential mortgage-backed securities
434 197,897 (2,092)1,859,962 (187,930)2,057,859 (190,022)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
150 151,548 (10,948)782,702 (32,578)934,250 (43,526)
Total available-for-sale
746 $473,551 (14,028)2,985,417 (226,152)3,458,968 (240,180)
 
 December 31, 2025
 Number
of
Securities		Less than 12 Months12 Months or MoreTotal
(Dollars in thousands)Fair
Value		Unrealized
Loss		Fair
Value		Unrealized
Loss		Fair
Value		Unrealized
Loss
Available-for-sale
U.S. government and federal agency
39 $55,231 (82)179,092 (1,902)234,323 (1,984)
U.S. government sponsored enterprises
12 — — 302,962 (3,273)302,962 (3,273)
State and local governments88 36,534 (83)46,762 (2,173)83,296 (2,256)
Corporate bonds2 — — 13,980 (21)13,980 (21)
Residential mortgage-backed securities
376 28,843 (42)1,983,182 (177,954)2,012,025 (177,996)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
142 62,427 (215)864,907 (44,196)927,334 (44,411)
Total available-for-sale
659 $183,035 (422)3,390,885 (229,519)3,573,920 (229,941)

The majority of AFS debt securities with unrealized loss positions at March 31, 2026 were issued by Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”) and other agencies of the U.S. government or have credit ratings issued by one or more of the Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations (“NRSRO” entities, such as Standard and Poor’s (“S&P”) and Moody’s) in the four highest credit rating categories. All of the Company’s AFS debt securities with unrealized loss positions at March 31, 2026 have been determined to be investment grade.

The Company did not have any past due AFS debt securities as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. Accrued interest receivable on AFS debt securities totaled $8,715,000 and $9,619,000 at March 31, 2026, and December 31, 2025, respectively, and was excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

Based on an analysis of its AFS debt securities with unrealized losses as of March 31, 2026, the Company determined the decline in value was unrelated to credit losses and was primarily the result of changes in interest rates and market spreads subsequent to acquisition. The fair value of the debt securities is expected to recover as payments are received and the debt securities approach maturity. In addition, as of March 31, 2026, management determined it did not intend to sell AFS debt securities with unrealized losses, and there was no expected requirement to sell such securities before recovery of their
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amortized cost. As a result, no ACL was recorded on AFS debt securities at March 31, 2026, and December 31, 2025, respectively. As part of this determination, the Company considered contractual obligations, regulatory constraints, liquidity, capital, asset/liability management and securities portfolio objectives and whether or not any of the Company’s investment securities were managed by third-party investment funds.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Held-To-Maturity Debt Securities
The Company measured expected credit losses on HTM debt securities on a collective basis by major security type and NRSRO credit ratings, which is the Company’s primary credit quality indicator for state and local government securities. The estimate of expected credit losses considered historical credit loss information that was adjusted for current conditions as well as reasonable and supportable forecasts. The following table summarizes the amortized cost of HTM state and local government securities aggregated by NRSRO credit rating:
(Dollars in thousands)March 31,
2026		December 31,
2025
S&P: AAA / Moody’s: Aaa
$389,781 397,328 
S&P: AA+, AA, AA- / Moody’s: Aa1, Aa2, Aa3
1,150,426 1,155,450 
S&P: A+, A, A- / Moody’s: A1, A2, A3
29,033 29,093 
Not rated by either entity
5,800 5,802 
Total
$1,575,040 1,587,673 

The Company’s state and local government securities in the HTM debt securities portfolio is primarily comprised of general obligation and revenue bonds with NRSRO ratings in the four highest credit rating categories. All of the Company’s state and local securities that are classified as HTM debt securities at March 31, 2026 have been determined to be investment grade. HTM debt securities included in the Company’s U.S. government and federal agency and residential mortgage-backed security categories are issued and guaranteed by the U.S. Treasury, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Ginnie Mae and other agencies of the U.S. government and are considered to be zero-loss securities. This determination is in consideration of the explicit and implicit guarantees by the U.S. Government, the U.S. Government’s ability to print its own currency, a history of no credit losses by the U.S. Government and noted agencies and the current economic and financial condition of the United States and U.S. Government providing no indication the zero-loss determination is unjustified.

As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company did not have any HTM debt securities past due. Accrued interest receivable on HTM debt securities totaled $18,578,000 and $16,175,000 at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, and were excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

Based on the Company’s evaluation, an insignificant amount of credit losses is expected on the HTM debt securities portfolio; therefore, no ACL was recorded at March 31, 2026 or December 31, 2025.

24


Note 3. Loans Receivable, Net

The following table presents loans receivable for each portfolio segment of loans:
(Dollars in thousands)March 31,
2026		December 31,
2025
Residential real estate$2,167,860 2,457,907 
Commercial real estate13,918,178 13,565,512 
Other commercial3,466,863 3,497,829 
Home equity1,048,971 977,206 
Other consumer431,791 429,342 
Loans receivable 1
21,033,663 20,927,796 
Allowance for credit losses(255,771)(255,319)
Loans receivable, net$20,777,892 20,672,477 
Net deferred origination fees included in loans receivable$(32,180)(32,715)
Net purchase accounting discounts included in loans receivable$(71,228)(76,963)
Accrued interest receivable on loans$95,458 94,251 
______________________________
1     In connection with the current quarter Guaranty core system conversion, Guaranty loans were reclassified to conform to the Company’s classifications. There were approximately $236 million of loans reclassified from residential loans into other categories, the majority of which were reclassified to commercial real estate loans.

Substantially all of the Company’s loans receivable are with borrowers in the Company’s geographic market areas. Although the Company has a diversified loan portfolio, a substantial portion of borrowers’ ability to service their obligations is dependent upon their economic performance in the Company’s markets.

The Company had no significant purchases or sales of portfolio loans or reclassification of loans held for investment to loans held for sale during the three months ended March 31, 2026.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Receivable
The ACL is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on loans. The following tables summarize the activity in the ACL:
Three Months ended March 31, 2026
(Dollars in thousands)TotalResidential Real EstateCommercial Real EstateOther CommercialHome EquityOther Consumer
Balance at beginning of period$255,319 31,875 166,803 37,954 11,645 7,042 
Provision for credit losses3,514 (5,940)5,024 2,165 413 1,852 
Charge-offs(4,186)(5)(116)(1,428)(301)(2,336)
Recoveries1,124 19 22 334 6 743 
Balance at end of period$255,771 25,949 171,733 39,025 11,763 7,301 

25

Three Months ended March 31, 2025
(Dollars in thousands)TotalResidential Real EstateCommercial Real EstateOther CommercialHome EquityOther Consumer
Balance at beginning of period$206,041 25,181 138,545 24,400 11,402 6,513 
Provision for credit losses6,154 1,352 1,468 1,722 (77)1,689 
Charge-offs(3,897)— — (1,536)— (2,361)
Recoveries2,102 62 356 1,056 23 605 
Balance at end of period$210,400 26,595 140,369 25,642 11,348 6,446 
​
​
During the three months ended March 31, 2026, the ACL increased primarily due to portfolio composition changes, various economic factors and credit quality considerations. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the ACL increased primarily due to the combined increase in qualitative factors and the impact from economic forecasts.

The sizable charge-offs in the other consumer loan segment was driven by deposit overdraft charge-offs which typically experience high charge-off rates and the amounts were comparable to historical trends. The other segments generally experience routine charge-offs and recoveries, with occasional large credit relationships charge-offs and recoveries that cause fluctuations from prior periods. During the three months ended March 31, 2026, there have been no significant changes to the types of collateral securing collateral dependent loans.

Aging Analysis
The following tables present an aging analysis of the recorded investment in loans:
 March 31, 2026
(Dollars in thousands)TotalResidential
Real Estate		Commercial
Real Estate		Other
Commercial		Home
Equity		Other
Consumer
Accruing loans 30-59 days past due$79,576 14,462 37,621 16,140 6,261 5,092 
Accruing loans 60-89 days past due12,184 220 8,939 1,380 842 803 
Accruing loans 90 days or more past due
13,470 3,664 3,032 6,283 171 320 
Non-accrual loans with no ACL60,595 9,373 25,160 21,856 3,786 420 
Non-accrual loans with ACL3,820 74 1,298 2,119 — 329 
Total past due and
  non-accrual loans
169,645 27,793 76,050 47,778 11,060 6,964 
Current loans receivable20,864,018 2,140,067 13,842,128 3,419,085 1,037,911 424,827 
Total loans receivable$21,033,663 2,167,860 13,918,178 3,466,863 1,048,971 431,791 
 
 December 31, 2025
(Dollars in thousands)TotalResidential
Real Estate		Commercial
Real Estate		Other
Commercial		Home
Equity		Other
Consumer
Accruing loans 30-59 days past due$60,719 14,310 30,212 7,382 4,525 4,290 
Accruing loans 60-89 days past due18,107 6,505 4,366 4,980 991 1,265 
Accruing loans 90 days or more past due
5,997 1,857 967 2,882 120 171 
Non-accrual loans with no ACL59,775 13,611 15,783 25,916 3,611 854 
Non-accrual loans with ACL2,712 581 — 1,974 — 157 
Total past due and non-accrual loans
147,310 36,864 51,328 43,134 9,247 6,737 
Current loans receivable20,780,486 2,421,043 13,514,184 3,454,695 967,959 422,605 
Total loans receivable$20,927,796 2,457,907 13,565,512 3,497,829 977,206 429,342 

The Company had $1,113,000 and $322,000 of interest reversed on non-accrual loans during the three months ended March 31, 2026 and March 31, 2025, respectively.
26



Collateral-Dependent Loans
A loan is considered collateral-dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. The collateral on the loans is a significant portion of what secures the collateral-dependent loans and significant changes to the fair value of the collateral can impact the ACL. During the three months ended March 31, 2026, there were no significant changes to collateral which secures the collateral-dependent loans, whether due to general deterioration or other reasons. The following tables present the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans by collateral type:
 March 31, 2026
(Dollars in thousands)TotalResidential
Real Estate		Commercial
Real Estate		Other
Commercial		Home
Equity		Other
Consumer
Business assets$21,152 — — 21,107 — 45 
Residential real estate16,061 9,447 1,487 1,351 3,776 — 
Other real estate33,000 — 32,137 469 9 385 
Other1,083 — — 512 — 571 
Total$71,296 9,447 33,624 23,439 3,785 1,001 

 December 31, 2025
(Dollars in thousands)TotalResidential
Real Estate		Commercial
Real Estate		Other
Commercial		Home
Equity		Other
Consumer
Business assets$21,741 — — 21,741 — — 
Residential real estate20,196 13,638 1,749 1,236 3,512 61 
Other real estate23,227 — 22,328 476 41 382 
Other4,311 — — 3,535 — 776 
Total$69,475 13,638 24,077 26,988 3,553 1,219 


Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
The following disclosures for loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty (“MBFD”) are presented in the following tables and show the amortized cost basis at the end of the periods of the MBFDs by segment:
At or for the Three Months ended March 31, 2026
Term Extension and Payment DeferralCombination - Term Extension and Interest Rate Reduction
(Dollars in thousands)Amortized Cost Basis% of Total ClassAmortized Cost Basis% of Total ClassTotal
Residential real estate$263 — %$446 — %$709 
Commercial real estate1,337 — %— — %1,337 
Other commercial239 — %— — %239 
Total$1,839 $446 $2,285 

27

At or for the Three Months ended March 31, 2025
Term Extension and Payment DeferralCombination - Term Extension and Interest Rate Reduction
(Dollars in thousands)Amortized Cost Basis% of Total ClassAmortized Cost Basis% of Total ClassTotal
Commercial real estate$6,224 0.1 %$— — %$6,224 
Other commercial— — %53 — %53 
Total$6,224 $53 $6,277 
​
​
The following tables describe the financial effect of the modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by segment:
At or for the Three Months ended
March 31, 2026
Weighted Average Interest Rate ReductionWeighted Average Term Extension
Residential real estate0.15%2 months
Commercial real estate—%1 month
Other commercial—%3 years, 9 months
At or for the Three Months ended
March 31, 2025
Weighted Average Interest Rate ReductionWeighted Average Term Extension
Commercial real estate—%11 months
Other commercial1.38%6 years, 5 months
​
​
Loans that were modified within the preceding twelve months that had a payment default during the period ended March 31, 2026 had an ending balances of $216,000 and $301,000, and were included in other commercial loans, and residential real estate loans, respectively. During the period ending March 31, 2025, there were loans with period ending balances of $319,000 and $917,000, that were modified during the preceding twelve months that had a payment default, and were included in other commercial loans, and commercial real estate loans, respectively. There were no additional unfunded commitments on MBFD loans outstanding at each of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025. At March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had $993,000 and $2,935,000, respectively, of consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process. The Company had $270,000 and $155,000 of OREO secured by residential real estate properties at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

The following tables depict the performance of loans that have been modified in the last twelve months by segment:
March 31, 2026
(Dollars in thousands)TotalCurrent30-89 Days Past Due90 Days or More Past DueNon-Accrual
Residential real estate$1,719 — — — 1,719 
Commercial real estate2,074 1,986 — — 88 
Other commercial10,341 10,124 — — 217 
Total$14,134 12,110 — — 2,024 
28

March 31, 2025
(Dollars in thousands)TotalCurrent30-89 Days Past Due90 Days or More Past DueNon-Accrual
Commercial real estate$18,494 15,587 — — 2,907 
Other commercial3,312 2,563 430 — 319 
Total$21,806 18,150 430 — 3,226 

Credit Quality Indicators
The Company categorizes CRE and other commercial loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their obligations. The following tables present the amortized cost in CRE and other commercial loans based on the Company’s internal risk rating. The date of a modification, renewal or extension of a loan is considered for the year of origination if the terms of the loan are as favorable to the Company as the terms are for a comparable loan to other borrowers with similar credit risk.
 March 31, 2026
(Dollars in thousands)Gross Charge-OffsTotalPassSpecial MentionSubstandardDoubtful/
Loss
Commercial real estate loans
Term loans by origination year
2026 (year-to-date)$— 518,683 514,858 684 3,141 — 
2025— 2,350,862 2,343,749 4,852 2,261 — 
2024— 1,607,592 1,596,763 9,622 1,207 — 
2023— 1,291,211 1,262,365 7,816 21,030 — 
202255 2,470,109 2,407,335 47,872 14,902 — 
Prior61 5,268,686 5,069,851 56,520 142,315 — 
Revolving loans— 411,035 405,634 2,364 3,037 — 
Total$116 13,918,178 13,600,555 129,730 187,893 — 
Other commercial loans
Term loans by origination year
2026 (year-to-date)$1,210 191,413 189,211 898 947 357 
2025— 407,617 399,706 6,493 1,418 — 
2024111 279,859 271,844 5,423 2,592 — 
20239 207,694 197,012 3,603 6,702 377 
202212 457,575 446,022 3,131 8,421 1 
Prior86 968,132 941,280 9,393 17,428 31 
Revolving loans— 954,573 908,549 24,816 21,198 10 
Total$1,428 3,466,863 3,353,624 53,757 58,706 776 
29

 December 31, 2025
(Dollars in thousands)Gross Charge-OffsTotalPassSpecial MentionSubstandardDoubtful/
Loss
Commercial real estate loans
Term loans by origination year
2025$— $2,114,996 2,109,129 4,397 1,470 — 
202451 1,622,518 1,609,785 8,433 4,300 — 
2023— 1,349,042 1,318,470 22,639 7,933 — 
20222,243 2,537,806 2,461,577 58,488 17,741 — 
2021— 2,087,103 1,987,311 35,463 64,329 — 
Prior— 3,399,784 3,283,767 46,443 69,574 — 
Revolving loans— 454,263 440,697 11,055 2,511 — 
Total$2,294 $13,565,512 13,210,736 186,918 167,858 — 
Other commercial loans
Term loans by origination year
2025$3,569 $512,778 503,334 6,920 2,304 220 
2024306 333,688 329,068 1,554 3,066 — 
2023913 233,025 223,699 4,153 4,797 376 
202286 477,443 466,556 2,366 8,519 2 
20211,069 402,519 392,403 3,337 6,774 5 
Prior315 595,651 574,367 9,913 11,343 28 
Revolving loans— 942,725 889,147 29,827 23,741 10 
Total$6,258 $3,497,829 3,378,574 58,070 60,544 641 

30

For residential real estate, home equity and other consumer loan segments, the Company evaluates credit quality primarily on the aging status of the loan. The following tables present the amortized cost in residential real estate, home equity and other consumer loans based on payment performance:
 March 31, 2026
(Dollars in thousands)Gross Charge-OffsTotalPerforming30-89 Days Past DueNon-Accrual and 90 Days or More Past Due
Residential real estate loans
Term loans by origination year
2026 (year-to-date)$— 35,801 35,801 — — 
2025— 285,457 285,080 377 — 
2024— 199,607 196,667 768 2,172 
2023— 252,602 247,995 1,647 2,960 
2022— 655,668 647,851 4,926 2,891 
Prior5 738,677 726,625 6,964 5,088 
Revolving loans— 48 48 — — 
Total$5 2,167,860 2,140,067 14,682 13,111 
Home equity loans
Term loans by origination year
2026 (year-to-date)$— 591 591 — — 
2025— 13,674 13,493 181 — 
202476 8,471 8,375 96 — 
2023— 6,140 6,014 — 126 
2022225 13,429 13,335 94 — 
Prior— 18,605 18,088 221 296 
Revolving loans— 988,061 978,015 6,511 3,535 
Total$301 1,048,971 1,037,911 7,103 3,957 
Other consumer loans
Term loans by origination year
2026 (year-to-date)$2,025 40,852 37,557 3,255 40 
202575 122,713 122,484 172 57 
2024100 77,468 76,403 904 161 
202371 59,685 58,728 644 313 
202231 37,063 36,574 334 155 
Prior34 55,298 54,640 369 289 
Revolving loans— 38,712 38,441 217 54 
Total$2,336 431,791 424,827 5,895 1,069 

31

 December 31, 2025
(Dollars in thousands)Gross Charge-OffsTotalPerforming30-89 Days Past DueNon-Accrual and 90 Days or More Past Due
Residential real estate loans
Term loans by origination year
2025$— $283,293 283,293 — — 
20241 283,422 278,922 2,232 2,268 
2023— 297,393 293,384 1,184 2,825 
2022— 727,941 718,191 6,831 2,919 
2021— 502,487 499,821 1,366 1,300 
Prior— 312,772 297,067 8,968 6,737 
Revolving loans— 50,599 50,365 234 — 
Total$1 $2,457,907 2,421,043 20,815 16,049 
Home equity loans
Term loans by origination year
2025$— $474 474 — — 
2024— 2,397 2,397 — — 
2023— 1,457 1,033 400 24 
202231 2,113 2,054 — 59 
202165 3,792 3,792 — — 
Prior10 3,381 3,321 19 41 
Revolving loans— 963,592 954,888 5,097 3,607 
Total$106 $977,206 967,959 5,516 3,731 
Other consumer loans
Term loans by origination year
2025$8,238 $143,910 140,869 3,025 16 
2024240 83,178 82,551 470 157 
2023413 68,406 67,016 1,027 363 
2022751 39,801 39,126 441 234 
2021146 25,329 25,018 166 145 
Prior235 29,233 28,982 67 184 
Revolving loans— 39,485 39,043 359 83 
Total$10,023 $429,342 422,605 5,555 1,182 


32

Note 4. Leases

The Company leases certain land, premises and equipment from third parties. The following table summarizes the Company’s leases:
March 31, 2026December 31, 2025
(Dollars in thousands)Finance
Leases		Operating
Leases		Finance
Leases		Operating
Leases
Right-of-use assets$45,839 42,353 
Accumulated depreciation(16,605)(15,332)
Net right-of-use assets$29,234 47,110 27,021 48,553 
Lease liabilities$31,209 51,457 28,808 52,869 
Weighted-average remaining lease term9 years13 years9 years13 years
Weighted-average discount rate3.9 %3.9 %3.9 %3.9 %

Maturities of lease liabilities consist of the following:
March 31, 2026
(Dollars in thousands)Finance
Leases		Operating
Leases
Maturing within one year$6,481 7,704 
Maturing one year through two years6,350 7,337 
Maturing two years through three years6,361 6,442 
Maturing three years through four years5,966 5,440 
Maturing four years through five years1,616 4,787 
Thereafter9,804 35,857 
Total lease payments36,578 67,567 
Present value of lease payments
Short-term5,381 5,837 
Long-term25,828 45,620 
Total present value of lease payments31,209 51,457 
Difference between lease payments and present value of lease payments$5,369 16,110 
The components of lease expense included in other expense on the consolidated statements of operations consist of the following:
Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)March 31,
2026		March 31,
2025
Finance lease cost
Amortization of right-of-use assets$1,343 1,075 
Interest on lease liabilities295 182 
Operating lease cost2,090 1,281 
Short-term lease cost256 126 
Variable lease cost759 473 
Sublease income(27)(10)
Total lease expense$4,716 3,127 


33

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases is as follows:
Three Months ended
March 31, 2026March 31, 2025
(Dollars in thousands)Finance
Leases		Operating
Leases		Finance
Leases		Operating
Leases
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows$295 1,934 182 921 
Financing cash flows1,150 N/A976 N/A
______________________________
N/A - Not applicable
​
The Company also leases office space to third parties through operating leases. Rent income from these leases for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 was $866,000 and $421,000, respectively, and is recorded in other income within non-interest income.

Note 5. Goodwill

The following schedule discloses the changes in the carrying value of goodwill:
Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)March 31,
2026		March 31,
2025
Net carrying value at beginning of period$1,378,283 1,051,318 
Acquisitions and adjustments— — 
Net carrying value at end of period$1,378,283 1,051,318 

The Company performed its annual goodwill impairment test during the third quarter of 2025 and determined the fair value of the aggregated reporting units exceeded the carrying value, such that the Company’s goodwill was not considered impaired. In recognition, there were no events or circumstances that occurred since the impairment test that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value, the Company did not perform interim testing at March 31, 2026. Changes in the economic environment, operations of the aggregated reporting units, or other factors could result in the decline in the fair value of the aggregated reporting units which could result in a goodwill impairment in the future.
Note 6. Loan Servicing

Mortgage loans that are serviced for others are not reported as assets, as only the servicing rights are recorded and included in other assets. The following schedules disclose the change in the carrying value of mortgage servicing rights that are included in other assets, principal balances of loans serviced and the fair value of mortgage servicing rights:
(Dollars in thousands)March 31,
2026		December 31,
2025
Carrying value at beginning of period$11,779 11,958 
Additions404 1,268 
Amortization(312)(1,447)
Carrying value at end of period$11,871 11,779 
Principal balances of loans serviced for others$1,473,238 1,470,673 
Fair value of servicing rights$16,922 16,489 

34


Note 7. Variable Interest Entities

A VIE is a partnership, limited liability company, trust or other legal entity that meets one of the following criteria: 1) the entity’s equity investment at risk is not sufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties; 2) the holders of the equity investment at risk, as a group, lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest; and 3) the voting rights of some holders of the equity investment at risk are disproportionate to their obligation to absorb losses or receive returns, and substantially all of the activities are conducted on behalf of the holder of equity investment at risk with disproportionately few voting rights. A VIE must be consolidated by the Company if it is deemed to be the primary beneficiary, which is the party involved with the VIE that has both: 1) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly affect the VIE’s economic performance; and 2) the obligation to absorb the losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

The Company’s VIEs are regularly monitored to determine if any reconsideration events have occurred that could cause the primary beneficiary status to change. A previously unconsolidated VIE is consolidated when the Company becomes the primary beneficiary. A previously consolidated VIE is deconsolidated when the Company ceases to be the primary beneficiary or the entity is no longer a VIE.

Consolidated Variable Interest Entities
The Company has equity investments in Certified Development Entities (“CDE”) which have received allocations of New Markets Tax Credits (“NMTC”). The NMTC program provides federal tax incentives to investors to make investments in distressed communities and promotes economic improvements through the development of successful businesses in these communities. The NMTC is available to investors over seven years and is subject to recapture if certain events occur during such period. The maximum exposure to loss in the CDEs is the amount of equity invested, tax credit recapture, and credit extended by the Company. However, the Company has credit protection in the form of indemnification agreements, guarantees, and collateral arrangements. The Company has evaluated the variable interests held by the Company in each CDE (NMTC) investment and determined the Company does not individually meet the characteristics of a primary beneficiary; however, the related-party group does meet the criteria as a group and substantially all of the activities of the CDEs either involve or are conducted on behalf of the Company. As a result, the Company is the primary beneficiary of the CDEs and their assets, liabilities, and results of operations are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The primary activities of the CDEs are recognized in commercial loans interest income and other borrowed funds interest expense on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and the federal income tax credit allocations from the investments are recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations as a component of income tax expense. Such related cash flows are recognized in loans originated, principal collected on loans and change in other borrowed funds.

The Bank is also the sole member of certain tax credit funds that make direct investments in qualified affordable housing projects (e.g., Low-Income Housing Tax Credit [“LIHTC”] partnerships). As such, the Company is the primary beneficiary of these tax credit funds and their assets, liabilities, and results of operations are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.


35

The following table summarizes the carrying amounts of the consolidated VIEs’ assets and liabilities included in the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition and are adjusted for intercompany eliminations. All assets presented can be used only to settle obligations of the consolidated VIEs and all liabilities presented consist of liabilities for which creditors and other beneficial interest holders therein have no recourse to the general credit of the Company.
(Dollars in thousands)March 31,
2026		December 31,
2025
Assets
Loans receivable$96,096 95,701 
Accrued interest receivable166 — 
Other assets88,286 91,461 
Total assets$184,548 187,162 
Liabilities
Other borrowed funds$51,564 51,473 
Accrued interest payable311 418 
Other liabilities28,280 31,852 
Total liabilities$80,155 83,743 

Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entities
The Company has equity investments in LIHTC partnerships, both directly and through tax credit funds, with carrying values of $209,461,000 and $216,650,000 as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. The LIHTCs are indirect federal subsidies to finance low-income housing and are used in connection with both newly constructed and renovated residential rental buildings. Once a project is placed in service, it is generally eligible for the tax credit for ten years. To continue generating the tax credit and to avoid tax credit recapture, a LIHTC building must satisfy specific low-income housing compliance rules for a full fifteen years. The maximum exposure to loss in the VIEs is the amount of equity invested, tax credit recapture, and credit extended by the Company. However, the Company has credit protection in the form of indemnification agreements, guarantees, and collateral arrangements. The Company has evaluated the variable interests held by the Company in each LIHTC investment and determined that the Company does not have controlling financial interests in such investments, and is not the primary beneficiary. The Company reports the investments in the unconsolidated LIHTCs as other assets on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition and any unfunded equity commitments in other liabilities. There were no impairment losses on the Company’s LIHTC investments during the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025. Future unfunded contingent equity commitments related to the Company’s LIHTC investments at March 31, 2026 are as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)Amount
Years ending December 31,
2026$41,662 
202722,204 
20281,288 
2029652 
2030559 
Thereafter2,118 
Total$68,483 


36

The Company has elected to use the proportional amortization method, and more specifically the practical expedient method, for the amortization of all eligible LIHTC investments and amortization expense is recognized as a component of income tax expense. The following table summarizes the amortization expense and the amount of tax credits and other tax benefits recognized for qualified affordable housing project investments during the periods presented.
Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)March 31,
2026		March 31,
2025
Amortization expense
$7,314 6,302 
Tax credits and other tax benefits recognized
9,102 7,769 

The Company also owns trust preferred subsidiaries, each of which has issued securities as capital instruments. The trust subsidiaries have no assets, operations, revenues or cash flows other than those related to the issuance, administration and repayment of the securities held by third parties. The trust subsidiaries are not included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements because the sole asset of each trust subsidiary is a receivable from the Company, even though the Company owns all of the voting equity shares of the trust subsidiaries, has fully guaranteed the obligations of the trust subsidiaries and may have the right to redeem the third party securities under certain circumstances. The Company reports the trust preferred securities issued to the trust subsidiaries as subordinated debentures on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition.

Note 8. Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase

The following table summarizes the carrying value of the Company’s securities sold under agreements to repurchase (“repurchase agreements”) by remaining contractual maturity of the agreements and category of collateral:
Overnight and Continuous
(Dollars in thousands)March 31,
2026		December 31,
2025
U.S. government and federal agency$246,118 $308,437 
Residential mortgage-backed securities1,695,493 1,775,676 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities144,012 — 
Total$2,085,623 $2,084,113 

The repurchase agreements are secured by debt securities with carrying values of $2,419,476,000 and $2,432,683,000 at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. Securities are pledged to customers at the time of the transaction in an amount at least equal to the outstanding balance and are held in custody accounts by third parties. The fair value of collateral is continually monitored and additional collateral is provided as deemed appropriate.

Note 9. Derivatives and Hedging Activities

The following table presents the derivatives that are recorded at fair value in other assets or other liabilities.

March 31, 2026December 31, 2025
(Dollars in thousands)Average MaturityNotional AmountFair Value
Asset (Liability)		Notional AmountFair Value
Asset (Liability)
Fair value hedge designation
Interest rate swap agreements0.17 years$925,500 336 1,395,500 244 
Interest rate cap agreements4.37 years100,000 2,811 100,000 2,128 
Non-designated derivatives
Interest rate lock commitments85,589 1,268 44,089 700 
TBA commitments34,000 284 55,250 (241)
37


The Company has established objectives and strategies that include ongoing monitoring and management of interest rate risk. The Company monitors interest rate risk through simulation modeling to quantify the estimated exposure to net interest income to sustained interest rate changes. The goal of the asset/liability management is to maintain profitability within established risk parameters. In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into interest rate lock commitments with customers, which exposes the Company to interest rate risk. To mitigate such risk, the Company enters into TBA commitments to reduce the price fluctuations of the interest rate lock commitments. As part of the overall asset/liability strategy, the Company enters into certain fair value hedges and cash flow hedges to manage a portion of the interest rate risk. The following provides additional information related to the Company’s hedging transactions. The fair value hedges and cash flow hedges were highly effective when initiated and on an on-going basis.

Cash Flow Hedges
Interest Rate Cap Agreements.
The Company had interest rate cap agreements designated as cash flow hedges on its variable rate subordinated debt, all of which matured prior to March 31, 2025. The interest rate caps required receipt of variable rate amounts from the counterparty when the interest rate rose above the strike price in the agreement. The amount of loss recognized in OCI was $657,000 and the amount of gain reclassified from OCI to interest expense was $63,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Fair Value Hedges
Interest Rate Swap Agreements
The Company entered into interest rate swap agreements that are designated as fair value hedges for a closed pool of fixed rate debt securities. The instruments are designated as fair value hedges, as the changes in the fair value of the interest rate swap are expected to offset changes in the fair value of the hedged item attributable to changes in the compounded overnight SOFR rate, the designated benchmark interest rate. These derivative contracts involve the receipt of variable rate interest from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the contract, without the exchange of the underlying notional value.

Interest Rate Cap Agreements
During 2025, the Company entered into forward start interest rate cap agreements that are designated as fair value hedges for specific fixed rate AFS debt securities. The forward start interest rate cap agreements begin to settle in the second quarter of 2026. The instruments are designated as fair value hedges, as the changes in the fair value of the interest rate cap are expected to offset a portion of the changes in the fair value of the hedged item when the variable rate is above the strike price. These derivative contracts involve the receipt of variable rate interest from a counterparty if the variable rate of the benchmark rate (SOFR) exceeds the strike price after the forward start date. The weighted-average strike rate for the interest rate caps was 3.26% at March 31, 2026.

The following amounts were recorded on the balance sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges for the respective periods:
(Dollars in thousands)Amortized cost of the Hedged AssetsAmortized Cost of Fair Value Hedging Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets
Line item on the balance sheetMarch 31,
2026		December 31,
2025		March 31,
2026		December 31,
2025
Investment securities available-for-sale - swap$2,515,118 2,692,319 (336)(244)
Investment securities available-for-sale - cap99,554 99,528 (873)(315)

The effects of the fair value hedge relationships on the income statement during the periods presented below were as follows:

Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)Location of Gain (Loss)March 31, 2026March 31, 2025
Interest rate swapInterest income on investment securities$347 $(1,459)
Interest rate capsInterest income on investment securities(102)— 
Available-for-sale debt securitiesInterest income on investment securities(92)4,157 

38

The effect of fair value hedge accounting on OCI for the interest rate cap agreements for the periods presented below were as follows:
Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)March 31,
2026		March 31,
2025
Amount of (loss) gain recognized in OCI$229 $— 


Note 10. Other Expenses

Other expenses consists of the following:
 Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)March 31,
2026		March 31,
2025
Mergers and acquisition expenses$8,907 587 
Consulting and outside services5,227 5,142 
Debit card expenses5,041 3,831 
Variable interest entities amortization and other expenses3,021 3,087 
Loan expenses2,127 1,909 
Employee expenses2,014 1,525 
Postage1,685 1,364 
Business development1,665 1,435 
Telephone1,658 1,422 
Printing and supplies1,201 686 
Checking and operating expenses820 839 
Legal fees646 481 
Loss (gain) on dispositions of premises and equipment445 (1,010)
Accounting and audit fees441 840 
Other4,242 3,294 
Total other expenses$39,140 25,432 


39

Note 11. Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Losses) Gains

The following table illustrates the activity within accumulated other comprehensive (losses) gains by component, net of tax:
 
(Dollars in thousands)(Losses) Gains on Available-For-Sale and Transferred Debt Securities(Losses) Gains on Derivatives Used for Cash Flow Hedges(Losses) Gains on Derivatives Used for Fair Value HedgesTotal
Balance at January 1, 2025$(309,836)540 — (309,296)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications45,624 (493)— 45,131 
Reclassification adjustments for losses and transfers included in net income— (47)— (47)
Reclassification adjustments for amortization included in net income for transferred securities1,101 — — 1,101 
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)46,725 (540)— 46,185 
Balance at March 31, 2025$(263,111)— — (263,111)
Balance at January 1, 2026$(166,846)— (264)(167,110)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications(10,013)— 172 (9,841)
Reclassification adjustments for amortization included in net income for transferred securities902 — — 902 
Net current period other comprehensive (loss) income(9,111)— 172 (8,939)
Balance at March 31, 2026$(175,957)— (92)(176,049)

Note 12. Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period presented. Diluted earnings per share is computed by including the net increase in shares as if dilutive outstanding restricted stock units were vested and stock options were exercised, using the treasury stock method.

Basic and diluted earnings per share has been computed based on the following:
 Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)March 31,
2026		March 31,
2025
Net income available to common stockholders, basic and diluted
$82,144 54,568 
Average outstanding shares - basic130,052,858 113,451,199 
Add: dilutive restricted stock units and stock options
189,907 95,166 
Average outstanding shares - diluted130,242,765 113,546,365 
Basic earnings per share$0.63 0.48 
Diluted earnings per share$0.63 0.48 
Restricted stock units and stock options excluded from the diluted average outstanding share calculation 1
185,334 73,900 
______________________________
1 Anti-dilution occurs when the unrecognized compensation cost per share of a restricted stock unit or the exercise price of a stock option exceeds the market price of the Company’s stock.
40


Note 13. Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. There is a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value are as follows:

Level 1    Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
Level 2    Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities
Level 3    Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities

Transfers in and out of Level 1 (quoted prices in active markets), Level 2 (significant other observable inputs) and Level 3 (significant unobservable inputs) are recognized on the actual transfer date. There were no transfers between fair value hierarchy levels during the three month periods ended March 31, 2026 and 2025.

Recurring Measurements
The following is a description of the inputs and valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as well as the general classification of such assets and liabilities pursuant to the valuation hierarchy. There have been no significant changes in the valuation techniques during the period ended March 31, 2026.

Debt securities, available-for-sale. The fair value for AFS debt securities is estimated by obtaining quoted market prices for identical assets, where available. If such prices are not available, fair value is based on independent asset pricing services and models, the inputs of which are market-based or independently sourced market parameters, including but not limited to, yield curves, interest rates, volatilities, market spreads, prepayments, defaults, recoveries, cumulative loss projections, and cash flows. Such securities are classified in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. Where Level 1 or Level 2 significant inputs are not available, such securities are classified as Level 3 within the hierarchy.

Fair value determinations of AFS debt securities are the responsibility of the Company’s corporate accounting and treasury departments. The Company obtains fair value estimates from independent third party vendors on a monthly basis. The vendors’ pricing system methodologies, procedures and system controls are reviewed to ensure they are appropriately designed and operating effectively. The Company reviews the vendors’ inputs for fair value estimates and the recommended assignments of levels within the fair value hierarchy. The review includes the extent to which markets for debt securities are determined to have limited or no activity, or are judged to be active markets. The Company reviews the extent to which observable and unobservable inputs are used as well as the appropriateness of the underlying assumptions about risk that a market participant would use in active markets, with adjustments for limited or inactive markets. In considering the inputs to the fair value estimates, the Company places less reliance on quotes that are judged to not reflect orderly transactions, or are non-binding indications. In assessing credit risk, the Company reviews payment performance, collateral adequacy, third party research and analyses, credit rating histories and issuers’ financial statements. For those markets determined to be inactive or limited, the valuation techniques used are models for which management has verified that discount rates are appropriately adjusted to reflect illiquidity and credit risk.

Loans held for sale, at fair value. Loans held for sale measured at fair value, for which an active secondary market and readily available market prices exist, are initially valued at the transaction price and are subsequently valued by using quoted prices for similar assets, adjusted for specific attributes of that loan or other observable market data, such as outstanding commitments from third party investors. Loans held for sale measured at fair value are classified within Level 2. Included in gain on sale of loans were net losses of $260,000 and net gains of $374,000 for the three month periods ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively, from the changes in fair value of loans held for sale measured at fair value. Electing to measure loans held for sale at fair value reduces certain timing differences and better matches changes in fair value of these assets with changes in the value of the derivative instruments used to economically hedge them without the burden of complying with the requirements for hedge accounting.

41

Loan interest rate lock commitments. Fair value estimates for loan interest rate lock commitments are based upon the estimated sales price, origination fees, direct costs, interest rate changes, etc. and are obtained from an independent third party. The components of the valuation were observable or could be corroborated by observable market data and, therefore, were classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

Forward commitments to sell TBA securities. Forward commitments to sell TBA securities are used to economically hedge the interest rate risk associated with certain loan commitments. The fair value estimates for the TBA commitments are based upon the estimated sale of the TBA hedge obtained from an independent third party. The components of the valuation were observable or could be corroborated by observable market data and, therefore, were classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

Interest rate cap derivative financial instruments. Fair value estimates for interest rate cap derivative financial instruments are based upon the discounted cash flows of known payments plus the option value of each cap which incorporates market rate forecasts and implied market volatilities. The components of the valuation were observable or could be corroborated by observable market data and, therefore, were classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. The Company also obtained and compared the reasonableness of the pricing from independent third party valuations.

Interest rate swap derivative financial instruments. Fair value estimates for interest rate swap derivative financial instruments are based upon the estimated amounts to settle the contracts considering current interest rates and are calculated using discounted cash flows. The inputs used to determine fair value include the compounded overnight SOFR rate to estimate variable rate cash inflows and the overnight SOFR swap rate to estimate the discount rate. The estimated variable rate cash inflows are compared to the fixed rate outflows and such difference was discounted to a present value to estimate the fair value of the interest rate swaps. The components of the valuation were observable or could be corroborated by observable market data and, therefore, were classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. The Company also obtained and compared the reasonableness of the pricing from independent third party valuations.

The following tables disclose the fair value measurement of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
  
  Fair Value Measurements
At the End of the Reporting Period Using
(Dollars in thousands)
Fair Value
March 31, 2026
Quoted Prices
in Active  Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Debt securities, available-for-sale
U.S. government and federal agency$240,893 — 240,893 — 
U.S. government sponsored enterprises123,234 — 123,234 — 
State and local governments152,283 — 152,283 — 
Corporate bonds13,561 — 13,561 — 
Residential mortgage-backed securities2,081,594 — 2,081,594 — 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities973,966 — 973,966 — 
Loans held for sale, at fair value41,652 — 41,652 — 
Interest rate caps2,811 — 2,811 — 
Interest rate locks1,268 — 1,268 — 
TBA hedge284 — 284 — 
Interest rate swaps336 — 336 — 
Total assets measured at fair value
  on a recurring basis
$3,631,882 — 3,631,882 — 

42

  Fair Value Measurements
At the End of the Reporting Period Using
(Dollars in thousands)Fair Value December 31, 2025Quoted Prices
in Active  Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Debt securities, available-for-sale
U.S. government and federal agency$255,930 — 255,930 — 
U.S. government sponsored enterprises312,488 — 312,488 — 
State and local governments164,084 — 164,084 — 
Corporate bonds33,949 — 33,949 — 
Residential mortgage-backed securities2,215,119 — 2,215,119 — 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities1,025,942 — 1,025,942 — 
Loans held for sale, at fair value
39,186 — 39,186 — 
Interest rate caps2,128 — 2,128 — 
Interest rate locks
700 — 700 — 
Interest rate swaps244 — 244 — 
Total assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis
$4,049,770 — 4,049,770 — 

Non-recurring Measurements
The following is a description of the inputs and valuation methodologies used for assets recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis, as well as the general classification of such assets pursuant to the valuation hierarchy. There have been no significant changes in the valuation techniques during the period ended March 31, 2026.

Other real estate owned. OREO is initially recorded at fair value less estimated cost to sell, establishing a new cost basis. OREO is subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated cost to sell. Estimated fair value of OREO is based on appraisals or evaluations (new or updated). OREO is classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Collateral-dependent loans, net of ACL. Fair value estimates of collateral-dependent loans that are individually reviewed are based on the fair value of the collateral, less estimated cost to sell. Collateral-dependent individually reviewed loans are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

The Company’s credit department reviews appraisals for OREO and collateral-dependent loans, giving consideration to the highest and best use of the collateral. The appraisal or evaluation (new or updated) is considered the starting point for determining fair value. The valuation techniques used in preparing appraisals or evaluations (new or updated) include the cost approach, income approach, sales comparison approach, or a combination of the preceding valuation techniques. The key inputs used to determine the fair value of the collateral-dependent loans and OREO include selling costs, discounted cash flow rate or capitalization rate, and adjustment to comparables. Valuations and significant inputs obtained by independent sources are reviewed by the Company for accuracy and reasonableness. The Company also considers other factors and events in the environment that may affect the fair value. The appraisals or evaluations (new or updated) are reviewed at least quarterly and more frequently based on current market conditions, including deterioration in a borrower’s financial condition and when property values may be subject to significant volatility. After review and acceptance of the collateral appraisal or evaluation (new or updated), adjustments to the impaired loan or OREO may occur. The Company generally obtains appraisals or evaluations (new or updated) annually.

43

The following tables disclose the fair value measurement of assets with a recorded change during the period resulting from re-measuring the assets at fair value on a non-recurring basis:
  Fair Value Measurements
At the End of the Reporting Period Using
(Dollars in thousands)
Fair Value
March 31, 2026
Quoted Prices
in Active  Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Collateral-dependent impaired loans, net of ACL$2,102 — — 2,102 
Total assets measured at fair value
  on a non-recurring basis
$2,102 — — 2,102 

  Fair Value Measurements
At the End of the Reporting Period Using
(Dollars in thousands)Fair Value December 31, 2025Quoted Prices
in Active  Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Collateral-dependent impaired loans, net of ACL$1,887 — — 1,887 
Total assets measured at fair value
  on a non-recurring basis
$1,887 — — 1,887 

Non-recurring Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
The following tables present additional quantitative information about assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis and for which the Company has utilized Level 3 inputs to determine fair value:

 
Fair Value
March 31, 2026
Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
(Dollars in thousands)Valuation TechniqueUnobservable Input
Range
(Weighted-Average) 1
Collateral-dependent
  impaired loans, net of ACL
$2,028 Cost approachSelling costs
10.0% - 10.0% (10.0%)
74 Sales comparison approachSelling costs
10.0% - 20.0% (10.6%)
$2,102 


 Fair Value December 31, 2025Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
(Dollars in thousands)Valuation TechniqueUnobservable Input
Range
(Weighted-Average) 1
Collateral-dependent impaired loans, net of ACL
$1,381 Cost approachSelling costs
10.0% - 20.0% (10.3%)
506 Sales comparison approachSelling costs
10.0% - 20.0% (10.1%)
$1,887 
______________________________
1 The range for selling cost inputs represents reductions to the fair value of the assets.


44

Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The following tables present the carrying amounts, estimated fair values and the level within the fair value hierarchy of the Company’s financial instruments not carried at fair value. Receivables and payables due in one year or less, equity securities without readily determinable fair values and deposits with no defined or contractual maturities are excluded from the table. There have been no significant changes in the valuation techniques during the period ended March 31, 2026.

Cash and cash equivalents. Fair value is estimated at book value.

Debt securities, held-to-maturity. Fair value for HTM debt securities is estimated in the same manner as AFS debt securities, which is described above.

Loans receivable, net of ACL. The loans were fair valued on an individual basis, with consideration given to the loans' underlying characteristics, including account types, remaining terms and balance, interest rates, past delinquencies, current market rates, etc. The model utilizes a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of the loans using various assumptions such as prepayment speeds, projected default probabilities, losses given defaults, etc. The discounted cash flow approach models the credit losses directly in the projected cash flows. The model applies various assumptions regarding credit, interest, and prepayment risks for the loans based on loan types, payment types and fixed or variable classifications.

Term deposits. Fair value of term deposits is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using rates of similar deposits with similar maturities. The market rates used were obtained from an independent third party based on current rates offered by the Company’s regional competitors.

FHLB advances. Fair value of advances is estimated based on borrowing rates currently available to the Company for advances with similar terms and maturities.

Repurchase agreements and other borrowed funds. Fair value of term repurchase agreements and other term borrowings is estimated based on current repurchase rates and borrowing rates currently available to the Company for repurchases and borrowings with similar terms and maturities. The estimated fair value for overnight repurchase agreements and other borrowings is book value.

Subordinated debentures. Fair value of the subordinated debt is estimated by discounting the estimated future cash flows using current estimated market rates obtained from an independent third party.

Off-balance sheet financial instruments. Unused lines of credit and letters of credit represent the principal categories of off-balance sheet financial instruments. The fair value of commitments is based on fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining terms of the agreements and the counterparties’ credit standing. The fair value of unused lines of credit and letters of credit is not material; therefore, such commitments are not included in the following tables.
45

  Fair Value Measurements
At the End of the Reporting Period Using
(Dollars in thousands)
Carrying Amount
March 31, 2026
Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents$1,385,237 1,385,237 — — 
Debt securities, held-to-maturity3,058,662 — 2,810,941 — 
Loans receivable, net of ACL20,777,892 — — 20,794,933 
Total financial assets$25,221,791 1,385,237 2,810,941 20,794,933 
Financial liabilities
Term deposits$3,851,209 — 3,885,337 — 
FHLB advances— — — — 
Repurchase agreements and
  other borrowed funds
2,168,396 — 2,168,396 — 
Subordinated debentures188,032 — 182,208 — 
Total financial liabilities$6,207,637 — 6,235,941 — 

  Fair Value Measurements
At the End of the Reporting Period Using
(Dollars in thousands)Carrying Amount December 31, 2025Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents$1,235,261 1,235,261 — — 
Debt securities, held-to-maturity3,110,216 — 2,880,116 — 
Loans receivable, net of ACL20,672,477 — — 20,779,943 
Total financial assets$25,017,954 1,235,261 2,880,116 20,779,943 
Financial liabilities
Term deposits$3,928,550 — 3,967,087 — 
FHLB advances440,000 — 440,175 — 
Repurchase agreements and
  other borrowed funds
2,135,586 — 2,135,586 — 
Subordinated debentures187,492 — 175,069 — 
Total financial liabilities$6,691,628 — 6,717,917 — 

46


Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following management’s discussion and analysis is intended to provide a more comprehensive review of the Company’s operating results and financial condition than can be obtained from reading the Consolidated Financial Statements alone. The discussion should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto included in “Part I. Item 1. Financial Statements.”
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Form 10-Q may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about the Company’s plans, objectives, expectations and intentions that are not historical facts, and other statements identified by words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “will” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “should,” “projects,” “seeks,” “estimates” or other comparable words or phrases of a future or forward-looking nature. These forward-looking statements are based on current beliefs and expectations of management and are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond the Company’s control. In addition, these forward-looking statements are based on assumptions that are subject to change. The following factors, among others, including additional factors identified in the sections titled “Risk Factors,” “Business” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” as applicable, in this report and in the Company’s 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K, could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results (express or implied) or other expectations in the forward-looking statements:

•risks associated with lending and potential adverse changes in the credit quality of the Company’s loan portfolio;
•changes in monetary and fiscal policies, including interest rate policies of the Federal Reserve Board, which could adversely affect the Company’s net interest income and margin, the fair value of its financial instruments, profitability, and stockholders’ equity;
•legislative or regulatory changes, including the possibility of increases in FDIC insurance rates and assessments, changes in the review and regulation of bank mergers, or increases or changes in banking and consumer protection regulations, that may adversely affect the Company’s business and strategies;
•risks related to overall economic conditions, including the impact on the economy of an uncertain interest rate environment, inflationary pressures, recently passed legislation and the potential for significant additional changes in economic and trade policies in the current administration;
•risks to the Company’s business and the business of the Company’s customers arising from current or future tariffs or other trade restrictions, labor or supply chain issues, change in labor force, or geopolitical instability, including the wars in Iran and Ukraine, further conflicts in the Middle East, and potential for future conflicts or disruptions in other parts of the world;
•risks associated with the Company’s ability to negotiate, complete, and successfully integrate acquisitions;
•costs or difficulties related to the completion and integration of future or recently completed acquisitions;
•impairment of the goodwill recorded by the Company in connection with acquisitions, which may have an adverse impact on earnings and capital;
•reduction in demand for banking products and services, whether as a result of changes in customer behavior, economic conditions, banking environment, or competition;
•deterioration of the reputation of banks and the financial services industry, which could adversely affect the Company's ability to obtain and maintain customers;
•changes in the competitive landscape, including as may result from new market entrants, additional competition from internet-based financial institutions operating nationally, or further consolidation in the financial services industry, resulting in increased competition, including the creation of larger competitors with greater financial resources;
•risks presented by public stock market volatility, which could adversely affect the market price of the Company’s common stock and the ability to raise additional capital or grow through acquisitions;
•Risks related to rapidly evolving artificial intelligence technologies;
•risks associated with dependence on the Chief Executive Officer, the senior management team and the Presidents of Glacier Bank’s divisions;
•material failure, potential interruption or breach in security of the Company’s systems or changes in technology which could expose the Company to cybersecurity risks, fraud, system failures, or direct liabilities;
•risks related to natural disasters, including droughts, fires, floods, earthquakes, pandemics, and other unexpected events;
•success in managing risks involved in any of the foregoing; and
•effects of any reputational damage to the Company resulting from any of the foregoing.
47

Forward looking statements speak only as of the date of this Form 10-Q. The Company does not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Certain financial measures and ratios the Company presents are supplemental measures that are not required by, or are not presented in accordance with, U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The Company refers to these financial measures and ratios as “non-GAAP financial measures.” A reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to the comparable GAAP financial measures is provided within this Form 10Q. The Company considers the use of select non-GAAP financial measures and ratios to be useful for financial and operational decision making and in evaluating period-to-period comparisons. The Company believes that these non-GAAP financial measures provide meaningful supplemental information regarding the Company’s performance by excluding certain income or intangible items that the Company believes are not indicative of its primary business operating results.

These non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered a substitute for financial information presented in accordance with GAAP and investors should not rely on non-GAAP financial measures alone as measures of our performance. The non-GAAP financial measures presented may differ from non-GAAP financial measures used by the Company’s peers or other companies. The Company compensates for these differences by providing the equivalent GAAP measures whenever the Company presents the non-GAAP financial measures and by including a reconciliation of the impact of the components adjusted for in the non-GAAP financial measure so that both measures and the individual components may be considered when analyzing our performance.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Financial Highlights
 At or for the Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands, except per share and market data)
Mar 31,
2026		Dec 31,
2025		Mar 31,
2025
Operating results
Net income$82,144 63,779 54,568 
Basic earnings per share$0.63 0.49 0.48 
Diluted earnings per share$0.63 0.49 0.48 
Operating diluted earnings per share 1
$0.70 0.69 0.47 
Dividends declared per share$0.33 0.33 0.33 
Market value per share
Closing$44.67 44.05 44.22 
High$53.99 49.56 52.81 
Low$41.87 39.90 43.18 
Selected ratios and other data
Number of common stock shares outstanding
130,124,378129,971,712113,517,944
Average outstanding shares - basic130,052,858129,950,587113,451,199
Average outstanding shares - diluted130,242,765130,145,104113,546,365
Return on average assets (annualized)1.05 %0.78 %0.80 %
Return on average equity (annualized)7.82 %6.05 %6.77 %
Efficiency ratio63.05 %61.04 %65.49 %
Loan to deposit ratio85.18 %85.26 %83.64 %
Number of full time equivalent employees
4,1394,0873,457
Number of locations282281227
Number of ATMs337337286

48

______________________________
1 Represents a non-GAAP financial measure. Supplemental “Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations” tables are provided to reconcile the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP.

The Company reported net income of $82.1 million for the current quarter, an increase of $18.4 million, or 29 percent, from the prior quarter net income of $63.8 million and an increase of $27.6 million, or 51 percent, from the prior year first quarter net income of $54.6 million. Diluted earnings per share for the current quarter was $0.63 per share, an increase of $0.14 per share, or 29 percent, from the prior quarter diluted earnings per share of $0.49 and an increase of $0.15 per share, or 31 percent, from the prior year first quarter diluted earnings per share of $0.48. Diluted operating earnings per share for the current quarter was $0.70 per share, an increase of $0.01 per share, or 1 percent, from the prior quarter diluted operating earnings per share of $0.69 and an increase of $0.23 per share, or 49 percent, from the prior year first quarter diluted operating earnings per share of $0.47. The current quarter included $8.9 million in acquisition-related expenses and $2.8 million of compensation from acquisition-related employment agreements.

Market Conditions
The current macroeconomic and geopolitical environment is subject to a number of uncertainties, including geopolitical conflicts, tariffs (or the threat thereof) or other changes in trade policies, capital markets volatility, and inflation. These and other factors may contribute to slower or negative economic growth and a challenging business environment for banking customers. The Company continues to monitor the changing macroeconomic and geopolitical environment and any potential future negative impact on our financial condition or results of operations. For more information about these risks, see “Part II, Item 1A, Risk Factors” below.”

Financial Condition Analysis

Assets
The following table summarizes the Company’s assets as of the dates indicated:
$ Change from
(Dollars in thousands)Mar 31,
2026		Dec 31,
2025		Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2025		Mar 31,
2025
Cash and cash equivalents$1,385,237 1,235,261 981,485 149,976 403,752 
Debt securities, available-for-sale
3,585,531 4,007,512 4,172,312 (421,981)(586,781)
Debt securities, held-to-maturity
3,058,662 3,110,216 3,261,575 (51,554)(202,913)
Total debt securities
6,644,193 7,117,728 7,433,887 (473,535)(789,694)
Loans receivable 1
Residential real estate2,167,860 2,457,907 1,850,079 (290,047)317,781 
Commercial real estate
13,918,178 13,565,512 10,952,809 352,666 2,965,369 
Other commercial3,466,863 3,497,829 3,121,477 (30,966)345,386 
Home equity1,048,971 977,206 920,132 71,765 128,839 
Other consumer431,791 429,342 374,021 2,449 57,770 
Loans receivable21,033,663 20,927,796 17,218,518 105,867 3,815,145 
Allowance for credit losses
(255,771)(255,319)(210,400)(452)(45,371)
Loans receivable, net
20,777,892 20,672,477 17,008,118 105,415 3,769,774 
Other assets2,926,760 2,952,597 2,435,389 (25,837)491,371 
Total assets$31,734,082 31,978,063 27,858,879 (243,981)3,875,203 
______________________________
1     In connection with the current quarter core system conversion from the acquisition of Guaranty Bancshares, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary, Guaranty Bank & Trust (collectively, “Guaranty”), Guaranty loans were reclassified to conform to the Company’s classifications. There were approximately $236 million of loans reclassified from residential loans into other categories, the majority of which were reclassified to commercial real estate loans.

49

The Company continues to maintain a strong cash position of $1.385 billion at March 31, 2026, which was an increase of $150 million, or 12 percent, over the prior quarter and an increase of $404 million, or 41 percent, over the prior year first quarter. Total debt securities of $6.644 billion at March 31, 2026 decreased $474 million, or 7 percent, during the current quarter and decreased $790 million, or 11 percent, from the prior year first quarter. Debt securities represented 21 percent of total assets at March 31, 2026 compared to 22 percent at December 31, 2025 and 27 percent at March 31, 2025.

The loan portfolio of $21.034 billion at March 31, 2026 increased $106 million, or 2 percent annualized, during the current quarter. The loan portfolio increased $3.815 billion, or 22 percent, from the prior year first quarter. Excluding the acquisition of Bank of Idaho Holding Co. and its wholly owned subsidiary, Bank of Idaho (collectively, “BOID”) on April 30, 2025 and the Guaranty acquisition on October 1, 2025, the loan portfolio organically increased $638 million, or 4 percent, from the prior year first quarter.

Liabilities
The following table summarizes the Company’s liabilities as of the dates indicated:
$ Change from
(Dollars in thousands)Mar 31,
2026		Dec 31,
2025		Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2025		Mar 31,
2025
Deposits
Non-interest bearing deposits
$7,427,280 7,314,779 6,100,548 112,501 1,326,732 
NOW and DDA accounts
6,217,728 6,236,551 5,676,177 (18,823)541,551 
Savings accounts
3,193,293 3,158,939 2,896,378 34,354 296,915 
Money market deposit accounts
4,049,361 3,948,201 2,816,874 101,160 1,232,487 
Certificate accounts
3,851,209 3,928,550 3,140,333 (77,341)710,876 
Core deposits, total
24,738,871 24,587,020 20,630,310 151,851 4,108,561 
Wholesale deposits
3,000 4,076 3,740 (1,076)(740)
Deposits, total
24,741,871 24,591,096 20,634,050 150,775 4,107,821 
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase
2,085,623 2,084,113 1,849,070 1,510 236,553 
FHLB advances
— 440,000 1,520,000 (440,000)(1,520,000)
Other borrowed funds51,564 51,473 62,216 91 (10,652)
Finance lease liabilities31,209 28,808 20,227 2,401 10,982 
Subordinated debentures188,032 187,492 133,145 540 54,887 
Other liabilities387,284 381,260 352,563 6,024 34,721 
Total liabilities$27,485,583 27,764,242 24,571,271 (278,659)2,914,312 

Total deposits of $24.7 billion at March 31, 2026 increased $151 million, or 2 percent annualized, during the current quarter and increased $4.108 billion, or 20 percent, from the prior year first quarter. Excluding the BOID and Guaranty acquisitions, total deposits organically increased $323 million, or 2 percent, from the prior year first quarter.

Non-interest bearing deposits of $7.427 billion at March 31, 2026 increased $113 million, or 6 percent annualized, from the prior quarter and increased $1.327 billion, or 22 percent, from the prior year first quarter. Excluding the BOID and Guaranty acquisitions, total non-interest bearing deposits organically increased $223 million, or 4 percent, from the prior year first quarter. Non-interest bearing deposits represented 30 percent of total deposits at each of March 31, 2026, December 31, 2025 and March 31, 2025.

The remaining $440 million of Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) advances were paid off during the current quarter. Subordinated debentures of $188 million increased $54.9 million, or 41 percent, from the prior year first quarter as a result of acquisitions. See “Additional Management’s Discussion and Analysis - Source of Funds - Borrowers” for additional information regarding borrowings.

50

Stockholders’ Equity
The following table summarizes the stockholders’ equity ratios as of the dates indicated:
$ Change from
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Mar 31,
2026		Dec 31,
2025		Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2025		Mar 31,
2025
Stockholders’ equity to total assets
13.39 %13.18 %11.80 %
Tangible stockholders’ equity to total tangible assets (non-GAAP) 1
9.15 %8.95 %8.18 %
Book value per common share
$32.65 32.42 28.96 0.23 3.69 
Tangible book value per common share (non-GAAP) 1
$21.29 21.01 19.28 0.28 2.01 
______________________________
1 Represents a non-GAAP financial measure. Supplemental “Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations” tables are provided to reconcile the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP.

Tangible stockholders’ equity of $2.770 billion at March 31, 2026 increased $39 million, or 1 percent, compared to the prior quarter and was primarily due to earnings retention. Tangible stockholders’ equity at March 31, 2026, increased $581 million, or 27 percent, from the prior year first quarter, primarily due to $765 million of Company stock issued in connection with the acquisitions of BOID and Guaranty and an $87 million decrease in other comprehensive loss. The increase was partially offset by the increase in goodwill and core deposit intangible associated with the BOID and Guaranty acquisitions. Tangible book value per common share of $21.29 at the current quarter end increased $0.28 per share, or 1 percent, from the prior quarter and increased
$2.01 per share, or 10 percent, from the prior year first quarter.

Cash Dividend
On March 25, 2026, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.33 per share. The dividend was payable April 16, 2026 to shareholders of record on April 7, 2026. The dividend was the Company’s 164th consecutive regular dividend. Future cash dividends will depend on a variety of factors, including net income, capital, asset quality, general economic conditions and regulatory considerations.
51

Operating Results for Three Months Ended March 31, 2026 
Compared to December 31, 2025, and March 31, 2025

Income Summary
The following table summarizes income for the periods indicated: 
 Three Months ended$ Change from
(Dollars in thousands)Mar 31,
2026		Dec 31,
2025		Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2025		Mar 31,
2025
Net interest income
Interest income$362,337372,754289,925(10,417)72,412 
Interest expense93,660106,68899,946(13,028)(6,286)
Total net interest income268,677266,066189,9792,611 78,698 
Non-interest income
Deposit service charges and other fees15,26515,90413,215(639)2,050 
Payment services11,36812,6269,328(1,258)2,040 
Miscellaneous loan fees and charges
2,2792,5191,691(240)588 
Gain on sale of loans5,1084,5944,311514 797 
Gain (loss) on sale of investments———— — 
Other income4,0624,8044,097(742)(35)
Total non-interest income
38,08240,44732,642(2,365)5,440 
Total income$306,759306,513222,621246 84,138 
Net interest margin (tax-equivalent)
3.80%3.58%3.04%
Core net interest margin (non-GAAP) 1
3.73%3.51%2.98%
______________________________
1 Represents a non-GAAP financial measure. Supplemental “Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations” tables are provided to reconcile the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP.

Net Interest Income
Net interest income of $269 million for the current quarter increased $2.6 million, or 1 percent, from the prior quarter net interest income of $266 million and increased $78.7 million, or 41 percent, from the prior year first quarter net interest income of $190 million. The current quarter interest income of $362 million decreased $10.4 million, or 3 percent, over the prior quarter, which primarily attributable to a decrease in debt securities. The current quarter interest income increased $72.4 million, or 25 percent, over the prior year first quarter and was primarily driven by both increased loans and increased interest rates on earning assets. The loan yield of 6.16 percent in the current quarter increased 7 basis points from the prior quarter loan yield of 6.09 percent and increased 39 basis points from the prior year first quarter loan yield of 5.77 percent.

The current quarter interest expense of $93.7 million decreased $13.0 million, or 12 percent, from the prior quarter, primarily due to a decrease in interest rates on deposits and a decrease in higher cost borrowings. The current quarter interest expense decreased $6.3 million, or 6 percent, from the prior year first quarter and was primarily attributable to the decrease in higher cost borrowings. Deposit cost (including non-interest bearing deposits) decreased to 1.20 percent in the current quarter compared to 1.26 percent in the prior quarter and 1.25 percent in the prior year first quarter.

The net interest margin as a percentage of earning assets, on a tax-equivalent basis, for the current quarter was 3.80 percent, an increase of 22 basis points from the prior quarter net interest margin of 3.58 percent and was primarily driven by an increase in loan yields and a decrease in the total cost of funding. The net interest margin as a percentage of earning assets, on a tax-equivalent basis, for the current quarter increased 76 basis points from the prior year first quarter net interest margin of 3.04 percent and was also primarily driven by the increase in loan yields and the decrease in the total cost of funding. Core net interest margin was 3.73 percent in the current quarter compared to 3.51 percent in the prior quarter and 2.98 percent in the prior year first quarter, with the increases also being primarily driven by an increase in loan yields and a decrease in total cost of funding.


52

Non-interest Income
Non-interest income for the current quarter totaled $38.1 million, which was a decrease of $2.4 million, or 6 percent, over the prior quarter and an increase of $5.4 million, or 17 percent, over the prior year first quarter. Deposit service charges and other fees of $15.3 million for the current quarter decreased $639 thousand, or 4 percent, compared to the prior quarter and was primarily due to seasonal fluctuations. Payment services of $11.4 million for the current quarter decreased $1.3 million, or 10 percent, from the prior quarter and was also primarily driven by seasonal fluctuations. Deposit service charges and other fees increased $2.1 million, or 15 percent, compared to the prior year first quarter and payment services increased $2.0 million, or 22 percent, over the prior year first quarter. Gain on the sale of residential loans of $5.1 million for the current quarter increased $514 thousand, or 11 percent, compared to the prior quarter and increased $797 thousand, or 18 percent, from the prior year first quarter. Other income of $4.1 million in the current quarter decreased $742 thousand, or 15 percent, and was primarily attributable to an $825 thousand decrease in income related to bank owned life insurance proceeds.

Non-interest Expense
The following table summarizes non-interest expense for the periods indicated:
 
 Three Months ended$ Change from
(Dollars in thousands)Mar 31,
2026		Dec 31,
2025		Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2025		Mar 31,
2025
Compensation and employee benefits
$115,770 110,999 91,443 4,771 24,327 
Occupancy and equipment15,682 17,529 12,294 (1,847)3,388 
Advertising and promotions5,256 4,609 4,144 647 1,112 
Data processing13,273 13,089 9,138 184 4,135 
Other real estate owned206 140 63 66 143 
Regulatory assessments and insurance
6,403 5,495 5,534 908 869 
Intangibles amortization
4,799 5,180 3,270 (381)1,529 
Other expenses39,140 37,516 25,432 1,624 13,708 
Total non-interest expense$200,529 194,557 151,318 5,972 49,211 

Total non-interest expense of $201 million for the current quarter increased $6.0 million, or 3 percent, over the prior quarter. Total non-interest expense increased $49.2 million, or 33 percent, over the prior year first quarter and was primarily driven by increased costs from the BOID and Guaranty acquisitions. Compensation and employee benefits of $116 million for the current quarter increased by $4.8 million, or 4 percent, over the prior quarter, which was primarily driven by annual salary increases and increased employee benefits.

Compensation and employee benefits increased $24.3 million, or 27 percent, from the prior year first quarter and was primarily driven by annual salary increases and increases in staffing levels from the BOID and Guaranty acquisitions. Occupancy and equipment expense of $15.7 million decreased $1.8 million, or 11 percent, from the prior quarter and was primarily due to the prior quarter including $1.1 million of expenses related to vacating branch locations. Regulatory assessment and insurance expense of $6.4 million increased $908 thousand, or 17 percent, from the prior quarter, primarily from a $739 thousand decrease in expense reduction in the prior quarter related to an FDIC special assessment.

Other expenses of $39.1 million increased $1.6 million, or 4 percent, from the prior quarter and was primarily driven by increased acquisition-related expenses.

Acquisition-related expense was $8.9 million in the current quarter compared to $5.8 million in the prior quarter and $587 thousand in the prior year first quarter. In addition, compensation and employee benefits included $2.8 million of expense attributable to acquisition-related employment agreements in the current quarter compared to $2.9 million in the prior quarter and $251 thousand in the prior year first quarter.


53

Efficiency Ratio
The efficiency ratio was 63.05 percent in the current quarter compared to 61.04 percent in the prior quarter and 65.49 percent in the prior year first quarter. The increase from the prior quarter was principally driven by the increase in acquisition-related expenses. The decrease from the prior year first quarter was primarily due to the increase in net interest income which outpaced the increase in non-interest expense.

Provision for Credit Losses for Loans
The following table summarizes provision for credit losses for loans, net charge-offs and select ratios relating to provision for credit losses for the previous eight quarters:
(Dollars in thousands)Provision for Credit Losses on LoansNet Charge-Offs
(Recoveries)		Allowance for
Credit Losses
as a Percent
of Loans		Accruing
Loans 30-89
Days Past Due
as a Percent of
Loans		Non-Performing
Assets to
Total Sub-sidiary Assets
First quarter 2026$3,514 $3,062 1.22 %0.44 %0.25 %
Fourth quarter 202532,491 6,368 1.22 %0.38 %0.22 %
Third quarter 20255,192 2,914 1.22 %0.21 %0.19 %
Second quarter 202518,009 1,645 1.22 %0.29 %0.17 %
First quarter 20256,154 1,795 1.22 %0.27 %0.14 %
Fourth quarter 20246,041 5,170 1.19 %0.19 %0.10 %
Third quarter 20246,981 2,766 1.19 %0.33 %0.10 %
Second quarter 20245,066 2,890 1.19 %0.29 %0.06 %

Net charge-offs for the current quarter were $3.1 million compared to $6.4 million in the prior quarter and $1.8 million for the prior year first quarter. The current quarter net charge-offs included $2.2 million in deposit overdraft net charge-offs and $896 thousand of net loan charge-offs.

The current quarter provision for credit loss expense of $6.1 million included $3.5 million of credit loss expense on loans and $2.6 million of credit loss expense on unfunded loan commitments.

The allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) on loans as a percentage of total loans outstanding was 1.22 percent at each of March 31, 2026, December 31, 2025 and March 31, 2025. Loan portfolio growth, composition, average loan size, credit quality considerations, economic forecasts, actual results, and other environmental factors will continue to determine the level of the ACL on loans. The determination of the ACL on loans and the related provision for credit losses is a critical accounting estimate that involves management’s judgments about the loan portfolio that impact credit losses. For additional information on the allowance, see the Allowance For Credit Losses section under “Additional Management’s Discussion and Analysis.”

Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations
(Dollars in thousands)Mar 31, 2026Dec 31, 2025Mar 31, 2025
Tangible Equity
Total stockholders’ equity$4,248,499 4,213,821 3,287,608 
Less: goodwill and intangible assets, net(1,478,753)(1,483,552)(1,099,229)
Tangible stockholders' equity (non-GAAP)$2,769,746 2,730,269 2,188,379 
Tangible Assets
Total assets$31,734,082 31,978,063 27,858,879 
Less: goodwill and intangible assets, net(1,478,753)(1,483,552)(1,099,229)
Tangible assets (non-GAAP)$30,255,329 30,494,511 26,759,650 
Tangible equity to tangible assets (non-GAAP)9.15 %8.95 %8.18 %
Book value per share$0.03 $0.03 $0.03 
Tangible book value per share (non-GAAP)$0.02 $0.02 $0.02 
54

At or for the Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)Mar 31, 2026Dec 31, 2025Mar 31, 2025
Core Net Interest Margin
Net interest income (tax equivalent) 1
$272,383 269,618 193,400 
Purchase accounting(5,140)(4,628)(3,361)
Non-accrual loan (recovery) reversal(42)(693)14 
Core net interest income (tax equivalent) (non-GAAP)$267,201 264,297 190,053 
Average earning assets$29,078,665 29,842,441 25,830,807 
Net interest margin3.80 %3.58 %3.04 %
Core net interest margin (non-GAAP)3.73 %3.51 %2.98 %
______________________________
1 Includes tax effect of 3.7 million, 3.6 million and 3.4 million on tax-exempt municipal loan and lease income, tax-exempt debt securities income and federal income tax credits for the three months ended March 31, 2026 , December 31, 2025, and March 31, 2025, respectively.

At or for the Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)Mar 31, 2026Dec 31, 2025Mar 31, 2025
Operating Diluted Earnings Per Share
Net income$82,144 63,779 54,568 
Operating adjustments
Loan interest (recovery) reversal(42)(693)14 
BOLI proceeds(776)(1,601)(1,114)
Acquisition-related compensation2,775 2,946 251 
Lease terminations200 1,101 — 
FDIC special assessment(87)(827)(219)
Loss (gain) on fixed assets445 1,918 (1,010)
Acquisition ACL expense— 27,247 — 
Acquisition-related expense8,907 5,802 587 
Tax impact(3,018)(9,274)264 
Net operating adjustments8,404 26,619 (1,227)
Operating net income (non-GAAP)$90,548 90,398 53,341 
Weighted average diluted commons shares outstanding130,242,765 130,145,104 113,546,365 
Diluted EPS $0.63 $0.49 $0.48 
Operating diluted EPS (non-GAAP)$0.70 $0.69 $0.47 


55

ADDITIONAL MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

Investment Activity
The Company’s investment securities primarily consist of debt securities classified as either AFS or HTM. Equity securities primarily consist of capital stock issued by the FHLB of Des Moines.

Debt Securities
Debt securities classified as AFS are carried at estimated fair value and debt securities classified as HTM are carried at amortized cost. Unrealized gains or losses, net of tax, on AFS debt securities are reflected as an adjustment to OCI. The Company’s debt securities are summarized below:
March 31, 2026December 31, 2025March 31, 2025
(Dollars in thousands)Carrying AmountPercentCarrying AmountPercentCarrying AmountPercent
Available-for-sale
U.S. government and federal agency$240,893 4 %$255,930 4 %$472,122 6 %
U.S. government sponsored enterprises123,234 2 %312,488 4 %313,508 4 %
State and local governments152,283 2 %164,084 2 %67,917 1 %
Corporate bonds13,561 — %33,949 1 %14,652 1 %
Residential mortgage-backed securities2,081,594 31 %2,215,119 31 %2,278,421 31 %
Commercial mortgage-backed securities973,966 15 %1,025,942 14 %1,025,692 14 %
Total available-for-sale
3,585,531 54 %4,007,512 56 %4,172,312 57 %
Held-to-maturity
U.S. government and federal agency867,249 13 %865,696 12 %860,978 11 %
State and local governments1,575,040 24 %1,587,673 23 %1,613,709 21 %
Residential mortgage-backed securities616,373 9 %656,847 9 %786,888 11 %
Total held-to-maturity3,058,662 46 %3,110,216 44 %3,261,575 43 %
Total debt securities$6,644,193 100 %$7,117,728 100 %$7,433,887 100 %

The Company’s debt securities were primarily comprised of U.S. government and federal agency and mortgage-backed securities. State and local government securities are largely exempt from federal income tax and the Company’s federal statutory income tax rate of 21 percent is used in calculating the tax-equivalent yields on the tax-exempt securities. Mortgage-backed securities largely consists of short, weighted-average life U.S. agency guaranteed residential and commercial mortgage pass-through securities and to a lesser extent, short, weighted-average life U.S. agency guaranteed residential collateralized mortgage obligations. Combined, the mortgage-backed securities provide the Company with ongoing liquidity as scheduled and pre-paid principal is received on the securities.

State and local government securities carry different risks that are not as prevalent in other security types. The Company evaluates the investment grade quality of its securities in accordance with regulatory guidance. Investment grade securities are those where the issuer has an adequate capacity to meet the financial commitments under the security for the projected life of the investment. An issuer has an adequate capacity to meet financial commitments if the risk of default by the obligor is low and the full and timely payment of principal and interest are expected. In assessing credit risk, the Company may use credit ratings from NRSRO entities such as S&P and Moody’s as support for the evaluation; however, they are not solely relied upon. There have been no significant differences in the Company’s internal evaluation of the creditworthiness of any issuer when compared with the ratings assigned by the NRSROs.

56

The following table stratifies the state and local government securities by the associated NRSRO ratings. The highest issued rating was used to categorize the securities in the table for those securities where the NRSRO ratings were not at the same level.
March 31, 2026December 31, 2025
(Dollars in thousands)Amortized
Cost		Fair
Value		Amortized
Cost		Fair
Value
S&P: AAA / Moody’s: Aaa
$461,310 416,597 470,591 430,538 
S&P: AA+, AA, AA- / Moody’s: Aa1, Aa2, Aa3
1,214,728 1,068,964 1,228,601 1,093,684 
S&P: A+, A, A- / Moody’s: A1, A2, A3
45,278 44,825 45,339 45,083 
Not rated by either entity
8,443 8,176 8,447 8,170 
Total
$1,729,759 1,538,562 1,752,978 1,577,475 

State and local government securities largely consist of general obligation and revenue bonds. The following table stratifies the state and local government securities by the associated security type.
March 31, 2026December 31, 2025
(Dollars in thousands)Amortized
Cost		Fair
Value		Amortized
Cost		Fair
Value
General obligation - unlimited
$357,235 334,864 368,095 348,356 
General obligation - limited
194,076 173,580 204,370 185,810 
Revenue1,140,105 995,315 1,142,091 1,008,112 
Certificate of participation
35,055 31,481 35,134 31,854 
Other
3,288 3,322 3,288 3,343 
Total
$1,729,759 1,538,562 1,752,978 1,577,475 

The following table outlines the five states in which the Company owns the highest concentrations of state and local government securities.
March 31, 2026December 31, 2025
(Dollars in thousands)Amortized
Cost		Fair
Value		Amortized
Cost		Fair
Value
New York$367,225 329,244 367,478 332,746 
Texas187,156 174,763 204,775 194,031 
California108,569 100,167 108,915 101,273 
Washington85,719 77,696 86,633 78,960 
Colorado77,466 68,120 77,665 68,872 
All other states
903,624 788,572 907,512 801,593 
Total
$1,729,759 1,538,562 1,752,978 1,577,475 

57

The following table presents the carrying amount and weighted-average yield of AFS (at fair value) and HTM (at amortized cost) debt securities by contractual maturity at March 31, 2026. Weighted-average yields are based upon the amortized cost of securities and are calculated using the interest method which takes into consideration premium amortization, discount accretion and mortgage-backed securities’ prepayment provisions. Weighted-average yields on tax-exempt debt securities exclude the federal income tax benefit.
One Year or LessAfter One through Five YearsAfter Five through Ten YearsAfter Ten Years
Mortgage-Backed Securities 1
Total
(Dollars in thousands)AmountYieldAmountYieldAmountYieldAmountYieldAmountYieldAmountYield
Available-for-sale
U.S. government and federal agency
$179,298 1.19%$54,737 3.66%$972 4.44%$5,886 3.56%$— —%$240,893 1.83%
U.S. government sponsored enterprises
113,751 1.39%9,483 3.71%— —%— —%— —%123,234 1.56%
State and local governments
15,030 1.79%26,603 2.61%64,684 3.15%45,966 3.72%— —%152,283 3.10%
Corporate bonds
— —%9,897 6.44%2,953 5.69%711 0.46%— —%13,561 5.96%
Residential mortgage-backed securities
— —%— —%— —%— —%2,081,594 1.42%2,081,594 1.42%
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
— —%— —%— —%— —%973,966 3.64%973,966 3.64%
Total available-for-sale
308,079 1.29%100,720 3.67%68,609 3.27%52,563 3.66%3,055,560 2.11%3,585,531 2.13%
Held-to-maturity
U.S. government and federal agency
378,223 1.09%489,026 1.22%— —%— —%— —%867,249 1.16%
State and local governments
7,938 3.61%113,279 3.61%264,743 3.34%1,189,080 3.02%— —%1,575,040 3.12%
Residential mortgage-backed securities
— —%— —%— —%— —%616,373 1.00%616,373 1.00%
Total held-to-maturity
386,161 1.14%602,305 1.67%264,743 3.34%1,189,080 3.02%616,373 1.00%3,058,662 2.14%
Total debt
  securities
$694,240 1.21%$703,025 1.96%$333,352 3.33%$1,241,643 3.05%$3,671,933 1.93%$6,644,193 2.13%
______________________________
1 Mortgage-backed securities, which have prepayment provisions, are not assigned to maturity categories due to fluctuations in their prepayment speeds.

Based on an analysis of its AFS debt securities with unrealized losses as of March 31, 2026, the Company determined the decline in value was unrelated to credit loss and was primarily the result of interest rate changes and market spreads subsequent to acquisition. The fair value of the debt securities is expected to recover as payments are received and the debt securities approach maturity. In addition, the Company determined an insignificant amount of credit losses is expected on the HTM debt securities portfolio; therefore, no ACL has been recognized at March 31, 2026 on either category.

For additional information on the Company’s debt securities, see Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Part I. Item 1. Financial Statements.”



58


Lending Activity
The Company focuses its lending activities primarily on the following types of loans: 1) first-mortgage, conventional loans secured by residential properties, particularly single-family; 2) commercial lending, including agriculture and public entities; and 3) installment lending for consumer purposes (e.g., home equity, automobile, etc.). Supplemental information regarding the Company’s loan portfolio and credit quality based on regulatory classification of loans is provided in the section captioned “Loans by Regulatory Classification” included in “Part I. Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” The regulatory classification of loans is based primarily on the type of collateral for the loans. Loan information included in “Part I. Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” is based on the Company’s loan segments, which are based on the purpose of the loan, unless otherwise noted as a regulatory classification. The following table summarizes the Company’s loan portfolio as of the dates indicated:

 March 31, 2026December 31, 2025March 31, 2025
(Dollars in thousands)AmountPercentAmountPercentAmountPercent
Residential real estate$2,167,860 10 %$2,457,907 12 %$1,850,079 11 %
Commercial real estate13,918,178 67 %13,565,512 65 %10,952,809 64 %
Other commercial3,466,863 17 %3,497,829 17 %3,121,477 18 %
Home equity1,048,971 5 %977,206 5 %920,132 6 %
Other consumer431,791 2 %429,342 2 %374,021 2 %
Loans receivable 1
21,033,663 101 %20,927,796 101 %17,218,518 101 %
Allowance for credit losses(255,771)(1)%(255,319)(1)%(210,400)(1)%
Loans receivable, net$20,777,892 100 %$20,672,477 100 %$17,008,118 100 %
______________________________
1    In connection with the Guaranty core system conversion in the first quarter 2026, Guaranty loans were reclassified to conform to the Company’s classifications. There were approximately $236 million of loans reclassified from residential loans into other categories, the majority of which were reclassified to commercial real estate loans.

The largest category of the Company’s loan portfolio is CRE. An additional breakdown of the Company’s CRE portfolio follows.
March 31, 2026
(Dollars in thousands)Owner OccupiedNon-Owner OccupiedTotalPercent of total CRE
Office$807,258 $916,225 $1,723,483 12.4 %
Retail513,747 1,162,668 1,676,41512.0 %
Industrial and warehouse973,541 551,418 1,524,95911.0 %
Multi-family— 1,364,662 1,364,6629.8 %
Hotel— 863,011 863,0116.2 %
Mini and RV Storage23,322 737,523 760,8455.5 %
Medical and nursing369,033 346,920 715,9535.1 %
Agriculture real estate706,468 — 706,4685.1 %
Land89,287 560,951 650,2384.7 %
Restaurant and entertainment310,442 154,050 464,4923.3 %
Automotive and transportation380,145 80,813 460,9583.3 %
Other commercial real estate2,409,687 597,007 3,006,69421.6 %
Total commercial real estate$6,582,930 $7,335,248 $13,918,178 100 %


59

The following table summarizes the Company’s CRE portfolio by geographic location, including occupancy as of the date indicated:
(Dollars in thousands)March 31, 2026
AmountPercent of total CRE
Montana$3,179,645 22.8 %
Utah2,133,727 15.3 %
Idaho1,957,446 14.1 %
Texas1,485,746 10.7 %
Arizona1,414,865 10.2 %
Colorado1,166,056 8.4 %
Washington997,319 7.2 %
Wyoming821,057 5.9 %
Nevada762,317 5.5 %
Total commercial real estate$13,918,178 100 %

The CRE portfolio is comprised of loans made to purchase, construct and finance commercial real estate properties. On average, the balances are small and geographically disbursed across our nine-state footprint. Specifically, our CRE portfolio has an average loan balance of $802.0 million with an average loan-to-value ratio (“LTV”) of 57% as of March 31, 2026.

Due to the recent trends in the banking industry, there has been increased risk associated with CRE loans, including with respect to the higher vulnerability of these credits to pressure as interest rates remain elevated and market conditions in many large metropolitan areas continue to show signs of stress. The Company has limited exposure to the office building sector in central business districts as the office portfolio is generally diversified in suburban and rural markets with strong occupancy levels. The Company maintains a practice of regular and ongoing loan reviews, stress tests, and sensitivity analyses to assess the level of risk in the loan portfolio. Loan reviews include monitoring past due rates, non-performing trends, concentrations, LTV’s, among other qualitative factors. Loan policies are robust and are updated as needed to meet the strategic and risk mitigation goals of the Company.
60

Non-performing Assets
The following table summarizes information regarding non-performing assets at the dates indicated:
 
At or for the Three Months endedAt or for the Year endedAt or for the Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)March 31,
2026		December 31,
2025		March 31,
2025
Other real estate owned and foreclosed assets$1,610 411 1,153 
Accruing loans 90 days or more past due13,470 5,997 5,289 
Non-accrual loans64,415 62,487 32,896 
Total non-performing assets$79,495 68,895 39,338 
Non-performing assets as a percentage of subsidiary assets
0.25 %0.22 %0.14 %
ACL as a percentage of non-performing loans
328 %373 %551 %
Accruing loans 30-89 days past due$91,760 78,826 46,458 
U.S. government guarantees included in non-performing assets
$8,066 8,733 685 
Interest income 1
$984 3,669 1,897 
______________________________
1Amounts represent estimated interest income that would have been recognized on loans accounted for on a non-accrual basis as of the end of each period had such loans performed pursuant to contractual terms.

Non-performing assets of $79.5 million at March 31, 2026 increased $10.6 million, or 15 percent, over the prior quarter and increased $40.2 million, or 102 percent, over the prior year first quarter.

Early stage delinquencies (accruing loans 30-89 days past due) of $91.8 million at March 31, 2026 increased $12.9 million from the prior quarter and increased $45.3 million from the prior year first quarter. Early stage delinquencies as a percentage of loans at March 31, 2026 were 0.44 percent compared to 0.38 percent for the prior quarter and 0.27 percent for the prior year first quarter and remain at historically low levels for the Company.

Most of the Company’s non-performing assets are secured by real estate, and based on the most current information available to management, including updated appraisals or evaluations (new or updated), the Company believes the value of the underlying real estate collateral is adequate to minimize significant charge-offs or losses to the Company. Through pro-active credit administration, the Company works closely with its borrowers to seek favorable resolution to the extent possible, thereby attempting to minimize net charge-offs or losses to the Company. With very limited exceptions, the Company does not disburse additional funds on non-performing loans. Instead, the Company proceeds to collection and foreclosure actions in order to reduce the Company’s exposure to loss on such loans.

For additional information on accounting policies relating to non-performing assets, see Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Part I. Item 1. Financial Statements.”

Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
The Company identifies and monitors MBFD loans. The Company considers some of the indicators that a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty to be: current payment default on any of their debt, declaring bankruptcy, going concern, borrower’s securities have been delisted, and other indicators of inability to meet obligations. Each debt modification is separately negotiated with the borrower and includes terms and conditions that reflect the borrower’s prospective ability to service their obligations as modified. Such loans at March 31, 2026 had an amortized cost of $2.3 million.


61

Other Real Estate Owned and Foreclosed Assets
The book value of loans prior to the acquisition of collateral and transfer of the loans into OREO and other foreclosed assets during 2026 was $1.7 million. The fair value of the loan collateral acquired in foreclosure during 2026 was $1.4 million. The following table sets forth the changes in OREO for the periods indicated:

At or for the Three Months endedAt or for the Year endedAt or for the Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)March 31,
2026		December 31,
2025		March 31,
2025
Balance at beginning of period$411 1,164 1,164 
Additions1,374 2,367 30 
Write-downs— (76)— 
Sales(175)(3,044)(41)
Balance at end of period$1,610 411 1,153 


Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Receivable
The following table summarizes the allocation of the ACL as of the dates indicated:
 March 31, 2026December 31, 2025March 31, 2025
(Dollars in thousands)ACLPercent of ACL in
Category		Percent
of Loans in
Category		ACLPercent of ACL in
Category		Percent
of Loans in
Category		ACLPercent of ACL in
Category		Percent
of Loans in
Category
Residential real estate
$25,949 10 %10 %$31,875 12 %12 %$26,595 13 %11 %
Commercial real estate
171,733 67 %66 %166,803 65 %65 %140,369 67 %64 %
Other commercial39,025 15 %17 %37,954 15 %16 %25,642 12 %18 %
Home equity11,763 5 %5 %11,645 5 %5 %11,348 5 %5 %
Other consumer7,301 3 %2 %7,042 3 %2 %6,446 3 %2 %
Total$255,771 100 %100 %$255,319 100 %100 %$210,400 100 %100 %

62

The following table summarizes the ACL experience for the periods indicated:
At or for the Three Months endedAt or for the Year endedAt or for the Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)March 31,
2026		December 31,
2025		March 31,
2025
Balance at beginning of period$255,319 206,041 206,041 
Acquisitions— 154 — 
Provision for credit losses3,514 61,846 6,154 
Net (charge-offs) recoveries
Residential real estate14 273 62 
Commercial real estate(94)(1,827)356 
Other commercial(1,094)(3,568)(480)
Home equity(295)(28)23 
Other consumer(1,593)(7,572)(1,756)
Net charge-offs(3,062)(12,722)(1,795)
Balance at end of period$255,771 255,319 210,400 
ACL as a percentage of total loans
1.22 %1.22 %1.22 %
Non-accrual loans as a percentage of total loans0.31 %0.30 %0.19 %
ACL as a percentage of non-accrual loans397.07 %408.60 %639.59 %

The following table summarizes net (charge-offs) recoveries as a percentage of average loans for the periods indicated:
March 31,
2026		December 31,
2025		March 31,
2025
Residential real estate— %0.01 %— %
Commercial real estate— %(0.02)%— %
Other commercial(0.03)%(0.11)%(0.02)%
Home equity(0.03)%— %— %
Other consumer(0.37)%(1.91)%(0.46)%
Total net (charge-offs) recoveries(0.01)%(0.07)%(0.01)%

The provision for credit loss expense of $6.1 million included $3.5 million of credit loss expense on loans and $2.6 million of credit loss expense on unfunded loan commitments. Net charge-offs for the current quarter were $3.1 million compared to $6.4 million in the prior quarter and $1.8 million for the prior year first quarter. The current quarter net charge-offs included $2.2 million in deposit overdraft net charge-offs and $896 thousand of net loan charge-offs.

The ACL on loans as a percentage of total loans outstanding was 1.22 percent at each of March 31, 2026, December 31, 2025 and March 31, 2025. The Company’s ACL of $256 million is considered adequate to absorb the estimated credit losses from any segment of its loan portfolio. For the periods ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company believes the ACL is commensurate with the risk in the Company’s loan portfolio and is directionally consistent with the change in the quality of the Company’s loan portfolio.

63

At the end of each quarter, the Company analyzes its loan portfolio and maintains an ACL at a level that is appropriate and determined in accordance with GAAP. Determining the adequacy of the ACL involves a high degree of judgment and is inevitably imprecise as the risk of loss is difficult to quantify. The ACL methodology is designed to reasonably estimate the probable credit losses within the Company’s loan portfolio. Accordingly, the ACL is maintained within a range of estimated losses. The determination of the ACL on loans, including credit loss expense and net charge-offs, is a critical accounting estimate that involves management’s judgments about the loan portfolio that impact credit losses, including the credit risk inherent in the loan portfolio, economic forecasts nationally and in the local markets in which the Company operates, trends and changes in collateral values, delinquencies, non-performing assets, net charge-offs, credit-related policies and personnel, and other environmental factors.

In determining the allowance, the loan portfolio is separated into pools of loans that share similar risk characteristics which are the Company’s loan segments. The Company then derives estimated loss assumptions from its model by loan segment. The loss assumptions are then applied to each segment of loan to estimate the ACL on the pooled loans. For any loans that do not share similar risk characteristics, the estimated credit losses are determined on an individual loan basis and such loans primarily consist of non-accrual loans. An estimated credit loss is recorded on individually reviewed loans when the fair value of a collateral-dependent loan or the present value of the loan’s expected future cash flows (discounted at the loans original effective interest rate) is less than the amortized cost of the loan.

The Company provides commercial banking services to individuals, small to medium-sized businesses, community organizations and public entities from 282 locations, including 237 branches, across Montana, Idaho, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, Nevada, and Texas. The states in which the Company operates have diverse economies and markets that are tied to commodities (crops, livestock, minerals, oil and natural gas), tourism, real estate and land development and an assortment of industries, both manufacturing and service-related. Thus, the effects of changes in the global, national, and local economies are not uniform across the Company’s geographic locations. The geographic dispersion of these market areas helps to mitigate the risk of credit loss. The Company’s model of eighteen bank divisions with separate management teams is also a significant benefit in mitigating and managing the Company’s credit risk. This model provides substantial local oversight to the lending and credit management function and requires multiple reviews of larger loans before credit is extended.

The primary responsibility for credit risk assessment and identification of problem loans rests with the loan officer of the account. This continuous process of identifying non-performing loans is necessary to support management’s evaluation of the ACL adequacy. An independent loan review function verifying credit risk ratings evaluates the loan officer’s and management’s evaluation of the loan portfolio credit quality. The ACL evaluation is well documented and approved by the Company’s Board. In addition, the policy and procedures for determining the balance of the ACL are reviewed annually by the Company’s Board, the internal audit department, independent credit reviewers and state and federal bank regulatory agencies.

Although the Company continues to actively monitor economic trends and regulatory developments, no assurance can be given that the Company will not, in any particular period, sustain losses that are significant relative to the ACL amount, or that subsequent evaluations of the loan portfolio applying management’s judgment about then current factors will not require significant changes in the ACL. Under such circumstances, additional credit loss expense could result.

For additional information regarding the ACL, its relation to credit loss expense and risks related to asset quality, see Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Part I. Item 1. Financial Statements.”’
64



Loans by Regulatory Classification
Supplemental information regarding identification of the Company’s loan portfolio and credit quality based on regulatory classification is provided in the following tables. The regulatory classification of loans is based primarily on the type of collateral for the loans. There may be differences when compared to loan tables and loan amounts appearing elsewhere which reflect the Company’s internal loan segments which are based on the purpose of the loan.

The following table summarizes the Company’s loan portfolio by regulatory classification:
 Loans Receivable, by Loan Type% Change from
(Dollars in thousands)Mar 31,
2026		Dec 31,
2025		Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2025		Mar 31,
2025
Custom and owner occupied construction
$227,869 $263,713 $233,584 (14)%(2)%
Pre-sold and spec construction
268,831 255,542 200,921 5 %34 %
Total residential construction
496,700 519,255 434,505 (4)%14 %
Land development218,943 263,262 177,448 (17)%23 %
Consumer land or lots234,467 247,769 197,553 (5)%19 %
Unimproved land240,944 167,796 115,528 44 %109 %
Developed lots for operative builders
50,056 69,786 64,782 (28)%(23)%
Commercial lots120,528 155,631 95,574 (23)%26 %
Other construction1,144,637 1,122,350 714,151 2 %60 %
Total land, lot, and other construction
2,009,575 2,026,594 1,365,036 (1)%47 %
Owner occupied3,908,697 3,950,726 3,182,589 (1)%23 %
Non-owner occupied5,125,101 4,859,173 4,054,107 5 %26 %
Total commercial real estate
9,033,798 8,809,899 7,236,696 3 %25 %
Commercial and industrial1,630,625 1,649,101 1,392,365 (1)%17 %
Agriculture1,252,040 1,282,861 1,016,081 (2)%23 %
First lien3,051,563 3,098,023 2,499,494 (1)%22 %
Junior lien103,240 106,205 85,343 (3)%21 %
Total 1-4 family3,154,803 3,204,228 2,584,837 (2)%22 %
Multifamily residential1,068,813 1,019,484 874,071 5 %22 %
Home equity lines of credit1,081,438 1,076,201 989,043 — %9 %
Other consumer227,762 237,393 188,388 (4)%21 %
Total consumer1,309,200 1,313,594 1,177,431 — %11 %
States and political subdivisions945,587 964,591 1,001,058 (2)%(6)%
Other174,174 177,375 176,961 (2)%(2)%
Total loans receivable, including loans held for sale
21,075,315 20,966,982 17,259,041 1 %22 %
Less loans held for sale 1
(41,652)(39,186)(40,523)6 %3 %
Total loans receivable$21,033,663 $20,927,796 $17,218,518 1 %22 %
______________________________
1 Loans held for sale are primarily First lien 1-4 family loans.
65

The following table summarizes the Company’s non-performing assets by regulatory classification:
 
Non-performing Assets,
by Loan Type		Non-
Accrual
Loans		Accruing
Loans 90  Days or
More Past Due		Other Real Estate Owned
(Dollars in thousands)Mar 31,
2026		Dec 31,
2025		Mar 31,
2025		Mar 31,
2026		Mar 31,
2026		Mar 31,
2026
Custom and owner occupied construction
$404 183 194 404 — — 
Pre-sold and spec construction889 919 2,896 889 — — 
Total residential construction
1,293 1,102 3,090 1,293 — — 
Land development866 898 935 866 — — 
Consumer land or lots17 79 173 17 — — 
Developed lots for operative builders
567 456 531 — — 567 
Commercial lots— 556 47 — — — 
Other construction580 129 — — — 580 
Total land, lot and other construction
2,030 2,118 1,686 883 — 1,147 
Owner occupied4,254 3,969 3,601 3,418 836 — 
Non-owner occupied18,423 7,606 2,235 18,423 — — 
Total commercial real estate
22,677 11,575 5,836 21,841 836 — 
Commercial and industrial26,480 27,308 12,367 22,225 4,144 111 
Agriculture6,119 3,549 2,382 2,371 3,748 — 
First lien14,231 15,816 8,752 9,949 4,167 115 
Junior lien1,276 1,776 296 1,276 — — 
Total 1-4 family15,507 17,592 9,048 11,225 4,167 115 
Multifamily residential409 395 400 409 — — 
Home equity lines of credit3,746 3,968 3,479 3,420 171 155 
Other consumer1,151 1,229 1,003 748 321 82 
Total consumer4,897 5,197 4,482 4,168 492 237 
Other83 59 47 — 83 — 
Total$79,495 68,895 39,338 64,415 13,470 1,610 


66

The following table summarizes the Company’s accruing loans 30-89 days past due by regulatory classification:
 Accruing 30-89 Days Delinquent 
Loans, by Loan Type		% Change from
(Dollars in thousands)Mar 31,
2026		Dec 31,
2025		Mar 31,
2025		Dec 31,
2025		Mar 31,
2025
Custom and owner occupied construction
$— $533 $786 (100)%(100)%
Pre-sold and spec construction2,284 1,189 — 92 %n/m
Total residential construction
2,284 1,722 786 33 %191 %
Land development416 3,994 — (90)%n/m
Consumer land or lots1,041 1,162 1,026 (10)%1 %
Unimproved land454 — 32 n/m1,319 %
Developed lots for operative builders
5,218 2,300 — 127 %n/m
Commercial lots— 965 189 (100)%(100)%
Other construction— 4,787 — (100)%n/m
Total land, lot and other construction
7,129 13,208 1,247 (46)%472 %
Owner occupied9,985 6,103 3,786 64 %164 %
Non-owner occupied21,459 15,388 346 39 %6,102 %
Total commercial real estate
31,444 21,491 4,132 46 %661 %
Commercial and industrial11,662 10,215 5,358 14 %118 %
Agriculture4,424 2,390 5,731 85 %(23)%
First lien19,407 19,699 14,826 (1)%31 %
Junior lien2,576 20 1,023 12,780 %152 %
Total 1-4 family21,983 19,719 15,849 11 %39 %
Multifamily residential869 150 — 479 %n/m
Home equity lines of credit7,111 5,415 6,993 31 %2 %
Other consumer1,755 1,866 1,824 (6)%(4)%
Total consumer8,866 7,281 8,817 22 %1 %
States and political subdivisions— — 3,220 n/m(100)%
Other3,099 2,650 1,318 17 %135 %
Total$91,760 $78,826 $46,458 16 %98 %
______________________________
n/m - not measurable


67

The following table summarizes the Company’s charge-offs and recoveries by regulatory classification:
 Net Charge-Offs (Recoveries),
Year-to-Date Period Ending,
By Loan Type		Charge-OffsRecoveries
(Dollars in thousands)Mar 31,
2026		Dec 31,
2025		Mar 31,
2025		Mar 31,
2026		Mar 31,
2026
Land development$— (358)(341)— — 
Consumer land or lots— (5)(3)— — 
Developed lots for operative builders
— (8)— — — 
Total land, lot and other construction
— (371)(344)— — 
Owner occupied— (2)(1)— — 
Non-owner occupied— 2,232 (6)— — 
Total commercial real estate— 2,230 (7)— — 
Commercial and industrial576 2,104 92 607 31 
Agriculture(2)(112)(1)— 2 
First lien86 (182)(69)121 35 
Junior lien(19)(38)(5)— 19 
Total 1-4 family67 (220)(74)121 54 
Home equity lines of credit82 43 (20)114 32 
Other consumer173 1,600 276 320 147 
Total consumer255 1,643 256 434 179 
Other2,166 7,448 1,873 3,024 858 
Total$3,062 12,722 1,795 4,186 1,124 


68


Sources of Funds
The Company’s deposits have traditionally been the principal source of funds for use in lending and other business purposes. The Company also obtains funds from repayment of loans and debt securities, repurchase agreements, wholesale deposits, advances from FHLB, Federal Reserve facilities, and other borrowings. Loan repayments are a relatively stable source of funds, while interest bearing deposit inflows and outflows are significantly influenced by general interest rate levels and market conditions. Borrowings and advances may be used on a short-term basis to compensate for reductions in normal sources of funds such as deposit inflows at less than projected levels. Borrowings also may be used on a long-term basis to support expanded activities, match maturities of longer-term assets or manage interest rate risk.

Deposits
The Company has several deposit programs designed to attract both short-term and long-term deposits from the general public by providing a wide selection of accounts and rates. These programs include non-interest bearing deposit accounts and interest bearing deposit accounts such as negotiable on withdrawal (“NOW”), demand deposit accounts (“DDA”), savings, money market deposits, fixed rate certificates of deposit with maturities ranging from three months to five years, negotiated-rate jumbo certificates, and individual retirement accounts. These deposits are obtained primarily from individual and business residents in the Bank’s geographic market areas. Wholesale deposits are obtained through various programs and include brokered deposits classified as NOW, DDA, money market deposits and certificate accounts. The Company’s deposits are summarized below:
March 31, 2026December 31, 2025March 31, 2025
(Dollars in thousands)AmountPercentAmountPercentAmountPercent
Non-interest bearing deposits$7,427,280 30 %$7,314,779 30 %$6,100,548 30 %
NOW and DDA accounts6,217,728 25 %6,236,551 25 %5,676,177 27 %
Savings accounts3,193,293 13 %3,158,939 13 %2,896,378 14 %
Money market deposit accounts4,049,361 16 %3,948,201 16 %2,816,874 14 %
Certificate accounts3,851,209 16 %3,928,550 16 %3,140,333 15 %
Wholesale deposits3,000 — %4,076 — %3,740 — %
Total interest bearing deposits17,314,591 70 %17,276,317 70 %14,533,502 70 %
Total deposits$24,741,871 100 %$24,591,096 100 %$20,634,050 100 %

Borrowings
The Bank borrows money through repurchase agreements. This process involves the selling of one or more of the securities in the Bank’s investment portfolio and simultaneously entering into an agreement to repurchase the same securities at an agreed upon later date, typically overnight. A rate of interest is paid for the agreed period of time. The Bank enters into repurchase agreements with local municipalities, and certain customers, and has adopted procedures designed to ensure proper transfer of title and safekeeping of the underlying securities. In addition to retail repurchase agreements, the Bank periodically enters into wholesale repurchase agreements as additional funding sources. The Bank has not entered into reverse repurchase agreements.

The Bank is a member of the FHLB of Des Moines, which is one of eleven banks that comprise the FHLB system. The Bank is required to maintain a certain level of activity-based stock in order to borrow or to engage in other transactions with the FHLB of Des Moines. Additionally, the Bank is subject to a membership capital stock requirement that is based upon an annual calibration tied to the total assets of the Bank. The borrowings are collateralized by eligible categories of loans and debt securities (principally, securities which are obligations of, or guaranteed by, the U.S. government and its agencies), provided certain standards related to credit-worthiness have been met. Advances are made pursuant to several different credit programs, each of which has its own interest rates and range of maturities. The Bank’s maximum amount of FHLB advances is limited to the lesser of a fixed percentage of the Bank’s total assets or the discounted value of eligible collateral. FHLB advances fluctuate to meet seasonal and other withdrawals of deposits and to expand lending or investment opportunities of the Bank.

Additionally, the Company has other sources of secured and unsecured borrowing lines from various sources that may be used from time to time.

69

Short-term borrowings
A critical component of the Company’s liquidity and capital resources is access to short-term borrowings to fund its operations. Short-term borrowings are accompanied by increased risks managed by the Bank’s Asset Liability Committee (“ALCO”) such as rate increases or unfavorable change in terms which would make it more costly to obtain future short-term borrowings. The Company’s short-term borrowing sources include FHLB advances, federal funds purchased and retail and wholesale repurchase agreements. The Company also has access to the short-term discount window borrowing programs (i.e., primary credit) of the FRB as well as a line of credit with a large national banking institution. FHLB advances and certain other short-term borrowings may be renewed as long-term borrowings to decrease certain risks such as liquidity or interest rate risk; however, the reduction in risks are weighed against the increased cost of funds and other risks.

Subordinated Debentures
In addition to funds obtained in the ordinary course of business, the Company formed or acquired financing subsidiaries for the purpose of issuing or holding trust preferred securities that entitle the investor to receive cumulative cash distributions thereon. Subordinated debentures were issued in conjunction with the trust preferred securities and the terms of the subordinated debentures and trust preferred securities are the same. For regulatory capital purposes, the trust preferred securities are included in Tier 2 capital at March 31, 2026. The subordinated debentures outstanding as of March 31, 2026 were $188 million, including fair value adjustments from acquisitions.

Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
In the normal course of business, there may be various outstanding commitments to obtain funding and to extend credit, such as letters of credit and unfunded loan commitments, which are not reflected in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company assessed the off-balance sheet credit exposures as of March 31, 2026 and determined its ACL of $32.5 million was adequate to absorb the estimated credit losses.

Off-balance sheet arrangements also include any obligation related to a variable interest held in an unconsolidated entity. The Company does not anticipate any material losses as a result of these transactions. For additional information regarding the Company’s interests in unconsolidated VIEs, see Note 7 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements in “Part I. Item 1. Financial Statements.”

70

Liquidity Risk
In the normal course of business, the Company has commitments that require material cash requirements for customer deposits outflows, repurchase agreements, borrowed funds, lease obligations, off-balance sheet obligations, operating expenses and other contractual obligations. The source of funding for such requirements includes loan repayments, customer deposit inflows, borrowings, revenue from operations, and capital resources. Liquidity risk is the possibility that the Company will not be able to fund present and future obligations as they come due because of an inability to liquidate assets or obtain adequate funding at a reasonable cost. The objective of liquidity management is to maintain cash flows adequate to meet current and future needs for credit demand, deposit withdrawals, maturing liabilities and corporate operating expenses. Effective liquidity management entails three elements:
1.assessing on an ongoing basis, the current and expected future needs for funds, and ensuring that sufficient funds or access to funds exist to meet those needs at the appropriate time;
2.providing for an adequate cushion of liquidity to meet unanticipated cash flow needs that may arise from potential adverse circumstances ranging from high probability/low severity events to low probability/high severity; and
3.balancing the benefits between providing for adequate liquidity to mitigate potential adverse events and the cost of that liquidity.

The Company has a wide range of versatility in managing the liquidity and asset/liability mix. The Bank’s ALCO meets regularly to assess liquidity risk, among other matters. The Company monitors liquidity and contingency funding alternatives through management reports of liquid assets (e.g., debt securities), both unencumbered and pledged, as well as borrowing capacity, both secured and unsecured, including off-balance sheet funding sources. The Company evaluates its potential funding needs across alternative scenarios and maintains contingency funding plans consistent with the Company’s access to diversified sources of contingent funding.

The following table identifies certain liquidity sources and capacity available to the Company as of the dates indicated:
(Dollars in thousands)March 31,
2026		December 31,
2025
FHLB advances
Borrowing capacity$4,958,232 4,872,433 
Amount utilized— (440,000)
Letters of credit and other pledged collateral(14,776)(10,224)
Amount available$4,943,456 4,422,209 
FRB discount window
Borrowing capacity$2,159,845 2,048,309 
Amount utilized— — 
Amount available$2,159,845 2,048,309 
Unsecured lines of credit available$530,000 530,000 
Unencumbered debt securities
U.S. government and federal agency$74,422 90,783 
U.S. government sponsored enterprises— 13,758 
State and local governments831,733 929,248 
Corporate bonds13,561 33,949 
Residential mortgage-backed securities69,485 160,623 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities578,442 794,427 
Total unencumbered debt securities 1
$1,567,643 2,022,788 
____________________________
1 Total unencumbered debt securities at March 31, 2026, included $814.9 million classified as AFS and $752.7 million classified as HTM. Total unencumbered debt securities at December 31, 2025, included $1.2 billion classified as AFS, and $828.1 million classified as HTM.
71

Capital Resources
Maintaining capital strength continues to be a long-term objective of the Company. Abundant capital is necessary to sustain growth, provide protection against unanticipated declines in asset values, and to safeguard the funds of depositors. Capital is also a source of funds for loan demand and enables the Company to effectively manage its assets and liabilities. The Company has the capacity to issue 234,000,000 shares of common stock of which 130,124,378 have been issued as of March 31, 2026. The Company also has the capacity to issue 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock of which none have been issued as of March 31, 2026. Conversely, the Company may decide to utilize a portion of its strong capital position, as it has done in the past, to repurchase shares of its outstanding common stock, depending on market price and other relevant considerations.

The Federal Reserve has adopted capital adequacy guidelines that are used to assess the adequacy of capital in supervising a bank holding company. The federal banking agencies issued final rules (“Final Rules”) that established a comprehensive regulatory capital framework based on the recommendation of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and certain requirements of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. The Final Rules require the Company to hold a 2.5 percent capital conservation buffer designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. As of March 31, 2026, management believes the Company and Bank meet all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject and there are no conditions or events subsequent to this date that management believes have changed the Company’s or Bank’s risk-based capital category.

The following table illustrates the Bank’s regulatory capital ratios and the Federal Reserve’s capital adequacy guidelines as of March 31, 2026:
Total Capital (To Risk-Weighted Assets)Tier 1 Capital (To Risk-Weighted Assets)Common Equity Tier 1 (To Risk-Weighted Assets)Leverage Ratio/
Tier 1 Capital (To Average Assets)
Glacier Bank regulatory ratios
14.13 %12.89 %12.89 %9.80 %
Minimum capital requirements
8.00 %6.00 %4.50 %4.00 %
Minimum capital requirements plus capital conservation buffer
10.50 %8.50 %7.00 %N/A
Well capitalized requirements
10.00 %8.00 %6.50 %5.00 %


Federal and State Income Taxes
The Company files a consolidated federal income tax return using the accrual method of accounting. All required tax returns have been timely filed. Financial institutions are subject to the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, in the same general manner as other corporations. The federal statutory corporate income tax rate is 21 percent.

Within the Company’s geographic footprint under Montana, Idaho, Utah, Colorado and Arizona law, financial institutions are subject to a corporation income tax, which incorporates or is substantially similar to applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. The corporation income tax is imposed on federal taxable income, subject to certain adjustments. State taxes are incurred at the rate of 6.75 percent in Montana, 5.30 percent in Idaho, 4.50 percent in Utah, 4.40 percent in Colorado and 4.90 percent in Arizona. Washington, Wyoming, Nevada, and Texas do not impose a corporate income tax. The Company is also required to file in states other than the nine states in which it has properties.

72

The following table summarizes information relevant to the Company’s federal and state income taxes:
 Three Months ended
(Dollars in thousands)March 31,
2026		March 31,
2025
Income before income taxes$100,166 63,489 
Federal and state income tax expense18,022 8,921 
Net income$82,144 54,568 
Effective tax rate 1
18.0%14.1%
Income from tax-exempt debt securities, municipal loans and leases$21,182 20,860 
Benefits from federal income tax credits$9,102 9,560 
______________________________
1The current and prior year’s low effective income tax rates are due to income from tax-exempt debt securities, municipal loans and leases and benefits from federal income tax credits.

Tax expense during the first quarter of 2026 was $18.0 million, an increase of $5.5 million, or 44 percent, compared to the prior quarter and an increase of $9.1 million, or 102 percent, from the prior year first quarter. The effective tax rate in the current quarter was 18.0 percent compared to 16.4 percent in the prior quarter and 14.1 percent in the prior year first quarter. The higher tax expense and higher effective tax rate in the current quarter compared to the prior quarter and prior year first quarter was primarily the result of an increase in pretax income.

The Company has equity investments in CDEs which have received allocations of NMTCs. Administered by the CDFI Fund of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the NMTC program is aimed at stimulating economic and community development and job creation in low-income communities. The federal income tax credits received are claimed over a seven-year credit allowance period. The Company also has equity investments in LIHTC which are indirect federal subsidies used to finance the development of affordable rental housing for low-income households. The federal income tax credits are claimed over a ten-year credit allowance period. As of March 31, 2026, the Company has investments of $9.3 million in Qualified School Construction bonds whereby the Company receives quarterly federal income tax credits in lieu of taxable interest income. The federal income tax credits on these debt securities are subject to federal and state income tax. The Company has investments in historic tax credits that are claimed over a five-year credit allowance period.

Following is a list of expected federal income tax credits to be received in the years indicated.
 
(Dollars in thousands)New
Markets
Tax Credits		Low-Income
Housing
Tax Credits		Debt
Securities
Tax Credits		Historic Tax CreditsTotal
2026$5,192 31,567 43 564 37,366 
20275,370 32,360 43 564 38,337 
20283,354 30,012 43 — 33,409 
20291,758 28,634 43 — 30,435 
20301,068 27,134 43 — 28,245 
Thereafter— 90,119 62 — 90,181 
$16,742 239,826 277 1,128 257,973 

73


Average Balance Sheet
The following schedule provides 1) the total dollar amount of interest and dividend income of the Company for earning assets and the average yields; 2) the total dollar amount of interest expense on interest bearing liabilities and the average rates; 3) net interest and dividend income and interest rate spread; and 4) net interest margin (tax-equivalent).
Three Months ended Three Months ended
 March 31, 2026March 31, 2025
(Dollars in thousands)Average
Balance		Interest and
Dividends		Average
Yield/
Rate		Average
Balance		Interest and
Dividends		Average
Yield/
Rate
Assets
Residential real estate loans$2,360,462 $33,708 5.71 %$1,885,497 $24,275 5.15 %
Commercial loans 1
17,206,377 260,287 6.13 %14,091,210 198,921 5.73 %
Consumer and other loans1,425,664 24,887 7.08 %1,302,687 22,616 7.04 %
Total loans 2
20,992,503 318,882 6.16 %17,279,394 245,812 5.77 %
Tax-exempt investment securities 3
1,647,612 14,452 3.51 %1,604,851 13,936 3.47 %
Taxable investment securities 4, 5
6,438,550 32,709 2.03 %6,946,562 33,598 1.93 %
Total earning assets29,078,665 366,043 5.11 %25,830,807 293,346 4.61 %
Goodwill and intangibles1,481,187 1,100,801 
Non-earning assets1,203,188 847,855 
Total assets$31,763,040 $27,779,463 
Liabilities
Non-interest bearing deposits$7,230,420 $— — %$5,989,490 $— — %
NOW and DDA accounts6,167,696 15,897 1.05 %5,525,976 15,065 1.11 %
Savings accounts3,163,850 5,500 0.71 %2,861,675 5,159 0.73 %
Money market deposit accounts3,963,618 19,078 1.95 %2,849,470 13,526 1.93 %
Certificate accounts3,896,903 31,742 3.30 %3,152,198 29,075 3.74 %
Total core deposits24,422,487 72,217 1.20 %20,378,809 62,825 1.25 %
Short-term borrowings
Wholesale deposits 6
3,615 34 3.81 %3,600 40 4.53 %
Repurchase agreements2,074,082 13,619 2.66 %1,842,773 13,733 3.02 %
FHLB advances361,778 4,226 4.67 %1,744,000 20,719 4.75 %
Total short-term borrowings2,439,475 17,879 2.93 %3,590,373 34,492 3.91 %
Long-term borrowings
Subordinated debentures and other borrowed funds
267,450 3,564 5.40 %216,073 2,629 4.94 %
Total interest bearing liabilities
27,129,412 93,660 1.40 %24,185,255 99,946 1.68 %
Other liabilities372,547 326,764 
Total liabilities27,501,959 24,512,019 
Stockholders’ Equity
Stockholders’ equity4,261,081 3,267,444 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity
$31,763,040 $27,779,463 
Net interest income (tax-equivalent)$272,383 $193,400 
Net interest spread (tax-equivalent)3.71 %2.93 %
Net interest margin (tax-equivalent)3.80 %3.04 %

74

Average Balance Sheet - continued
______________________________
1Includes tax effect of $1.7 million and $1.5 million on tax-exempt municipal loan and lease income for the three months ended March 31, 2026, and March 31, 2025, respectively.
2Total loans are gross of the allowance for credit losses, net of unearned income and include loans held for sale. Non-accrual loans were included in the average volume for the entire period.
3Includes tax effect of $2.0 million and $1.7 million on tax-exempt debt securities income for the three months ended March 31, 2026, and March 31, 2025, respectively.
4Includes interest income of $8.1 million and $6.1 million on average interest-bearing cash balances of $894.0 million and $559.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026, and March 31, 2025, respectively.
5Includes tax effect of $68 thousand and $150 thousand on federal income tax credits for the three months ended March 31, 2026, and March 31, 2025, respectively.
6Wholesale deposits include brokered deposits classified as NOW, DDA, money market deposit and certificate accounts with contractual maturities.

Rate/Volume Analysis
Net interest income can be evaluated from the perspective of relative dollars of change in each period. Interest income and interest expense, which are the components of net interest income, are shown in the following table on the basis of the amount of any increases (or decreases) attributable to changes in the dollar levels of the Company’s interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities (“volume”) and the yields earned and paid on such assets and liabilities (“rate”). The change in interest income and interest expense attributable to changes in both volume and rates has been allocated proportionately to the change due to volume and the change due to rate.
Three Months ended March 31, 2026
2026 vs. 2025
 Increase (Decrease) Due to:
(Dollars in thousands)VolumeRateNet
Interest income
Residential real estate loans$6,114 3,319 9,433 
Commercial loans (tax-equivalent)43,977 17,389 61,366 
Consumer and other loans2,135 136 2,271 
Investment securities (tax-equivalent)(2,586)2,213 (373)
Total interest income49,640 23,057 72,697 
Interest expense
NOW and DDA accounts1,749 (917)832 
Savings accounts545 (204)341 
Money market deposit accounts5,289 263 5,552 
Certificate accounts6,869 (4,202)2,667 
Wholesale deposits— (6)(6)
Repurchase agreements1,724 (1,838)(114)
FHLB advances(16,421)(72)(16,493)
Subordinated debentures and other borrowed funds
625 310 935 
Total interest expense380 (6,666)(6,286)
Net interest income (tax-equivalent)$49,260 29,723 78,983 

Net interest income (tax-equivalent) increased $79.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to the same period in 2025. The interest income for the first three months of the current year increased over the same period in the prior year, primarily from increased loan yields and loan growth. The decrease in interest expense for the first three months of the current year compared to prior year was primarily the result of a decrease in higher cost borrowings and a decrease in deposit costs.

75

Market Risk
Market risk is the risk of loss in a financial instrument arising from adverse changes in market rates/prices such as interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices, and equity prices. The Company’s primary market risk exposure is interest rate risk.

Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate risk is the potential for loss of future earnings resulting from adverse changes in the level of interest rates. Interest rate risk results from many factors and could have a significant impact on the Company’s net interest income, which is the Company’s primary source of net income. Net interest income is affected by a myriad of variables, including changes in interest rates, the relationship between rates on interest bearing assets and liabilities, the impact of the interest fluctuations on asset prepayments and the mix of interest bearing assets and liabilities.
Although interest rate risk is inherent in the banking industry, banks are expected to have sound risk management practices in place to measure, monitor and control interest rate exposures. The objective of interest rate risk management is to appropriately manage the risks associated with interest rate fluctuations. The process includes identification and management of the sensitivity of net interest income to changing interest rates.
Net interest income simulation
The Company uses a detailed and dynamic simulation model to quantify the estimated exposure of net interest income (“NII”) to sustained interest rate changes. While ALCO routinely monitors simulated NII sensitivity over rolling two-year and five-year horizons, it also utilizes additional tools to monitor potential longer-term interest rate risk. The simulation model captures the impact of changing interest rates on the interest income received and interest expense paid on all assets and liabilities reflected on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition. This sensitivity analysis is compared to ALCO policy limits which specify a maximum tolerance level for NII exposure over a one year and two year horizon, assuming no balance sheet growth. The ALCO policy rate scenarios include upward and downward shifts in interest rates for 100 bps, 200 bps, and 400 bps scenarios with instantaneous and parallel changes in current market yield curves. The ALCO policy also includes 200 bps and 400 bps rate scenarios with gradual parallel shifts in interest rates over 12-month and 24-month periods, respectively. Other non-parallel rate movement scenarios are also modeled to determine the potential impact on net interest income. The additional scenarios are adjusted as the economic environment changes and provide ALCO additional interest rate risk monitoring tools to evaluate current market conditions. The following is indicative of the Company’s overall NII sensitivity analysis as of March 31, 2026.
 Estimated Sensitivity
Rate ScenariosOne YearTwo Years
-400 bp Rate ramp0.29%(3.20%)
-200 bp Rate ramp(0.08%)(4.12%)
-200 bp Rate shock(1.47%)(6.94%)
-100 bp Rate shock(1.20%)(3.91%)
+100 bp Rate shock2.15%4.35%
+200 bp Rate shock2.10%6.37%
+200 bp Rate ramp0.87%3.84%
+400 bp Rate ramp0.78%3.27%
The preceding sensitivity analysis does not represent a forecast and should not be relied upon as being indicative of expected operating results. It is important to note that these hypothetical estimates are based upon numerous assumptions that are specific to our Company and thus may not be directly comparable to other institutions. These assumptions include: the nature and timing of interest rate levels including, but not limited to, yield curve shape, prepayments on loans and securities, deposit decay rates, pricing decisions on loans and deposits and reinvestment/replacement of asset and liability cash flows. While assumptions are developed based upon current economic and local market conditions, the Company cannot make any assurances as to the predictive nature of these assumptions including how customer preferences or competitor influences might change. Also, as market conditions vary from those assumed in the sensitivity analysis, actual results will also differ due to prepayment/refinancing levels likely deviating from those assumed, the varying impact of interest rate caps or floors on adjustable rate assets, the potential effect of changing debt service levels on customers with adjustable rate loans, depositor early withdrawals and product preference changes, and other internal and external variables. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis does not reflect actions that ALCO might take in responding to or anticipating changes in interest rates.
76

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk

See “Market Risk” of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in this Form 10-Q.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
The Company’s CEO and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) have reviewed and evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as required by Exchange Act Rules 240.13a-15(b) and 15d-14(c)) as of March 31, 2026. Based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO have concluded that the Company’s current disclosure controls and procedures are effective and timely, providing them with material information relating to the Company required to be disclosed in the reports the Company files or submits under the Exchange Act.

Changes in Internal Controls
There have not been any changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the first quarter of 2026, to which this report relates that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
 
Item 1. Legal Proceedings

The Company is involved in various claims, legal actions and complaints which arise in the ordinary course of business. In the Company’s opinion, all such matters are adequately covered by insurance, are without merit or are of such kind, or involve such amounts, that unfavorable disposition would not have a material adverse effect on the financial condition or results of operations of the Company.


Item 1A. Risk Factors

The Company believes there have been no material changes from the risk factor previously disclosed in the Company’s 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The risks and uncertainties described in the Company’s 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K should be carefully reviewed. These are not the only risks and uncertainties that the Company faces. Additional risks and uncertainties that the Company does not currently know about or that we currently believe are immaterial, or that the Company has not predicted, may also harm our business operations or adversely affect the Company. If any of these risks or uncertainties actually occurs, the Company’s business, financial condition, operating results or liquidity could be adversely affected.


77


Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

(a)Not Applicable

(b)Not Applicable

(c)Not Applicable


Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities

(a)Not Applicable

(b)Not Applicable


Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not Applicable


Item 5. Other Information

(a)Not Applicable

(b)Not Applicable

(c)None

78

Item 6. Exhibits
 

31.1    Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes - Oxley Act of 2002

31.2    Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes - Oxley Act of 2002

32    Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes - Oxley Act of 2002

101.INS    XBRL Instance Document - The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document.

101.SCH    XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL    XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF    XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB    XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document

101.PRE    XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

104    Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
79

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 GLACIER BANCORP, INC.
May 1, 2026/s/ Randall M. Chesler
Randall M. Chesler
President and CEO
May 1, 2026/s/ Ron J. Copher
Ron J. Copher
Executive Vice President and CFO


80

Exhibit 31.1
CERTIFICATIONS

I, Randall M. Chesler, certify that:
1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Glacier Bancorp, Inc.
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
May 1, 2026/s/ Randall M. Chesler
Randall M. Chesler
President/CEO

Exhibit 31.2
CERTIFICATIONS

I, Ron J. Copher, certify that:
1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Glacier Bancorp, Inc.
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
May 1, 2026/s/ Ron J. Copher
Ron J. Copher
Executive Vice President/CFO

Exhibit 32
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Glacier Bancorp, Inc. (“Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2026, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (“Report”), we, Randall M. Chesler, President and Chief Executive Officer, and Ron J. Copher, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:
(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o(d)); and
(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906, or other document authenticating, acknowledging, or otherwise adopting the signature that appears in typed form within the electronic version of this written statement required by Section 906, has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.
May 1, 2026/s/ Randall M. Chesler
Randall M. Chesler
President/CEO
May 1, 2026/s/ Ron J. Copher
Ron J. Copher
Executive Vice President/CFO