UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
FORM 10-K
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from __________ to __________
Commission file number 001-41170
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
GLACIER BANCORP, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| Montana | 81-0519541 | ||||||||||
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (IRS Employer Identification No.) | ||||||||||
| 49 Commons Loop | Kalispell, | Montana | 59901 | ||||||||
| (Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code) | ||||||||||
| (406) | 756-4200 | ||||||||||
| (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) | |||||||||||
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered | ||||||
| Common Stock, $0.01 par value | GBCI | The New York Stock Exchange | ||||||
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☒ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this Chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
| Large Accelerated Filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | |||||||||||
| Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐ | |||||||||||
| Emerging growth company | ☐ | |||||||||||||
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant
included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b) ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No
The aggregate market value of the voting common equity held by non-affiliates at June 30, 2025 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter), was $5,081,362,682 (based on the average bid and asked price as quoted on The New York Stock Exchange as of the close of business on that date).
The number of shares of registrant’s common stock outstanding on February 6, 2026 was 130,011,106. No preferred shares are issued or outstanding.
Document Incorporated by Reference
Portions of the Proxy Statement for the registrant’s 2026 Annual Meeting of shareholders are incorporated by reference into Parts I and III of this Form 10-K.
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
| Page | ||||||||
| PART I | ||||||||
| Item 1 | ||||||||
| Item 1A | ||||||||
| Item 1B | ||||||||
| Item 1C | ||||||||
| Item 2 | ||||||||
| Item 3 | ||||||||
| Item 4 | ||||||||
| PART II | ||||||||
| Item 5 | ||||||||
| Item 6 | ||||||||
| Item 7 | ||||||||
| Item 7A | ||||||||
| Item 8 | ||||||||
| Item 9 | ||||||||
| Item 9A | ||||||||
| Item 9B | ||||||||
| Item 9C | ||||||||
| PART III | ||||||||
| Item 10 | ||||||||
| Item 11 | ||||||||
| Item 12 | ||||||||
| Item 13 | ||||||||
| Item 14 | ||||||||
| PART IV | ||||||||
| Item 15 | ||||||||
| Item 16 | ||||||||
| SIGNATURES | ||||||||
2
ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS
2026 Proxy Statement – the 2026 Annual Meeting Proxy Statement | Ginnie Mae – Government National Mortgage Association | ||||
ACL – allowance for credit losses | GLBA – Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services | ||||
AFS - Available-for-sale | Modernization Act of 1999 | ||||
AI - Artificial Intelligence | Guaranty - Guaranty Bancshares, Inc. and its subsidiary, Guaranty | ||||
ALCO – Asset Liability Committee | Bank & Trust N.A. | ||||
AML-CFT - Anti-Money Laundering and Countering the Financing | HTLF - HTLF Bank | ||||
| of Terrorism | HTM - Held-to-maturity | ||||
ASC – Accounting Standards CodificationTM | Interest rate locks – residential real estate derivatives for commitments | ||||
ASU – Accounting Standards Update | Interstate Act – Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching | ||||
ATM – automated teller machine | Efficiency Act of 1994 | ||||
Bank – Glacier Bank | IRS – Internal Revenue Service | ||||
Basel III – third installment of the Basel Accords | KBW Regional Banking Index - KBW NASDAQ Regional | ||||
BHCA – Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended | Banking Index | ||||
Board – Glacier Bancorp, Inc.’s Board of Directors | LIBOR – London Interbank Offered Rate | ||||
BOID - Bank of Idaho Holding Co. and its subsidiary, Bank of | LIHTC – Low-Income Housing Tax Credit | ||||
| Idaho | LTV – loan to value | ||||
bp or bps – basis point(s) | MBFD - modifications to borrowers experiencing financial | ||||
BSA – Bank Secrecy Act | difficulty | ||||
CDE – Certified Development Entity | MT Division of Banking – Montana Department of Administration’s | ||||
CDFI Fund – Community Development Financial Institutions Fund | Division of Banking and Financial Institutions | ||||
CEO – Chief Executive Officer | NII – net interest income | ||||
CECL – current expected credit losses | NMTC – New Markets Tax Credits | ||||
CFO – Chief Financial Officer | NOW – negotiable order of withdrawal | ||||
CFPB – Consumer Financial Protection Bureau | NRSRO – Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations | ||||
CIO - Chief Information Officer | NYSE - The New York Stock Exchange | ||||
CISO - Chief Information Security Officer | OCI – other comprehensive income | ||||
Company – Glacier Bancorp, Inc. | OREO – other real estate owned | ||||
COSO – Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the | Patriot Act – Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate | ||||
| Treadway Commission | Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 | ||||
CRA – Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 | PCAOB – Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) | ||||
CRO - Chief Risk Officer | PCD – purchased credit-deteriorated | ||||
DDA – demand deposit account | Repurchase agreements – securities sold under agreements | ||||
DIF – federal Deposit Insurance Fund | to repurchase | ||||
EGRRC Act – Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer | RMB - Rocky Mountain Bank | ||||
| Protection Act | ROU – right-of-use | ||||
ESG – Environmental, social and governance matters | S&P – Standard and Poor’s | ||||
Fannie Mae – Federal National Mortgage Association | SBA – United States Small Business Administration | ||||
FASB – Financial Accounting Standards Board | SEC – United States Securities and Exchange Commission | ||||
FDIC – Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation | SERP – Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan | ||||
FHLB – Federal Home Loan Bank | SOFR – Secured Overnight Financing Rate | ||||
FinCEN - Financial Crime Enforcement Network | SOX Act – Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 | ||||
FRB – Federal Reserve Bank | Tax Act – The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act | ||||
Freddie Mac – Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation | TBA – to-be-announced | ||||
GAAP – accounting principles generally accepted in the | VIE – variable interest entity | ||||
| United States of America | Wheatland - Community Financial Group, Inc. and its subsidiary, | ||||
GDP - Gross domestic product | Wheatland Bank | ||||
3
PART I
Item 1. Business
General
Glacier Bancorp, Inc., headquartered in Kalispell, Montana, is a Montana corporation incorporated in 2004 as a successor corporation to the Delaware corporation originally incorporated in 1990. The terms “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” mean Glacier Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiaries, when appropriate. The Company is a publicly-traded company and its common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol: GBCI. We provide a full range of banking services to individuals and businesses from 281 locations in Montana, Idaho, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, Nevada, and Texas through our wholly-owned bank subsidiary, Glacier Bank (the “Bank”). We offer a wide range of banking products and services, including: 1) retail banking; 2) business banking; 3) real estate, commercial, agriculture and consumer loans; and 4) mortgage origination and loan servicing. We serve individuals, small to medium-sized businesses, community organizations and public entities. For information regarding our lending, investment and funding activities, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”
The Company includes the parent holding company and the Bank. As of December 31, 2025, the Bank consists of eighteen bank divisions and a corporate division. The bank divisions operate under separate names, management teams and advisory directors and consist of the following:
| • | The Foothills Bank (Yuma, Arizona) with operations in Arizona; | ||||
| • | Bank of the San Juans (Durango, Colorado) with operations in Colorado; | ||||
| • | Collegiate Peaks Bank (Buena Vista, Colorado) with operations in Colorado; | ||||
| • | Citizens Community Bank (Pocatello, Idaho) with operations in Idaho; | ||||
| • | Mountain West Bank (Coeur d’Alene, Idaho) with operations in Idaho and Washington; | ||||
| • | First Bank of Montana (Lewistown, Montana) with operations in Montana; | ||||
| • | First Security Bank (Bozeman, Montana) with operations in Montana; | ||||
| • | First Security Bank of Missoula (Missoula, Montana) with operations in Montana; | ||||
| • | Glacier Bank (Kalispell, Montana) with operations in Montana; | ||||
| • | Valley Bank (Helena, Montana) with operations in Montana; | ||||
| • | Western Security Bank (Billings, Montana) with operations in Montana; | ||||
| • | Heritage Bank of Nevada (Reno, NV) with operations in Nevada; | ||||
| • | Guaranty Bank & Trust (Mount Pleasant, TX) with operations in Texas; | ||||
| • | Altabank (American Fork, UT) with operations in Utah and Idaho; | ||||
| • | First Community Bank Utah (Layton, Utah) with operations in Utah; | ||||
| • | Wheatland Bank (Chelan, Washington) with operations in Washington; | ||||
| • | First Bank (Powell, Wyoming) with operations in Wyoming; and | ||||
| • | First State Bank (Wheatland, Wyoming) with operations in Wyoming. | ||||
The corporate division includes the Bank’s investment portfolio and wholesale borrowings, and other centralized functions. We consider the Bank to be our sole operating segment.
The Bank has subsidiary interests in variable interest entities (“VIE”) for which the Bank has both the power to direct the VIE’s significant activities and the obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. These subsidiary interests are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Bank also has subsidiary interests in VIEs for which the Bank does not have a controlling financial interest and is not the primary beneficiary. These subsidiary interests are not included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
The Bank also has non-bank subsidiaries which hold certain bank investments. These non-bank subsidiaries are either consolidated or accounted for under the equity method depending on whether the Bank has a controlling interest or significant influence over the entity.
The parent holding company owns non-bank subsidiaries that have issued trust preferred securities which qualify as Tier 2 regulatory capital instruments. The trust subsidiaries are not included in our consolidated financial statements. Our investments and
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subordinated debentures to the consolidated trust subsidiaries are included in other assets and subordinated debentures, respectively, on our statements of financial condition.
As of December 31, 2025, the Company and its subsidiaries were not engaged in any operations in foreign countries.
Recent Acquisitions
Our strategy is to profitably grow our business through internal growth and selective acquisitions. We continue to look for expansion opportunities primarily in existing and new markets in the Mountain West region and Southwest region. We have completed the following acquisitions during the last five fiscal years:
| (Dollars in thousands) | Date | Total Assets | Gross Loans | Total Deposits | |||||||||||||||||||
| Guaranty Bancshares, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Guaranty Bank & Trust, N.A. (collectively, “Guaranty” or “GNTY”) | October 1, 2025 | $ | 3,356,636 | $ | 2,102,378 | $ | 2,706,740 | ||||||||||||||||
| Bank of Idaho Holding Co. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Bank of Idaho (collectively, “BOID”) | April 30, 2025 | 1,364,085 | 1,075,232 | 1,078,377 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Rocky Mountain Bank branches (“RMB”) | July 19, 2024 | 403,052 | 271,569 | 396,690 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Community Financial Group, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Wheatland Bank (collectively, “Wheatland”) | January 31, 2024 | 777,705 | 452,740 | 616,955 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Altabancorp and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Altabank (collectively, "Alta") | October 1, 2021 | 4,131,662 | 1,902,321 | 3,273,819 | |||||||||||||||||||
For additional information on recently completed acquisition and subsequent event, see Note 23 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
Market Area and Competition
We have 281 locations, which consist of 236 branches and 45 loan or administration offices, in 108 counties within nine states including Montana, Idaho, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, Nevada, and Texas. The market area’s diversified economic base primarily focuses on tourism, construction, mining, energy, manufacturing, agriculture, service industries, and health care. The tourism industry is highly influenced by national parks, ski resorts, significant lakes and rural scenic areas.
Commercial banking is a highly competitive business and operates in a rapidly changing environment. There are a large number of depository institutions including commercial banks, savings and loans, and credit unions in the markets in which we have locations. Competition is also increasing for deposit and lending services from internet-based competitors. Non-depository financial service institutions, primarily in the securities, insurance and retail industries, have also become competitors for retail savings, investment funds and lending activities. In addition to offering competitive interest rates, the principal methods used by the Bank to attract deposits include the offering of a variety of services including online banking, mobile banking and convenient office locations and business hours. The primary factors in competing for loans are interest rates and rate adjustment provisions, loan maturities, loan fees, relationships with customers and the quality of service.
The following table summarizes our number of locations, the number of counties we serve and the percentage of Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insured deposits we have in those counties for each of the nine states we operate in. Percent of deposits are based on the FDIC summary of deposits survey as of June 30, 2025 and does not include any bank division acquired after such date.
| Number of Locations | Number of Counties Served | Percent of Deposits | |||||||||||||||
| Montana | 70 | 20 | 26.9 | % | |||||||||||||
| Idaho | 39 | 13 | 10.8 | % | |||||||||||||
| Utah | 39 | 10 | 0.3 | % | |||||||||||||
| Washington | 29 | 13 | 5.8 | % | |||||||||||||
| Wyoming | 20 | 10 | 15.3 | % | |||||||||||||
| Colorado | 23 | 13 | 1.8 | % | |||||||||||||
| Arizona | 17 | 7 | 0.9 | % | |||||||||||||
| Nevada | 7 | 3 | 5.9 | % | |||||||||||||
| Total | 244 | 89 | |||||||||||||||
5
Human Capital
As of December 31, 2025, we employed 4,188 persons, 3,927 of whom were employed full time. No employees were represented by a collective bargaining group. We believe our employees are united by our commitment to serve our customers and communities and that our customers are best served by a staff of competent, caring employees who are customer oriented. Our employees are one of our most valuable assets. We consider our employee relations to be excellent.
We strive to provide a safe and gratifying workplace for our employees. We promote and support a work environment free from any form of harassment, discrimination, bullying, or retaliation. We are also committed to assisting with reasonable workplace accommodations for individuals with disabilities, for known limitations related to pregnancy, and for religious beliefs or practices that conflict with a job requirement. We also encourage employee growth and development in a variety of ways, including through formal and informal training, continuing education, relationships with colleagues and internal mentors, and by making a variety of resources available.
The Company has established a Training Committee charged with creating company-wide training expectations for employees to encourage adherence to internal policies and procedures and compliance with the variety of laws and regulations applicable to our operations. We also strive to offer multidisciplinary educational opportunities for employees to improve their knowledge and skills for their current positions, as well as to create opportunities to advance within the organization. Other targeted development opportunities are available for group leaders and promising employees, such as tuition support for employees seeking additional degrees or certifications through our Tuition Reimbursement program.
Our employee’s overall health and well-being is a top priority. It is our goal for all employees to work hard and experience a high quality work life, but we also encourage employees to be active participants in our communities, and to enjoy quality time with their families and cultivate their independent interests. We have developed several programs to encourage a safe and healthy workplace, including:
•GBCI Injury and Illness Prevention Program
•Work-life Balance Employee Assistance Program
•WellSteps program offering assessments, goal setting tools, activities, incentives, and rewards
•The appointment of Safety & Wellness Ambassadors
•Quarterly Wellness Campaign
•Workstation Ergonomics Assessments
Through our Injury and Illness Prevention Program, we have established protocols for minimizing work place injuries and incidents. Instilling safety as a standard of practice is facilitated by a Safety Committee at each of our banking divisions and by Safety & Wellness Ambassadors at each location.
We also believe employee retention is critical to our success, and we are proud of our track record when it comes to retaining employees, including many employees at institutions we acquire. Retention strategies are woven into all our compensation and retirement programs, and even our efforts at expansion. We provide our qualifying employees with a comprehensive benefit program, including health, dental and vision insurance, life and accident insurance, short- and long-term disability coverage, and paid time off. In addition we offer a profit sharing and 401(k) plan, short-term cash incentive plan, deferred compensation plans, and a supplemental executive retirement plan for certain employees (“SERP”). For select management-level employees, we also offer our long-term incentive plan, which is an equity-based compensation plan that is designed to encourage achievement of long-term financial goals as determined by the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) from time to time, and to further retention through long-term vesting of certain awards earned. See Note 14 in the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for detailed information regarding employee benefit plans and eligibility requirements.
Board of Directors and Committees
The Board has established, among others, an Audit Committee, a Compensation and Human Capital Committee, a Nominating/Corporate Governance Committee, and a Risk Oversight Committee. Additional information regarding Board committees is set forth under the heading “Meetings and Committees of the Board of Directors - Committees and Committee Membership” in the Company’s 2026 Annual Meeting Proxy Statement (“2026 Proxy Statement”) and is incorporated herein by reference.
Website Access
Copies of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 are available free of charge through our website (www.glacierbancorp.com) as soon as reasonably practicable after we have filed the material with, or furnished it to, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Copies can also be obtained by accessing the SEC’s website (www.sec.gov).
6
Supervision and Regulation
We are subject to extensive regulation under federal and state law. This section provides a general overview of the federal and state regulatory framework that applies to us and our industry. In general, this framework is designed to protect depositors, the federal Deposit Insurance Fund (“DIF”), and the federal and state banking systems (rather than to protect shareholders specifically). Importantly, this section is not intended to summarize all laws and regulations that may apply to us from time to time. Any descriptions of statutory or regulatory provisions in this section do not purport to be complete and are qualified by reference to those provisions.
Banking laws and regulations, as well as related regulatory policies and priorities, continue to be subject to change by Congress, state legislatures, and federal and state regulators. We cannot predict changes in statutes, regulations, or regulatory policies applicable to us (including their interpretation or implementation), and certain changes could have a material effect on our business and operations. In recent years, changes to applicable statutes, regulations, and regulatory policies have been constant and sometimes contradictory. The pace of change has been exacerbated by the volatile political climate and conflicting initiatives between federal and state governments. Continued efforts to monitor and comply with new and changing statutory and regulatory requirements add to the complexity and cost of our business and operations.
We are subject to regulation and supervision by numerous federal and state agencies. With respect to the Company, these agencies include the Federal Reserve, the Montana Department of Administration’s Division of Banking and Financial Institutions (“MT Division of Banking”), and the State of Montana, generally. In addition, the Company is also subject to the disclosure and regulatory requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which are both administered by the SEC. The Bank is subject to regulation and supervision by the FDIC, the MT Division of Banking, and, for branches outside of the State of Montana, the respective regulatory agencies in those states. Because we are an institution with more than $10 billion in assets, we are also subject to regulation and supervision by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”), the scope of which has varied widely depending on the priorities of the executive branch of the federal government.
Federal and State Regulation of the Company
General. The Company is a “bank holding company” under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (“BHCA”). In general, the BHCA limits the business of a bank holding company to owning or controlling banks and engaging in, or retaining or acquiring ownership in a company engaged in, other activities closely related to the business of banking. As a bank holding company, the Company is subject to regulation, supervision, and examination by the Federal Reserve, and it must file reports and information with the Federal Reserve from time to time. Further, because the Bank is a “regional banking organization” under Montana law, the Company is also subject to regulation, supervision, and examination by the MT Division of Banking.
Holding Company Bank Ownership. The BHCA requires every bank holding company to obtain the prior approval of the Federal Reserve before: 1) acquiring, directly or indirectly, ownership or control of any voting shares of another bank or bank holding company if, after such acquisition, it would own or control more than 5 percent of such shares; 2) acquiring all or substantially all of the assets of another bank or bank holding company; or 3) merging or consolidating with another bank holding company.
Holding Company Control of Non-banks. With some exceptions, the BHCA prohibits a bank holding company from acquiring or retaining direct or indirect ownership or control of more than 5 percent of the voting shares of any company that is not a bank or bank holding company, or from engaging directly or indirectly in activities other than those of banking, managing, or controlling banks, or providing services for its subsidiaries. The principal exceptions to these prohibitions involve certain non-bank activities that, by federal statute, agency regulation, or order, have been identified as activities closely related to the business of banking or managing or controlling banks.
Transactions with Affiliates. Under the Federal Reserve Act, bank subsidiaries of a bank holding company are subject to restrictions on extensions of credit to the bank holding company or its subsidiaries, on investments in securities, and on the use of securities as collateral for loans to any borrower. In addition to those activities, credit exposure arising from derivative transactions, securities lending, and borrowing transactions is also covered by the regulations. These regulations and restrictions may limit the Company’s ability to obtain funds from the Bank for its cash needs, including funds for payments of dividends, interest on borrowings, and operational expenses.
Tying Arrangements. Federal law prohibits certain tie-in arrangements in connection with any extension of credit, sale or lease of property, or furnishing of services. For example, with certain exceptions, we may not condition an extension of credit to a customer on either 1) a requirement that the customer obtain additional services from us; or 2) an agreement by the customer to refrain from obtaining other services from a competitor.
Support of Bank Subsidiaries. Under federal law, the Company is required to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to the Bank. This means that the Company is required to commit, as necessary, capital and resources to support the Bank, including at times when the Company may not be in a financial position to provide such resources or when it may not be in the Company's or its shareholders' best interests to do so. Any capital loans a bank holding company makes to its bank subsidiaries are subordinate to deposits and to certain other indebtedness of the bank subsidiaries.
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Restrictions under State Corporate Law. As a Montana corporation, the Company is subject to certain limitations and restrictions under applicable Montana corporate law. For example, Montana corporate law includes limitations and restrictions relating to indemnification of directors, distributions to shareholders, transactions involving directors, officers, or interested shareholders, and requires the observance of certain corporate formalities, including the maintenance of books, records, and minutes.
Federal and State Regulation of the Bank
General. The Bank is subject to primary supervision, periodic examination, and regulation by the FDIC and the MT Division of Banking. These agencies have the authority to prohibit the Bank from engaging in what they believe constitutes unsafe or unsound banking practices. The federal laws that apply to the Bank regulate, among other things, the scope of the Bank’s business, its investments, its reserves against deposits, the availability of deposited funds, lending and community reinvestment activities, insider credit transactions, and safety and soundness standards. In addition to federal and Montana law, the Bank is also subject to the laws of various states within the Bank’s footprint.
Consumer Protection. A variety of federal and state consumer protection laws and regulations govern the Bank’s interactions with consumers, including the manner in which the Bank takes deposits, makes and collects loans, and provides other services. During the past year, certain federal regulators have communicated a desire to reduce the regulatory burden for financial institutions. However, some regulators in the states in which we operate were increasingly active in proposing, enacting, and enforcing consumer protection regulations. Any failure to comply with these laws and regulations may subject the Bank to various penalties, including but not limited to enforcement actions, injunctions, fines, civil monetary penalties, criminal penalties, punitive damages, and the loss of certain contractual rights. The Bank is closely monitoring changes (and challenges) to these laws and regulations and has established a comprehensive compliance system to support efforts to maintain compliance.
Community Reinvestment. The Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 (“CRA”) requires federal bank regulators to evaluate the record of a financial institution in meeting the credit needs of its local communities, including low- and moderate- income neighborhoods, consistent with the safe and sound operation of the institution. Importantly, certain agencies consider a bank’s community reinvestment record when evaluating mergers, acquisitions, and applications to open a branch or facility. In some cases, a bank's failure to comply with the CRA, or CRA protests filed by interested parties during comment periods, can result in the denial or delay of such transactions. The Bank received a “satisfactory” rating in its most recent CRA examination.
Insider Credit Transactions. Banks are subject to restrictions on their ability to extend credit to executive officers, directors, principal shareholders, and their related interests. In general, a covered transaction must 1) be made on substantially the same terms (including interest rates and collateral); 2) follow credit underwriting procedures that are at least as stringent as those prevailing at the time the credit is underwritten for comparable transactions with persons not related to the lending bank; and 3) not involve more than the normal risk of nonpayment or present other unfavorable features. Banks are also subject to lending limits and restrictions on overdrafts and loans to insiders. A violation of these restrictions may result in the assessment of substantial civil monetary penalties, regulatory enforcement actions, and other regulatory sanctions.
Regulation of Management. With respect to management personnel, federal law sets forth circumstances under which officers or directors of a bank may be removed by the bank's federal supervisory agency. In some cases, federal law also prohibits a bank’s management personnel from serving as directors or in other management positions of another financial institution, depending upon such institution’s asset size and location.
Safety and Soundness Standards. Banks are subject to certain non-capital safety and soundness standards. These standards cover, among other things, internal controls, information systems and internal audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate exposure, asset growth, compensation, fees and benefits, operational and managerial standards, asset quality, earnings, and stock valuation. In part, a bank must implement a comprehensive written information security program with administrative, technical, and physical safeguards appropriate to its size and complexity and the nature and scope of its activities. This program must be designed to maintain the security and confidentiality of customer information, protect against any unanticipated threats or hazards to the security or integrity of such information, protect against unauthorized access to or use of such information that could result in substantial harm or inconvenience to any customer, and properly dispose of consumer information. If a bank fails to meet these standards, it may be required to submit a compliance plan or be subject to regulatory sanctions. The Bank has established comprehensive policies and risk management procedures to preserve its safety and soundness.
Interstate Banking and Branching
Federal regulators can approve or reject a bank’s application to establish de novo branches in states other than the bank's home state and regulate the closure of interstate branches. In general, an application for a de novo branch is approved if the host state's banks could establish a branch at the same location. As part of their review, regulators are generally required to consult with community organizations before permitting an interstate bank to close a branch in a low-income area. Banks are also prohibited from using their interstate branches primarily for deposit production, and certain agencies have implemented a loan-to-deposit ratio screen to enforce compliance with this prohibition.
Dividends
A principal source of the Company’s cash is from dividends received from the Bank, which are subject to regulation and limitation. An agency may prohibit a bank or bank holding company from paying dividends in a manner that would constitute an unsafe or
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unsound banking practice. For example, regulators have stated that paying dividends that deplete an institution's capital base to an inadequate level would be an unsafe and unsound banking practice, and dividends should only be paid out of current operating earnings. Current guidance from the Federal Reserve has noted that dividends per share on the Company’s common stock generally should not exceed earnings per share, measured over the previous four fiscal quarters. Further, a bank may not pay cash dividends if such payments could reduce the amount of its capital below that necessary to meet minimum regulatory capital requirements. In addition to federal law, Montana law also places restrictions on a bank’s ability to declare and pay dividends.
The final phase of implementation of Basel regulations, known as the ”Basel III Endgame,” imposes limitations on the Bank's ability to pay dividends. In general, the Basel III Endgame limits a bank's ability to pay dividends unless its common equity conservation buffer exceeds the minimum required capital ratio by at least 2.5 percent of risk-weighted assets. Although rules implementing the final phase of Basel regulations have been proposed in the past, they have not yet been adopted. Federal banking regulators recently stated that revised proposed rules will be published in early 2026.
The Federal Reserve has also issued a policy statement on the payment of cash dividends by a bank holding company. In general, it notes that, although no specific regulations restrict dividend payments by bank holding companies (other than state corporate laws), a bank holding company should not pay cash dividends unless its earnings for the past year are sufficient to cover both the cash dividends and a prospective rate of earnings retention that is consistent with its capital needs, asset quality, and overall financial condition. A bank holding company's ability to pay dividends may also be restricted if a subsidiary bank becomes undercapitalized. These types of laws and policies may limit our ability to pay dividends or otherwise engage in capital distributions.
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. The CFPB has rulemaking, supervision, and enforcement authority for a wide range of consumer protection laws. In recent years, the CFPB focused on certain types of fees commonly charged by financial institutions, consumer complaints, the use of artificial intelligence (“AI”), paycheck advance products, data privacy, digital payment applications, and open banking. However, the CFPB recently communicated a desire to reduce regulatory burdens for banks in a variety of ways, such as by limiting supervisory exams and focusing on actual consumer complaints. The future of the CFPB is uncertain due to several legal challenges to its structure and funding.
Interchange Fees. Our ability to charge debit card interchange fees is subject to a cap. This cap is currently equal to $0.21 plus 5 basis points of the transaction value, subject to certain adjustments. Although there have been recent proposals to reduce this cap, they have yet to be implemented. Any future changes to this cap could affect the Bank’s fee revenue and non-interest income.
Capital Adequacy
We are subject to various regulatory capital requirements. These requirements measure assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items against regulatory guidelines. Capital amounts and classifications are subject to qualitative judgments by regulators about components and risk weighting, among other factors. These requirements, which are applied independently to the Company and the Bank, are intended to confirm that an institution has adequate capital given the risk levels of its assets and off-balance sheet financial instruments.
Under federal law, minimum capital standards include: 1) a common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio of 4.5 percent; 2) a Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio of 6 percent; 3) a total capital to risk-based assets ratio of 8 percent; and 4) a Tier 1 capital to total assets leverage ratio of 4 percent. Federal regulations also require a capital conservation buffer designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. Failure to comply with these requirements may result in constraints on an institution’s capital distributions (e.g., dividends, equity repurchases, and certain bonus compensation for executive officers). The regulations also adjust risk-weights of certain assets and phase out certain instruments as qualifying capital. For additional information regarding trust preferred securities and their impact to regulatory capital, see Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
A federal prompt corrective action framework is in place to, under certain circumstances, place restrictions on an institution if its capital levels begin to show signs of weakness. Under this framework, an institution is required to meet the following increased capital level requirements to qualify as “well capitalized”: 1) a Tier 1 common equity capital ratio of at least 6.5 percent; 2) a Tier 1 capital ratio of at least 8 percent; 3) a total capital ratio of at least 10 percent; 4) a Tier 1 leverage ratio of at least 5 percent; and 5) not be subject to any order or written directive requiring a specific capital level. In addition to “well capitalized,” the regulations contain other capital classifications, such as “adequately capitalized,” “undercapitalized,” “significantly undercapitalized,” and “critically undercapitalized” (each of which are based on differing capital ratios). Importantly, if an institution is deemed “undercapitalized,” it may be subject to certain mandatory restrictions (e.g., restrictions on capital distributions and growth). Further, if an institution is deemed “significantly undercapitalized” or “critically undercapitalized,” it may be subject to additional restrictions. Regardless of an institution’s initial classification, it may nevertheless be downgraded if it is determined to be in an unsafe or unsound condition, or if it receives an unsatisfactory examination rating.
The application of these regulations may result in lower returns on invested capital, which may require raising additional capital or regulatory action if the Bank were unable to comply with such requirements. In addition, management may be required to modify its business strategy due to the changes to the asset risk-weights for risk-based capital calculations and the requirement to meet the capital conservation buffer. The imposition of liquidity requirements in connection with these rules could also cause the Bank to increase its holdings of liquid assets, change its business strategy, and make other changes to the terms of its funding.
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Regulatory Oversight and Examination
Inspections. The Federal Reserve conducts periodic inspections of bank holding companies. In general, inspections are designed to ascertain whether the financial strength of a bank holding company is maintained on an ongoing basis and to determine the effects or consequences of transactions between a bank holding company and its affiliates, including its bank subsidiaries. The type and frequency of an inspection may vary depending on a bank holding company’s asset size, complexity, and rating at its last inspection.
Examinations. A bank is subject to periodic examination by its primary federal and state regulators, such as the FDIC and the MT Division of Banking. Examinations typically alternate between the federal and state bank regulators and, in some cases, may occur on a combined schedule. The frequency of examinations is linked to the size of an institution and recent examination findings. However, regulators are authorized to examine an institution as frequently as they deem necessary based on the condition of the institution or certain triggering events. In addition to the FDIC and the MT Division of Banking, we are also subject to examination by the CFPB. The CFPB typically uses a prioritization framework to determine the focus its examination efforts. This framework evaluates risks to consumers from specific product lines at both the market level and the institution level, and takes into consideration the size of the institution.
Commercial Real Estate Ratios. Federal banking regulators have issued risk management guidance with respect to commercial real estate concentrations. The purpose of the guidance is to aid banks in developing risk management practices and capital levels commensurate with the level and nature of their concentrations. The guidance largely focuses on a bank’s exposure to CRE loans that are dependent on the cash flow from the real estate collateral and likely sensitive to conditions in the commercial real estate market. The regulators typically allocate supervisory resources to institutions that have significant CRE loan concentration risk.
Corporate Governance and Accounting
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“SOX Act”) addresses, among other things, corporate governance, auditing and accounting, disclosure of corporate information, and penalties for non-compliance. For example, the SOX Act 1) requires certain executive officers to certify as to the accuracy and completeness of periodic reports filed with the SEC and to certain matters relating to disclosure and accounting controls; 2) imposes specific and enhanced corporate disclosure requirements; 3) accelerates the time frame for reporting insider transactions and periodic disclosures; and 4) requires companies to adopt and disclose information about corporate governance practices. As a publicly reporting company with the SEC, the Company is subject to the requirements of the SOX Act and related rules and regulations issued by the SEC and the NYSE.
Anti-Money Laundering and Anti-Terrorism
The federal Bank Secrecy Act (“BSA”) requires all financial institutions to establish a risk-based system of internal controls reasonably designed to prevent money laundering and the financing of terrorism. The BSA also sets forth various recordkeeping and reporting requirements (such as reporting suspicious activities that might signal criminal activity), due diligence and "know your customer" requirements, and whistleblower incentives and protections. If an individual or institution fails to comply with the BSA, it can result in severe consequences, including civil penalties, criminal fines, and, in some cases, imprisonment.
The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network of the U.S. Department of the Treasury (“FinCEN”) administers the BSA and determines policy priorities for anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism. The priorities currently include corruption, cybercrime, terrorist financing, fraud, transnational crime, drug trafficking, human trafficking, and proliferation financing.
The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act (the “PATRIOT Act”) was also enacted to combat terrorism. In relevant part, the PATRIOT Act 1) prohibits banks from providing correspondent accounts directly to foreign shell banks; 2) imposes due diligence requirements on banks opening or holding accounts for foreign financial institutions or wealthy foreign individuals; 3) requires banks to establish an anti-money laundering compliance program; and 4) eliminates civil liability for persons who file suspicious activity reports. The PATRIOT Act grants the government power to investigate terrorism, which may include expanded access to bank records. Federal and state agencies commonly take into consideration an institution’s compliance with the BSA when reviewing and ruling on applications involving mergers, acquisitions, and similar transactions. We have established comprehensive compliance programs designed to comply with the requirements of the BSA and the PATRIOT Act.
Financial Services Modernization
In 1999, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services Modernization Act (“GLBA”) introduced significant changes to the banking legal landscape. For instance, the GLBA 1) repealed historical restrictions on preventing banks from affiliating with securities firms; 2) provided a uniform framework for the activities of banks, savings institutions, and their holding companies; 3) broadened the activities that may be conducted by national banks and banking subsidiaries of bank holding companies; 4) provided an enhanced framework for protecting the privacy of consumer information; and 5) addressed a variety of other matters affecting both day-to-day operations and long-term activities of financial institutions. The Bank is subject to the privacy provisions of the GLBA, which requires, among other things, privacy policy disclosures and opt out options.
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Deposit Insurance
FDIC Insured Deposits. The Bank's deposits are insured under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, which is designed to protect customers in the event of a bank’s failure. In general, the FDIC insures deposits up to $250,000 per depositor, per FDIC-insured bank, per account ownership category.
FDIC Insurance. The Bank pays quarterly deposit insurance assessments to the FDIC. The amount of these assessments is based on its deposit base and the FDIC’s applicable assessment rate. In the Bank’s case, the FDIC uses a “scorecard” methodology to determine the assessment rate. This methodology seeks to capture both the probability that an institution will fail and how such a failure may impact the DIF. The FDIC recently noted that current rate schedules will remain in effect until the DIF reserve ratio meets or exceeds two percent, at which time many expect to see lower assessment rates. The FDIC also has the authority to implement special assessments to recover losses to the DIF caused by systemic risks. For example, in the wake of a number of bank failures in 2023, the FDIC instituted a special assessment payable in installments, the last of which will be due the first quarter of 2026. Importantly, an institution may not pay a dividend if it is in default on its federal deposit insurance assessments. The Bank is not in default on any such assessments.
Safety and Soundness. Under certain circumstances, the FDIC may terminate the deposit insurance of an insured depository institution. For example, termination may occur if the FDIC determines (after a hearing) that an institution has engaged (or is engaging) in unsafe or unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations, or has violated any applicable law, regulation, order, or condition imposed under an agreement with the FDIC. Management is not aware of any circumstances that would result in termination of the Bank's deposit insurance.
Recent and Proposed Legislation
The political climate of the past several years has led to rapid changes to the regulatory environment affecting the banking industry. Opposing federal and state regulatory priorities and legislation have also significantly impacted the industry. For example, although the federal banking regulators have eased their focus on consumer protection matters, many states (including some within the Bank’s footprint) are expanding the scope of consumer and other protections and increasing the intensity of their enforcement efforts. Further, some states are shifting their focus towards certain consumer protection matters that are no longer being prioritized by federal regulators, such as fees, loan servicing, discriminatory practices, data privacy, cybersecurity, and AI.
We cannot predict the impact that any legal or regulatory initiatives and related uncertainty may have on our operations, competitive situation, financial conditions, or results of operations. Recent history has demonstrated that new legislation or changes to existing laws or regulations will often result in an increase to the general costs of doing business. Although the Trump Administration has announced a desire to reduce regulatory burdens, the impact of the changing regulatory environment remains to be seen.
Effects of Federal Government Monetary Policy
The Company’s earnings and growth are affected not only by general economic conditions, but also by the fiscal and monetary policies of the federal government, particularly the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve implements national monetary policy to promote maximum employment, stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates. Through its open market operations in U.S. government securities, control of the discount and interest rates, and deposit reserve requirements, the Federal Reserve influences the availability and cost of money and credit and, ultimately, a range of economic variables including employment, output, and the prices of goods and services. The Federal Reserve’s most recent decrease to the federal funds rate occurred in December 2025. The Federal Reserve noted that, although economic activity has expanded at a moderate pace, inflation remains elevated and the unemployment rate has increased. New appointments to the Board of Governors or increased political pressure on the Federal Reserve could also result in further changes in monetary policy. Changes in monetary policy, including changes in the federal funds rate, can affect net interest income and margin, overall profitability, and shareholders’ equity. We cannot predict the impact that any future changes in monetary policy may have on us.
Cybersecurity
Federal banking regulators regularly issue new (and update existing) guidance in an effort to enhance cyber risk management. Financial institutions are expected to comply with such guidance and to develop appropriate security controls and risk management processes. If we fail to observe such regulatory guidance, we could be subject to various regulatory sanctions, including financial penalties.
Federal law requires a bank to notify its primary banking regulator within 36 hours after determining that a covered computer-security incident has occurred. This may include, among other types of incidents, an incident that has materially disrupted or degraded a bank’s ability to carry out banking operations to a material portion of its customer base in the ordinary course of business.
In addition to federal law, an increasing number of states have established regulations requiring financial institutions to implement cybersecurity programs. Many states (including all of the states within the Bank’s footprint) have also implemented data breach notification, information security, and/or data privacy regulations that may impose additional requirements on our operations. We are continually monitoring developments in the states in which our customers are located in an effort to maintain compliance with applicable cybersecurity-related requirements.
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Risks and exposures related to cybersecurity attacks, including litigation and enforcement risks, are expected to be elevated for the foreseeable future due to the rapidly evolving nature and sophistication of technology. These risks have increased for many reasons, including widespread use of internet banking, mobile banking, AI, and other technology-based products and services.
In addition to guidance and standards implemented by federal and state banking regulators, the SEC also requires an annual disclosure of registrants’ cybersecurity risk management, strategy, and governance practices. The SEC also enforces its own set of cybersecurity incident requirements. These requirements include disclosure of material cybersecurity incidents (including a description of the nature, scope, timing, and impact of the incident), within four business days after the incident.
Debanking
In August 2025, President Trump issued an Executive Order designed to end a practice it has labeled as “debanking.” Debanking occurs when a bank adversely restricts or modifies its products or services on the basis of a customer’s political or religious beliefs, or on the basis of the customer’s lawful business activities that the bank disagrees with or disfavors for political reasons. We endeavor to make all of our banking decisions on the basis of individualized, objective, and risk-based analyses, and we do not believe that we have engaged in debanking.
Corporate, Social, and Environmental Responsibility
We strive to engage in the banking business in a responsible manner, and we recognize that our activities impact the communities where we operate. We believe that it is consistent with our community banking model to be good stewards of our franchise, active in the communities we serve, and with a particular focus on the development and well-being of our employees.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
The following is a discussion of what we believe are the most significant risks and uncertainties that may affect our business, financial condition and future results of operations. These risks are not the only ones that we face. Other risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or currently believed to be material may harm our future business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
Economy and Our Markets
Economic conditions in the market areas the Bank serves may adversely impact its earnings and could increase the credit risk associated with its loan portfolio and the value of its investment portfolio.
Substantially all of the Bank’s loans are to businesses and individuals in Montana, Idaho, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, Nevada, and now Texas, and adverse economic conditions in these market areas could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Any future deterioration in economic conditions in the markets we serve could result in the following consequences, any of which could have an adverse impact, which could be material, on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects:
•Loan delinquencies may increase;
•Problem assets and foreclosures may increase;
•Collateral for loans made may decline in value, in turn reducing customers’ borrowing power and the Bank’s security;
•Certain securities within the investment portfolio could become other-than-temporarily impaired, requiring a write-down through earnings to fair value, thereby reducing equity;
•Low cost or non-interest bearing deposits may decrease; and
•Demand for loan and other products and services may decrease.
Competition in the Bank’s market areas may limit future success.
Commercial banking is a highly competitive business and a consolidating industry. The Bank competes with other commercial banks, credit unions, finance, insurance and other non-depository companies operating in its market areas. The Bank is subject to substantial competition for loans and deposits from other financial institutions. Some of its competitors are not subject to the same degree of regulation and restriction as the Bank while others have greater financial resources than the Bank. Additionally, the competitive landscape in the Bank’s market areas may change as a result of technological advancements, further consolidation, or banking charters issued to or acquired by fintech companies. If the Bank is unable to effectively compete in its market areas or effectively adjust to the changing competitive landscape, the Bank’s business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be adversely affected.
We may not be able to continue to grow internally or through acquisitions.
Historically, we have expanded through a combination of internal growth and selective acquisitions. In 2025, there was an increase in acquisition activity in the banking industry, with deal volume and values up sharply from recent years, prompted by a more predictable and supportive regulatory environment. As market and regulatory conditions continue to change, we may be unable to grow organically or successfully compete for, complete, and integrate potential future acquisitions at the same pace as we have achieved in recent years, or at all. We have historically used our strong stock currency and capital resources to complete acquisitions. Downturns in the stock market and the market price of our stock, changes in our capital position, a return to a regulatory environment with
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increased scrutiny and/or less predictability, and changes in our regulatory standing could each have a negative impact on our ability to complete future acquisitions.
Growth through future acquisitions could, in some circumstances, adversely affect profitability or other performance measures.
In the past, we have been active in acquiring banks and bank holding companies, and we may in the future engage in selected acquisitions of additional financial institutions or branches. There are risks associated with any such acquisitions that could adversely affect profitability and other performance measures. These risks include, among other things, incorrectly assessing the asset quality of a financial institution being acquired, discovering compliance or regulatory issues after the acquisition, encountering greater than anticipated costs and use of management time associated with evaluating potential acquisitions and integrating acquired businesses, and being unable to profitably deploy funds acquired in an acquisition.
In addition, acquisitions may lead to business disruptions that cause the Bank to lose customers or employees to competing financial institutions. Further, acquisitions may also disrupt the Bank's ongoing businesses or create inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures, and policies that adversely affect relationships with employees, clients, customers, and depositors. If we are unable to manage associated risks, acquisitions may have negative impacts on our operating results and financial condition, which could be material.
We anticipate that we will issue capital stock in connection with future acquisitions. Acquisitions and related issuances of stock may have a dilutive effect on earnings per share and book value per share, and will in any event reduce the percentage ownership of current shareholders. In acquisitions involving the use of cash as consideration, there will be an impact on our capital position.
If goodwill recorded in connection with acquisitions becomes impaired, related accounting charges could have an adverse impact on earnings and capital.
Accounting standards require us to account for acquisitions using the acquisition method of accounting. Under acquisition accounting, if the purchase price of an acquired company exceeds the fair value of its net assets, the excess is carried on the acquirer’s balance sheet as goodwill. In accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”), goodwill is not amortized but rather is evaluated for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that a potential impairment exists. Our goodwill was not considered impaired as of December 31, 2025, and 2024; however, there can be no assurance that future evaluations of goodwill will not result in findings of impairment and write-downs, which could be material. Since we have $1.4 billion in goodwill, representing 33 percent of our shareholders’ equity, impairment of goodwill could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, even though it is a non-cash item, significant impairment of goodwill could subject us to regulatory limitations, including limits applicable to dividends on our common stock.
There can be no assurance we will be able to continue paying dividends on our common stock at recent levels.
We may not be able to continue paying quarterly dividends commensurate with recent levels given that our ability to pay dividends on our common stock depends on a variety of factors. The payment of dividends is subject to government regulation in that regulatory authorities may prohibit banks and bank holding companies from paying dividends that would constitute an unsafe or unsound banking practice. Our ability to pay dividends is heavily based on our earnings and capital levels. Current guidance from the Federal Reserve provides, among other things, that dividends per share should not exceed earnings per share measured over the previous four fiscal quarters. In certain circumstances, Montana law also places limits or restrictions on a bank’s ability to declare and pay dividends. As a result, our future dividends will generally depend on the level of earnings at the Bank.
Credit and Asset Quality
The allowance for credit losses may not be adequate to cover actual loan losses, which could adversely affect earnings.
The Bank maintains an allowance for credit losses (“ACL” or “allowance”) in an amount that it believes is adequate to provide for losses in the loan portfolio. While the Bank strives to carefully manage and monitor credit quality and to identify loans that may become non-performing, at any time there are loans included in the portfolio that will result in losses, but that have not been identified as non-performing or potential problem loans. With respect to real estate loans and property taken in satisfaction of such loans (“other real estate owned” or “OREO”), the Bank can be required to recognize significant declines in the value of the underlying real estate collateral quite suddenly as values are updated through appraisals and evaluations (new or updated) performed in the normal course of monitoring the credit quality of the loans. There are many factors that can cause the value of real estate to decline, including declines in the general real estate market, changes in methodology applied by appraisers, and/or using a different appraiser than was used for the prior appraisal or evaluation. The Bank’s ability to recover on real estate loans by selling or disposing of the underlying real estate collateral is adversely impacted by declining values, which increases the likelihood the Bank will suffer losses on defaulted loans beyond the amounts provided for in the ACL. This, in turn, could require material increases in the Bank’s provision for credit losses and ACL. By closely monitoring credit quality, the Bank attempts to identify deteriorating loans before they become non-performing assets and adjusts the ACL accordingly. However, because future events are uncertain, and if difficult economic conditions occur, there may be loans that deteriorate to a non-performing status in an accelerated time frame. As a result, future additions to the ACL
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may be necessary beyond the levels commensurate with any loan growth. Because the loan portfolio contains a number of loans with relatively large balances, the deterioration of one or a few of these loans may cause a significant increase in non-performing loans, requiring an increase to the ACL. Additionally, future significant additions to the ACL may be required based on changes in the mix of loans comprising the portfolio, and changes in the financial condition of borrowers, which may result from changes in economic conditions, or changes in the assumptions used in determining the ACL. Additionally, federal and state banking regulators, as an integral part of their supervisory function, periodically review the Bank’s loan portfolio and the adequacy of the ACL. These regulatory authorities may require the Bank to recognize further provision for credit losses or charge-offs based on their judgments, which may be different from the Bank’s judgments. Any increase in the ACL could have an adverse effect, which could be material, on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
The Bank’s loan portfolio mix increases the exposure to credit risks tied to deteriorating conditions.
The loan portfolio contains a high percentage of commercial, commercial real estate, real estate acquisition and development loans in relation to the total loans and total assets. These types of loans have historically been viewed as having more risk of default than residential real estate loans or certain other types of loans or investments and tend to be larger in size. The FDIC has issued pronouncements highlighting the increased risk associated with commercial real estate loans, including with respect to the higher vulnerability of these credits to elevated interest rates and stressed market conditions in many large metropolitan areas, and alerting banks to its concern about banks with a heavy concentration of commercial real estate loans. Because the Bank’s loan portfolio contains commercial and commercial real estate loans with relatively large balances and nonperforming loan balances are very low, the deterioration of the credit quality of a few loans or the loan category may cause a significant increase in non-performing loans. An increase in non-performing loans would result in a loss of earnings from these loans and an increase in the provision for credit losses and could lead to an increase in charge-offs, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
The Bank has a high concentration of loans secured by real estate, so a deterioration in the real estate markets could require material increases in the ACL and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
A significant percent of the Bank’s loans are secured by real estate, resulting in a high concentration of real estate secured loans. Any future deterioration in markets for commercial real estate in the regions we serve could adversely impact borrowers’ ability to refinance or repay loans secured by real estate and the value of our real estate collateral, thereby increasing the credit risk associated with the loan portfolio. The Bank’s ability to recover on these loans by selling or disposing of the underlying real estate collateral would be adversely impacted by any decline in real estate values, increasing the likelihood of losses on defaulted loans beyond the amounts provided for in the ACL. This, in turn, could require material increases in the ACL which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Non-performing assets could increase, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
The Bank may experience increases in non-performing assets in the future. Non-performing assets (which includes OREO) adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations in various ways. The Bank does not record interest income on non-accrual loans or OREO, thereby adversely affecting its earnings. When the Bank takes collateral in foreclosures and similar proceedings, it is required to mark the related asset to the then fair value of the collateral, less estimated cost to sell, which may result in a charge-off of the value of the asset and lead the Bank to increase the provision for credit losses. An increase in the level of non-performing assets also increases the Bank’s risk profile and may impact the capital levels required by regulators. Further decreases in the value of these assets, the underlying collateral, or in these borrowers’ performance or financial condition, whether due to economic and market conditions beyond the Bank’s control or not, could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition, perhaps materially. In addition to the carrying costs to maintain OREO, the management and resolution of non-performing assets increases the Bank’s loan administration costs generally and is time-consuming, reducing the time management has to focus on profitably growing our business. As of December 31, 2025, 0.33 percent of the Bank’s loans are classified as non-performing assets, including 284 thousand of OREO.
A decline in the fair value of the Bank’s investment portfolio could adversely affect earnings and capital.
The fair value of the Bank’s debt securities could decline as a result of various factors, including changes in market interest rates, tax reform, decreases in credit quality and related credit ratings, lack of market liquidity and other economic conditions. For debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company may be required to record an allowance for credit losses or write down the security depending on the type of security and the circumstances. Any such impairment charge would have an adverse effect, which could be material, on our business, results of operations and financial condition, including capital and shareholders’ equity.
While we believe that the terms of our debt securities have been kept relatively short, and although interest rates have fallen in recent years, we remain subject to interest rate risk exposure in the current rate environment. Further, debt securities present a different type of asset quality risk than the loan portfolio. While we believe a relatively conservative management approach has been applied to the investment portfolio, there is always potential loss exposure under changing economic conditions.
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The Bank is subject to environmental liability risk associated with our lending activities.
We hold an interest in real estate as collateral for a significant portion of our loan portfolio, and we could become subject to environmental liabilities with respect to one or more of these properties. During the ordinary course of business, we may foreclose on and take title to properties securing defaulted loans. In doing so, there is a risk that hazardous or toxic substances could be found on these properties. If hazardous conditions or toxic substances are found on these properties, we may be liable for remediation costs, as well as for personal injury and property damage, civil fines and criminal penalties, regardless of when the hazardous conditions or toxic substances first affected any particular property. Environmental laws may further require us to incur substantial expenses to address unknown liabilities and may materially reduce the affected property’s value or limit our ability to use or sell the affected property. In addition, future laws or more stringent interpretations or enforcement policies with respect to existing laws may increase our exposure to environmental liability. Although we have policies and procedures to perform an environmental review before initiating any foreclosure on nonresidential real property, these reviews may not be sufficient to detect all potential environmental hazards. The remediation costs and any other financial liabilities associated with an environmental hazard could have a material adverse effect on us.
We face competition from emerging technologies used to support and enable banking and financial services.
Emerging technologies and advances and growing market acceptance of e-commerce have lowered geographic and monetary barriers to other financial institutions, made it easier for non-depository institutions to offer products and services that traditionally were banking products and services, and allowed non-traditional financial service providers and technology companies to compete with traditional financial service companies. These competitors can provide electronic and internet-based financial solutions and services, including marketplace lending, financial data aggregation and payment processing, including through real-time payment platforms and electronic securities trading. Further, clients may choose to conduct business with other market participants who engage in business or offer products in areas we deem speculative or risky, such as cryptocurrencies, non-fungible tokens, and other digital assets. Competition from non-traditional financial service providers may be further aided by the changing attitudes and policies of banking regulators related to newly issued national charters, charters acquired through acquisitions, and permissible uses of digital assets. The current administration’s broad interpretation of the National Bank Act has spurred a proliferation of national bank charter applications from fintech companies. Additionally, banking regulators have recently rescinded prior guidance that restricted banks from engaging in crypto-related activities and issued a notice of proposed rulemaking related to the issuance of stablecoins permitted under the Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins Act (the GENIUS Act). The resulting increases in competition from these developments or other technological changes may negatively affect our earnings by creating pressure to lower prices or credit standards on our products and services, requiring additional investment to improve the quality and delivery of our technology, and/or reducing our market share, or affecting the willingness of our clients to do business with us.
Interest Rates, Operations and Risk Management
Fluctuating interest rates can adversely affect profitability and shareholders’ equity.
The Bank’s profitability is dependent to a large extent upon net interest income, which is the difference (or “spread”) between the interest earned on loans, investment securities and other interest earning assets and interest paid on deposits, borrowings, and other interest-bearing liabilities. Because of the differences in maturities and repricing characteristics of interest earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, changes in interest rates do not produce equivalent changes in interest income earned on interest earning assets and interest paid on interest bearing liabilities. Accordingly, fluctuations in interest rates could adversely affect the Bank’s interest rate spread, and, in turn, profitability. The Bank seeks to manage its interest rate risk with well-established policies and guidelines. Generally, the Bank seeks an asset and liability structure that insulates net interest income from large deviations attributable to changes in market rates. However, the Bank’s structures and practices to manage interest rate risk may not be effective in a highly volatile rate environment. The Federal Reserve decreased the federal funds target rate three times in 2025, with the most recent decrease occurring in December 2025. The Federal Reserve has communicated that the economic outlook continues to be uncertain, and any future adjustments to the federal funds rate will depend on incoming data. There can be no assurance of the timing or amount of any future rate adjustments. Further, there can be no assurance regarding any forecasts or predictions about the effect that any future rate adjustments may have on our results of operations. Elevated interest rates, or interest rate volatility, could negatively impact deposit growth and mix, the value of our investments, shareholders’ equity, and the Bank’s profitability.
Our business is subject to the risks of earthquakes, floods, fires, and other catastrophic events.
With Bank branches and customers located in Montana, Idaho, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, Nevada, and Texas, our business could be affected by natural catastrophes such as a droughts, fires, earthquakes, or other natural disasters that affect these regions. The occurrence of any of these events may result in a prolonged interruption of our business and the businesses of our customers and could disrupt the insurability of our assets or the assets of our customers that may be material to their ability to repay or provide collateral for our loans, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our future performance will depend on our ability to respond timely to technological change.
The financial services industry continues to experience rapid technological changes with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services by both other regulated entities and by companies that are not subject to the extensive regulations
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applicable to banks. The effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to better serve customers and to reduce costs. Our future success will depend upon our ability to address the needs of our customers by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy customer demands for convenience and additional features, as well as create additional efficiencies in our operations. We may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products or services, or be successful in marketing these products and services. Additionally, the implementation of technological changes and upgrades to maintain current systems and integrate new ones may cause service interruptions, transaction processing errors and system conversion delays and may cause us to fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations. There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully manage the risks associated with increased dependency on technology.
A failure in or breach of the Bank’s operational or security systems, or those of the Bank’s third-party service providers, including as a result of cyberattacks, could disrupt business, result in the disclosure or misuse of confidential or proprietary information, damage our reputation, increase costs and cause losses.
In the normal course of its business, the Bank collects, processes and retains sensitive and confidential customer and consumer information. Despite the security measures we have in place, our facilities and systems may be vulnerable to cyber-attacks, security breaches, acts of vandalism, computer viruses, misplaced or lost data, programming or human errors, attacks enhanced or facilitated by AI, and other similar events.
Information security risks for financial institutions such as the Bank have increased recently in part because of new technologies, the use of the Internet and telecommunications technologies (including mobile devices) to conduct financial and other business transactions, and the increased sophistication and activities of organized crime, foreign actors, hackers, perpetrators of fraud, terrorists and others. In addition to cyberattacks or other security breaches involving the theft of sensitive and confidential information, hackers have engaged in attacks against financial institutions designed to disrupt key business services such as customer-facing web sites. National and international economic and geopolitical conditions may also increase the number of cyber security threats the Bank may face. We may not be able to anticipate or implement effective preventative measures against all security breaches of these types. Although the Bank employs detection and response mechanisms designed to contain and mitigate security incidents, early detection may be thwarted by sophisticated attacks and malware designed to avoid detection, which continue to evolve.
Additionally, the Bank faces the risk of operational disruption, failure, termination or capacity constraints of any of the third parties that facilitate its business activities, including third-party service providers, vendors, exchanges, clearing agents, clearing houses or other financial intermediaries. Such parties could also be the source of an attack on, or breach of, the Bank’s operational systems. Our operational controls and third-party management programs may not always provide adequate oversight and control over these parties. Inadequate performance by third parties can adversely affect our ability to deliver products and services to our customers and conduct our business. Replacing or finding alternatives for underperforming vendors can be difficult and costly, potentially adversely impacting our customers and operations.
Any failures, interruptions or security breaches in our operational or security systems, or those of our third-party service providers, including as a result of cyberattacks, could disrupt business, result in the disclosure or misuse of confidential or proprietary information or a violation of privacy or other laws, or expose us to civil litigation, regulatory fines or losses not covered by insurance, and increase costs.
See “Item 1C. Cybersecurity” for additional information regarding our efforts to detect, identify, assess, manage, and respond to risks from cybersecurity threats.
The Company’s business may be materially affected by the emergence of disruptive new technologies or approaches enabled by the rapid pace of innovation unfolding in the AI space.
The safe and responsible integration of AI technology as it rapidly evolves presents emerging ethical and legal challenges, and the use of such technologies may result in diminished brand trust and reputational harm. As with many innovations, AI presents risks and challenges that could significantly disrupt our business model, such as risks related to implementation of AI technologies, including operational risks stemming from system failures or disruptions of business processes as well as increased costs associated with acquiring, deploying, and maintaining AI technologies. In addition, the use of AI by bad actors presents increasingly complex and sophisticated security threats to our data and the confidential data of our customers and employees. These potential security threats require additional efforts and investments to maintain network security and the security of the data we possess.
The regulatory landscape surrounding AI technologies is also evolving, and the ways in which these technologies will be regulated by federal, state, and local governments, self-regulatory bodies, or other regulatory authorities remains uncertain and may be inconsistent from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Some states within our market areas have enacted or proposed legislation and policies regulating AI with a focus on consumer rights, bias, transparency and misuse. The president has responded by issuing an executive order seeking to centralize AI policies and to identify and challenge inconsistent state laws. Such AI regulations may result in operational costs to modify, maintain, or align our business practices with the rapidly evolving, potentially unclear, or conflicting regulatory regimes, or constrain our ability to develop, deploy, or maintain these technologies.
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We have various anti-takeover measures that could impede a takeover.
Our articles of incorporation include certain provisions that could make it more difficult to acquire us by means of a tender offer, a proxy contest, merger or otherwise. These provisions include a requirement that any “Business Combination” (as defined in the articles of incorporation) be approved by at least 80 percent of the voting power of the then outstanding shares, unless it is either approved by our Board or certain price and procedural requirements are satisfied. In addition, the authorization of preferred stock, which is intended primarily as a financing tool and not as a defensive measure against takeovers, may potentially be used by management to make more difficult uninvited attempts to acquire control of us. These provisions may have the effect of lengthening the time required to acquire control of us through a tender offer, proxy contest or otherwise, and may deter any potentially unfriendly offers or other efforts to obtain control of us. This could deprive our shareholders of opportunities to realize a premium for their common stock in the Company, even in circumstances where such action is favored by a majority of our shareholders.
Regulatory Matters
We operate in a highly regulated environment and changes or increases in, or supervisory enforcement of, banking or other laws and regulations or governmental fiscal or monetary policies could adversely affect us.
We are subject to extensive regulation, supervision and examination by federal and state banking regulators. In addition, as a publicly-traded company, we are subject to regulation by the SEC. Any change in applicable regulations or federal, state or local legislation or in policies or interpretations or regulatory approaches to compliance and enforcement, income tax laws and accounting principles could have a substantial impact on us and our operations. Changes in laws and regulations may also increase expenses by imposing additional fees or taxes or restrictions on operations. Additional legislation and regulations that could significantly affect powers, authority and operations may be enacted or adopted in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Failure to appropriately comply with any such laws, regulations or principles could result in sanctions by regulatory agencies or damage to our reputation, all of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Regulators have significant discretion and authority to prevent or remedy unsafe or unsound practices or violations of laws or regulations by financial institutions and bank holding companies in the performance of their supervisory and enforcement duties. Existing and proposed federal and state laws and regulations restrict, limit, and govern all aspects of our activities and may affect our ability to expand our business over time, may result in an increase in our compliance costs, and may affect our ability to attract and retain qualified executive officers and employees. The exercise of regulatory authority may have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations, including limiting the types of financial services and products we may offer or increasing the ability of non-banks to offer competing financial services and products at a lower cost. Additionally, our business is affected significantly by the fiscal and monetary policies of the federal government and its agencies, including the Federal Reserve. We cannot accurately predict the full effects of recent legislation or the various other governmental, regulatory, monetary and fiscal initiatives which have been and may be enacted.
Increasing regulatory focus on privacy and security issues and expanding laws and regulatory requirements could impact our business models and expose us to increased liability.
We are subject to national data protection, privacy and security laws, regulations and codes of conduct that relate to our various business units and data processing activities, which may include sensitive, confidential, and personal information. These laws, regulations and codes may be inconsistent across jurisdictions and are subject to evolving and differing (sometimes conflicting) interpretations. Government officials and regulators, privacy advocates and class action attorneys are increasingly scrutinizing how companies collect, process, use, store, share and transmit personal data, including the transferring of personal information across international borders. This scrutiny can result in new and shifting interpretations of existing laws, thereby further impacting our business. State laws in the United States on privacy, data and related technologies, as well as industry self-regulatory codes and regulatory requirements, create additional privacy and security compliance obligations and expand the scope of potential liability.
While we have invested in readiness to comply with applicable requirements, the dynamic and evolving nature of these laws, regulations and codes, as well as their interpretation by regulators and courts, may affect our ability to reach current and prospective customers, to respond to individual customer requests under the laws (such as individual rights of access, correction and deletion of their personal information), to implement our business models effectively and to adequately address disclosure requirements. Perception of our practices, products, services or solutions, even if unfounded, as a violation of individual privacy, data protection rights or cybersecurity requirements, subjects us to public criticism, lawsuits, investigations, claims and other proceedings by regulators, industry groups or other third parties, all of which could disrupt or adversely impact our business and reputation and expose us to increased liability, fines and other punitive measures including prohibition on sales of our products, services or solutions, restrictive judicial orders and disgorgement of data.
Non-compliance with the Patriot Act, BSA, or other laws and regulations could result in fines or sanctions and limit our ability to get regulatory approval of acquisitions.
The Patriot Act and BSA require financial institutions to develop programs to prevent financial institutions from being used for money laundering and terrorist activities. Failure to comply with these regulations could result in fines or sanctions and limit our ability to get
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regulatory approval of acquisitions. While we have developed policies and procedures designed to assist in compliance with these laws and regulations, no assurance can be given that these policies and procedures will be effective in preventing violations of these laws and regulations. Failure to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist financing could also have serious reputational consequences for us. Any of these results could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.
Legislative, administrative, and judicial changes to tax laws, regulations, and case law may adversely impact our business and financial performance.
We are subject to the income tax laws of the United States, the states within our footprint, and other jurisdictions where we conduct business. These laws are complex and subject to different interpretations. In determining the provision for income taxes, management makes judgments and estimates about the application of these inherently complex laws, related regulations, and case law. In the process of preparing our tax returns, management attempts to make reasonable interpretations of the tax laws. These interpretations are subject to challenge by the tax authorities upon audit or to reinterpretation based on management’s ongoing assessment of facts and evolving case law. Changes in tax laws, regulations, or case law may result in an adverse impact to our effective tax rate, tax obligations, and financial results. Additionally, challenges made by tax authorities during an audit may result in adjustments to our tax return filings, resulting in similar adverse impacts to our financial position.
General Risk Factors
National and international economic and geopolitical conditions could adversely affect our future results of operations or market price of our stock.
Our business is impacted by factors such as economic, political and market conditions, broad trends in industry and finance, changes in government monetary and fiscal policies, inflation, and financial market volatility, all of which are beyond our control. National and global economies are constantly in flux and are affected by geopolitical instability, including the war in Ukraine, conflicts in the Middle East, and potential for future conflicts or disruptions in other parts of the world. In recent years, supply chain constraints, labor shortages, tariffs, and monetary and fiscal policies have affected inflation. Although inflationary pressures seemed to ease further during 2025, with the annual inflation rate in the United States at 2.7% as of December 2025, as reported by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, inflation remained slightly elevated. Our business may be further impacted by periods of high inflation in the future.
Small to medium-sized businesses may be impacted more during periods of high inflation as they are not able to leverage economies of scale to mitigate cost pressures compared to larger businesses. Consequently, the ability of our business customers to repay their loans may deteriorate, which would adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, a prolonged period of inflation, or a structural shift to a persistently higher inflation environment, could cause wages and other costs to the Company to increase, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Nearly all our assets and liabilities are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates tend to have a more significant impact on our performance than general levels of inflation or deflation. Interest rates do not necessarily move in the same direction or by the same magnitude as the prices of goods and services.
Future economic conditions cannot be predicted, and any renewed deterioration in the economies of the nation as a whole or in our markets could have an adverse effect, which could be material, on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, and could cause the market price of our stock to decline.
Significant changes or developments in U.S. laws or policies, and the reactions of the national and global economy to such changes, may have a material adverse effect on our business.
Significant changes or developments in U.S. laws and policies can materially adversely affect our business. The policies enacted by the current presidential administration (including trade, fiscal, foreign, and monetary policy), the uncertainty surrounding the U.S. debt ceiling, government shutdowns, and administrative agencies such as the CFPB and the Federal Reserve could affect the national and global economy. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of changes in law, government regulations, or operations that may arise from future legislation or administrative or executive action, either in the United States or abroad. We also cannot predict the impact such factors may have on the national and global economy or the magnitude of their impact on our business.
Our business is heavily dependent on the services of members of the senior management team.
We believe our success to date has been substantially dependent on our executive management team. In addition, our unique model relies on the Presidents of our separate Bank divisions, particularly in light of our decentralized management structure in which Bank divisions have significant local decision-making authority. The unexpected loss of any of these individuals could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and future growth prospects.
We could suffer operational, reputational and financial harm if we fail to properly anticipate and manage risk.
We use models and strategies to forecast losses, project revenue, and measure and assess capital requirements for various credit, market, operational and strategic risks. These models require oversight, ongoing monitoring, and periodic reassessment. Models are subject to inherent limitations due to the use of historical trends and simplifying assumptions, uncertainty regarding economic and financial outcomes, and emerging risks from the use of applications that may rely on artificial intelligence. Our models and strategies
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may not be adequate due to limited historical data and shocks caused by extreme or unanticipated market changes, especially during severe market downturns or stress events. Regardless of the steps we take to maintain effective controls, governance, monitoring and testing, and implement new risk management tools, we could suffer operational, reputational and financial harm if our models and strategies and other risk management tools fail to properly anticipate and manage the current and evolving risks we face.
Changes in accounting standards could materially impact our financial statements.
Periodically, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) and the SEC change the financial accounting and reporting standards that govern the preparation of our financial statements. These changes can materially impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. For information regarding the impact of recently issued accounting standards, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”
Climate impacts may materially adversely affect the Company's business, financial condition, and results of operations.
In the U.S., federal policy has shifted away from climate change initiatives, including scaling back participation in international agreements and reducing regulatory requirements for banks to address climate-related risks. Conversely, state and local governments, including some within the Bank’s market areas, have enacted or advanced significant climate change legislation. Consumers and businesses also may voluntarily change their behavior as a result of concerns regarding climate change or related legislation. Both the Bank and its customers will need to respond to changing policies, laws, and regulations as well as consumer and business preferences regarding climate-related concerns. The Bank and its customers may face cost increases, asset value reductions and operating process changes. The impact on our customers will likely vary depending on their specific attributes, including reliance on, or role in, carbon-intensive activities. Among the impacts on the Bank could be a drop in demand for our products and services, particularly in certain sectors, depending on the Bank’s response to climate change legislation and regulations. In addition, we could face reductions in creditworthiness on the part of some customers or in the value of assets securing loans that are affected by the effects of climate change. The Bank attempts to take these risks into account in making lending and other decisions, but the Bank’s efforts may not be effective in protecting the Bank from the negative impact of new laws and regulations or changes in consumer or business behavior.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None
Item 1C. Cybersecurity
Cybersecurity has become a significant issue for financial institutions around the globe, and the Company is no exception. The Company’s management has integrated cybersecurity issues into the Company’s overall risk management system by making cybersecurity risk a key focus of its internal Strategic Technology Committee, Enterprise Risk Management Committee, and Board Risk Oversight Committee. These committees are provided regular updates on the Bank’s cybersecurity risk management program.
The Company has implemented a variety of mechanisms that are designed to detect, identify, assess, manage, and respond to material risks from cybersecurity threats. The Company’s processes for identifying, assessing, and managing cybersecurity risks include:
•a rigorous internal audit process to evaluate the Company’s cybersecurity strategies, with the Audit Committee apprised of risks or control failures that are identified during the audit;
•participation in multiple peer-sharing networks to obtain industry-wide intelligence regarding specific cybersecurity threats and industry best practices to minimize cybersecurity risks;
•participation in simulated cyber-event tabletop exercises designed to test the Company’s incident response capabilities and the robustness of its cybersecurity program;
•an information security program that is regularly reviewed, tested, and updated, and includes vulnerability and patch management programs, incident response planning, security monitoring, employee training, and security awareness testing;
•cybersecurity insurance to mitigate the financial impact of a cybersecurity incident on the Company’s business and financial condition; and
•periodic regulatory examinations that include an assessment of the Company’s cybersecurity management, processes, and controls.
In addition to the internal programs outlined above, the Company engages with external cybersecurity experts to conduct thorough evaluations of the Company’s cybersecurity processes and controls. These third-party consultants conduct periodic comprehensive vulnerability and penetration testing, alongside audits of high-risk technology systems designed to evaluate the efficacy of the Company’s cybersecurity measures. The Company has also retained a third-party cybersecurity firm to assist with the Company’s response to any future cybersecurity breaches.
In order to identify material risks from cybersecurity threats associated with the use of third-party service providers, such as bank operations technology, payroll and benefits administrators, and professional service providers, the Company has established a
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dedicated department within Enterprise Risk Management. This department manages risks of third-parties and evaluates cybersecurity risks associated with the Company’s third-party service providers with the Bank’s Information Technology Department.
The Board's Risk Oversight Committee is responsible for oversight and monitoring of the Company’s cyber risk management profile and related programs. In an effort to ensure transparency and provide appropriate oversight and monitoring, the Chief Risk Officer and Chief Information Security Officer present detailed reports to the Risk Oversight Committee on a quarterly basis. These reports address the current landscape of cybersecurity threats, any notable recent incidents, and a summary of emerging cybersecurity trends. The Board is also regularly furnished with key risk indicators and defined risk parameters with respect to the Company’s cybersecurity program. The Board reviews and approves the Company’s cybersecurity policies at least biennially.
Management's role in assessing and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats is an important and multifaceted component of the Company’s cybersecurity. Appropriate members of the Company’s senior management, including the Chief Information Security Officer (“CISO”), Chief Risk Officer (“CRO”) and Chief Information Officer (“CIO”), are responsible for assessing and managing cybersecurity risks, which involves an ongoing process of identifying, analyzing, evaluating, and addressing the Company's cybersecurity threats.
The Company employs management and staff members who hold top cybersecurity certifications and have acquired the expertise needed to manage the Company’s cybersecurity program, including a range of technical skills such as intrusion detection, network security control, security incident management, and risk assessment. These management and staff members also participate in structured ongoing training to keep current with industry trends and cybersecurity threats.
The CISO has a degree in Business Administration, Finance, and Risk Management from Washington State University. The CISO has over 25 years of experience in cybersecurity and information security. The CISO has maintained a Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) certification for over 20 years.
The CRO has a degree in Business Administration and Finance from the University of Montana. The CRO has over 25 years of combined experience with financial institution risk management, including prior experience as a bank regulator and a credit risk management consultant.
The CIO has dual degrees in Accounting and Computer Science from the University of Montana. The CIO has over 32 years of experience managing information technology at the Company.
The processes by which the relevant members of management are informed about and manage the prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents include conducting cybersecurity risk assessments, establishing network access controls, creating a vulnerability management program, and continuous monitoring for threats.
The Company is not aware of any current cybersecurity threats that are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company’s business strategy, results of operations or financial condition.
See “Item 1A. Risk Factors” for additional information regarding the risks we face from cybersecurity threats.
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Item 2. Properties
The following schedule provides information on the Company’s 281 properties as of December 31, 2025:
| (Dollars in thousands) | Properties Leased | Properties Owned | Net Book Value | ||||||||||||||
| Montana | 6 | 64 | $ | 155,091 | |||||||||||||
| Utah | 6 | 33 | 67,906 | ||||||||||||||
| Idaho | 12 | 27 | 57,870 | ||||||||||||||
| Colorado | 6 | 17 | 24,297 | ||||||||||||||
| Wyoming | 3 | 17 | 21,604 | ||||||||||||||
| Arizona | 8 | 9 | 16,276 | ||||||||||||||
| Nevada | 1 | 6 | 10,048 | ||||||||||||||
| Texas | 14 | 23 | 54,973 | ||||||||||||||
| Washington | 4 | 25 | 39,124 | ||||||||||||||
| Total | 60 | 221 | $ | 447,189 | |||||||||||||
We believe that all of our facilities are well maintained, generally adequate and suitable for the current operations of our business. In the normal course of business, new locations and facility upgrades occur as needed.
For additional information regarding the Company’s premises and equipment and lease obligations, see Note 4 and Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
The Company is involved in various claims, legal actions and complaints which arise in the ordinary course of business. In our opinion, all such matters are adequately covered by insurance, are without merit or are of such kind, or involve such amounts, that unfavorable disposition would not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not Applicable
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PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters
and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The Company’s common stock trades on the NYSE under the symbol GBCI. As of December 31, 2025, there were approximately 2,400 stockholders of record of the Company’s common stock. The closing price per share on December 31, 2025, was $44.05.
In 2025, the Company declared total regular dividends in cash of $1.32 per share. Future cash dividends will depend on a variety of factors, including earnings, capital, asset quality, general economic conditions and regulatory considerations. Information regarding the regulatory considerations is set forth under the heading “Supervision and Regulation” in “Item 1. Business.”
Issuer Stock Purchases
The Company made no stock repurchases during 2025.
Stock Performance Graph
The following graph compares the yearly cumulative total return of the Company’s common stock over a five-year measurement period with the yearly cumulative total return on the stocks included in 1) the Russell 2000 Index; and 2) the KBW NASDAQ Regional Banking Index (“KBW Regional Banking Index”). Total return includes appreciation in market value of the stock as well as the actual cash and stock dividends paid to stockholders. The graph assumes that the value of the each investment was $100 on December 31, 2020 and that all dividends were reinvested.
| Period Ending | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 12/31/20 | 12/31/21 | 12/31/22 | 12/31/23 | 12/31/24 | 12/31/25 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Glacier Bancorp, Inc. | 100.00 | 126.45 | 113.29 | 98.55 | 123.55 | 111.70 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Russell 2000 Index | 100.00 | 114.82 | 91.35 | 106.82 | 119.14 | 134.40 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| KBW Regional Banking Index | 100.00 | 136.64 | 127.17 | 126.67 | 143.39 | 152.71 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Item 6. [Reserved]
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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion is intended to provide a more comprehensive review of the Company’s operating results and financial condition from management’s perspective than can be obtained from reading the Consolidated Financial Statements alone. The information includes management’s assessment of material information relevant to the Company’s financial condition and results of operations, material events and uncertainties that are reasonably likely to cause reported information not to be indicative of future operating results or financial condition, and material financial and statistical information that the Company believes will enhance the investors’ understanding of the Company and its financial results. The discussion should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about the Company’s plans, objectives, expectations and intentions that are not historical facts, and other statements identified by words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “will,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “should,” “projects,” “seeks,” “estimates” or the negative version of those words or other comparable words or phrases of a future or forward-looking nature. These forward-looking statements are based on current beliefs and expectations of management and are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond the Company’s control. In addition, these forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions with respect to future business strategies and decisions that are subject to change. The following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results (express or implied) or other expectations in the forward-looking statements, including those factors set forth under “Risk Factors” and in other sections in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, or the documents incorporated by reference:
•risks associated with lending and potential adverse changes in the credit quality of the Company’s loan portfolio;
•changes in monetary and fiscal policies, including interest rate policies of the Federal Reserve Board, which could adversely affect the Company’s net interest income and margin, the fair value of its financial instruments, profitability, and stockholders’ equity;
•legislative or regulatory changes, including the possibility of increases in FDIC insurance rates and assessments, changes in the review and regulation of bank mergers, or increases or changes in banking and consumer protection regulations, that may adversely affect the Company’s business and strategies;
•risks related to overall economic conditions, including the impact on the economy of a current or future government shutdown, an uncertain interest rate environment, inflationary pressures, future or recently passed legislation and the potential for significant additional changes in economic and trade policies in the current administration;
•risks to the Company’s business and the business of the Company’s customers arising from current or future tariffs or other trade restrictions, labor or supply chain issues, changes in labor force, or geopolitical instability, including the war in Ukraine, conflicts in the Middle East, and the potential for future conflicts or disruptions in other parts of the world;
•risks associated with the Company’s ability to negotiate, complete, and successfully integrate acquisitions;
•costs or difficulties related to the completion and integration of future or recently completed acquisitions;
•impairment of the goodwill recorded by the Company in connection with acquisitions, which may have an adverse impact on earnings and capital;
•reduction in demand for banking products and services, whether as a result of changes in customer behavior, economic conditions, banking environment, or competition;
•deterioration of the reputation of banks and the financial services industry, which could adversely affect the Company's ability to obtain and maintain customers;
•changes in the competitive landscape, including as may result from new market entrants, additional competition from internet-based financial institutions operating nationally, or further consolidation in the financial services industry, resulting in increased competition, including the creation of larger competitors with greater financial resources;
•risks presented by public stock market volatility, which could adversely affect the market price of the Company’s common stock and the ability to raise additional capital or grow through acquisitions;
•risks associated with dependence on the Chief Executive Officer, the senior management team and the Presidents of Glacier Bank’s divisions;
•material failure, potential interruption or breach in security of the Company’s systems or changes in technology which could expose the Company to cybersecurity risks, fraud, system failures, or direct liabilities;
•risks related to natural disasters, including droughts, fires, floods, earthquakes, pandemics, and other unexpected events;
•success in managing risks involved in any of the foregoing; and effects of any reputational damage to the Company resulting from any of the foregoing.
Additional factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in the forward-looking statements are discussed in “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” Please take into account that forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K (or documents incorporated by reference, if applicable). Given the described uncertainties and risks, the Company cannot guarantee its future performance or results of operations and you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. The Company does not undertake any obligation to publicly correct, revise, or update any forward-looking
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statement if it later becomes aware that actual results are likely to differ materially from those expressed in such forward-looking statement, except as may be required under federal securities laws.
FIVE YEAR SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Selected Financial Data
The selected financial data of the Company is derived from the Company’s historical audited financial statements and related notes. The information set forth below should be read in conjunction with “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” contained elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
| December 31, | Compounded Annual Growth Rate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands, except per share data) | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 1-Year | 5-Year | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Selected Statements of Financial Condition Information | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 31,978,063 | $ | 27,902,987 | $ | 27,742,629 | $ | 26,635,375 | $ | 25,940,645 | 14.6 | % | 4.3 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt securities | 7,117,728 | 7,540,052 | 8,288,130 | 9,022,359 | 10,370,013 | (5.6) | % | (7.3) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loans receivable, net | 20,672,477 | 17,055,808 | 16,005,325 | 15,064,529 | 13,259,366 | 21.2 | % | 9.3 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Allowance for credit losses | (255,319) | (206,041) | (192,757) | (182,283) | (172,665) | 23.9 | % | 8.1 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Goodwill and intangibles | 1,483,552 | 1,102,500 | 1,017,263 | 1,026,994 | 1,037,652 | 34.6 | % | 7.4 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deposits | 24,591,096 | 20,546,994 | 19,929,167 | 20,606,555 | 21,337,249 | 19.7 | % | 2.9 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 2,084,113 | 1,777,475 | 1,486,850 | 945,916 | 1,020,794 | 17.3 | % | 15.3 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Federal Home Loan Bank advances | 440,000 | 1,800,000 | — | 1,800,000 | — | (75.6) | % | n/m | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FRB Bank Term Funding | — | — | 2,740,000 | — | — | n/m | n/m | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stockholders’ equity | 4,213,821 | 3,223,854 | 3,020,281 | 2,843,305 | 3,177,622 | 30.7 | % | 5.8 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity per share | 32.42 | 28.43 | 27.24 | 25.67 | 28.71 | 14.0 | % | 2.5 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity as a percentage of total assets | 13.2 | % | 11.6 | % | 10.9 | % | 10.7 | % | 12.3 | % | 14.1 | % | 1.5 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
________________________
n/m - not measurable
| Years ended December 31, | Compounded Annual Growth Rate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands, except per share data) | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 1-Year | 5-Year | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Summary Statements of Operations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | $ | 1,295,797 | $ | 1,139,850 | $ | 1,017,655 | $ | 829,640 | $ | 681,074 | 13.7 | % | 13.7 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | 406,757 | 435,218 | 325,973 | 41,261 | 18,558 | (6.5) | % | 85.4 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net interest income | 889,040 | 704,632 | 691,682 | 788,379 | 662,516 | 26.2 | % | 6.1 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for credit losses | 71,400 | 28,306 | 14,795 | 19,963 | 23,076 | 152.2 | % | 25.3 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-interest income | 141,385 | 128,446 | 118,079 | 120,732 | 144,820 | 10.1 | % | (0.5) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-interest expense | 668,777 | 578,468 | 527,358 | 518,868 | 434,822 | 15.6 | % | 9.0 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income before income taxes | 290,248 | 226,304 | 267,608 | 370,280 | 349,438 | 28.3 | % | (3.6) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Federal and state income tax expense | 51,220 | 36,160 | 44,681 | 67,078 | 64,681 | 41.6 | % | (4.6) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income | $ | 239,028 | $ | 190,144 | $ | 222,927 | $ | 303,202 | $ | 284,757 | 25.7 | % | (3.4) | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Basic earnings per share | $ | 2.00 | $ | 1.68 | $ | 2.01 | $ | 2.74 | $ | 2.87 | 19.0 | % | (7.0) | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Diluted earnings per share | $ | 1.99 | $ | 1.68 | $ | 2.01 | $ | 2.74 | $ | 2.86 | 18.5 | % | (7.0) | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividends declared per share | $ | 1.32 | $ | 1.32 | $ | 1.32 | $ | 1.32 | $ | 1.37 | — | % | (0.7) | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
24
| At or for the Years ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selected Ratios and Other Data | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Return on average assets | 0.81 | % | 0.68 | % | 0.81 | % | 1.15 | % | 1.33 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Return on average equity | 6.59 | % | 6.02 | % | 7.64 | % | 10.43 | % | 11.08 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Dividend payout ratio | 66.00 | % | 78.57 | % | 65.67 | % | 48.18 | % | 47.74 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average equity to average asset ratio | 12.31 | % | 11.33 | % | 10.65 | % | 11.01 | % | 11.99 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Total capital (to risk-weighted assets) | 14.76 | % | 14.49 | % | 14.61 | % | 14.02 | % | 14.21 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) | 12.71 | % | 12.69 | % | 12.85 | % | 12.34 | % | 12.49 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Common Equity Tier 1 (to risk-weighted assets) | 12.71 | % | 12.69 | % | 12.85 | % | 12.34 | % | 12.49 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Tier 1 capital (to average assets) | 9.36 | % | 8.93 | % | 8.71 | % | 8.79 | % | 8.64 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Net interest margin on average earning assets (tax-equivalent) | 3.32 | % | 2.77 | % | 2.73 | % | 3.27 | % | 3.42 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Efficiency ratio 1 | 62.50 | % | 66.71 | % | 62.85 | % | 54.64 | % | 51.35 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Allowance for credit losses as a percent of loans | 1.22 | % | 1.19 | % | 1.19 | % | 1.20 | % | 1.29 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Allowance for credit losses as a percent of nonperforming loans | 373 | % | 774 | % | 799 | % | 557 | % | 255 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-performing assets as a percentage of subsidiary assets | 0.22 | % | 0.10 | % | 0.09 | % | 0.12 | % | 0.26 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-performing assets | $68,895 | 27,786 | 25,631 | 32,742 | 67,691 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loans originated | $6,528,926 | 5,151,138 | 4,449,350 | 8,039,623 | 8,551,419 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Number of full time equivalent employees | 4,087 | 3,441 | 3,294 | 3,390 | 3,436 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Number of locations | 281 | 227 | 221 | 221 | 224 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
______________________________
1 Non-interest expense before OREO expenses, core deposit intangibles amortization, goodwill impairment charges, and non-recurring expense items as a percentage of tax-equivalent net interest income and non-interest income, excluding gains or losses on sale of investments, OREO income, and non-recurring income items.
25
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 COMPARED TO DECEMBER 31, 2024
Highlights and Overview
The Company experienced a strong performance year with an overall increase in net income of 26 percent over the prior year. The year also included two strategic acquisitions with a total of $4.7 billion in assets. The acquisitions expanded the Company’s footprint in existing and new market areas, including its first entrance into the state of Texas. The Company’s total assets exceeded $30 billion at year end which was a milestone for the Company.
Net income for the current year was $239 million, an increase of $48.9 million, or 26 percent, over the prior year net income of $190 million. The increase was primarily driven by the increase in net interest income which more than offset the increase in non-interest expense. Diluted earnings per share for the year was $1.99, an increase of 18 percent, from the 2024 diluted earnings per share of $1.68. Net interest income of $889 million for 2025 increased $184 million, or 26 percent, over 2024 and was primarily driven by increased interest income. Non-interest expense of $669 million for 2025 increased $90.3 million, or 16 percent, during the current year and was primarily driven by increased operating expenses from the current year acquisitions and a $6.7 million increase in acquisition-related expenses. The Company’s increase in credit loss expense of $43.1 million during the current year was primarily driven by a $43.9 million provision for credit losses associated with the current year acquisitions.
The Company's net interest margin for 2025 was 3.32 percent, a 55 basis points increase from the net interest margin of 2.77 percent from 2024, which was primarily driven by the increased loan yields and decreased funding costs combined with a shift in earning asset mix to higher yielding loans and a shift in funding liabilities to lower cost deposits. The earning asset yield of 4.81 percent for the current year increased 37 basis points over the prior year and the total cost of funding yield of 1.60 percent for the current year decreased 19 basis points over the prior year.
The Company ended the year at $31.978 billion in assets, which was a $4.075 billion, or 15 percent, increase over the prior year end and was primarily driven by the increase in the loan portfolio. Loan growth was $3.666 billion, or 21 percent, during 2025 which was driven by both acquisitions and internal loan growth. Total deposits of $24.591 billion increased $4.044 billion, or 20 percent, from the prior year end and was driven by both acquisitions and internal deposit growth. Stockholders’ equity increased $990 million, or $3.99 per share, which was the combined result of earnings retention, $759 million of Company common stock issued for acquisitions and the decrease in the unrealized loss on AFS debt securities in 2025. The Company declared quarterly dividends totaling $1.32 per share during 2025 and 2024.
The Company’s credit risk quality remains at historically low levels, ending the current year with $68.9 million in non-performing assets, or 0.22 percent of subsidiary assets, compared to $27.8 million, or 0.10 percent of subsidiary assets, at prior year end. Net charge-offs for 2025 remained low at 0.06 percent of loans compared to 0.08 percent of loans during the prior year. The Company also continues to maintain an adequate allowance for credit losses at 1.22 percent of loans at year end 2025 compared to 1.19 at prior year end.
During 2025, the Company acquired Guaranty Bancshares, Inc., the parent company of Guaranty Bank & Trust, N.A., a leading community bank headquartered in Mount Pleasant, Texas with total assets of $3.357 billion. In 2025, the Company also acquired Bank of Idaho Holding Co., the bank holding company for Bank of Idaho with total assets of $1.364 billion. For additional information on the acquisitions, see Note 23 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
Looking forward, the Company believes its future performance will depend on many factors including economic conditions in the markets the Company serves, interest rate changes, the level of competition for deposits and loans, loan quality and the ability to increase loans, the impact and successful integration of acquisitions, and managing regulatory requirements and expenses.
26
Financial Highlights
| At or for the Years ended | |||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands, except per share and market data) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | |||||||||
| Operating results | |||||||||||
Net income | $ | 239,028 | 190,144 | ||||||||
Basic earnings per share | $ | 2.00 | 1.68 | ||||||||
Diluted earnings per share | $ | 1.99 | 1.68 | ||||||||
| Dividends declared per share | $ | 1.32 | 1.32 | ||||||||
| Market value per share | |||||||||||
| Closing | $ | 44.05 | 50.22 | ||||||||
| High | $ | 52.81 | 60.67 | ||||||||
| Low | $ | 36.76 | 34.35 | ||||||||
| Selected ratios and other data | |||||||||||
| Number of common stock shares outstanding | 129,971,712 | 113,401,955 | |||||||||
| Average outstanding shares - basic | 119,753,227 | 113,170,157 | |||||||||
| Average outstanding shares - diluted | 119,935,056 | 113,243,427 | |||||||||
Return on average assets | 0.81 | % | 0.68 | % | |||||||
Return on average equity | 6.59 | % | 6.02 | % | |||||||
| Efficiency ratio | 62.50 | % | 66.71 | % | |||||||
Dividend payout ratio | 66.00 | % | 78.57 | % | |||||||
| Loan to deposit ratio | 85.26 | % | 84.17 | % | |||||||
| Number of full time equivalent employees | 4,087 | 3,441 | |||||||||
| Number of locations | 281 | 227 | |||||||||
| Number of automated teller machines (“ATMs”) | 337 | 285 | |||||||||
27
Financial Condition Analysis
Assets
The following table summarizes the Company’s assets as of the dates indicated:
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | $ Change | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,235,261 | $ | 848,408 | $ | 386,853 | 46 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Debt securities, available-for-sale | 4,007,512 | 4,245,205 | (237,693) | (6 | %) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Debt securities, held-to-maturity | 3,110,216 | 3,294,847 | (184,631) | (6 | %) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total debt securities | 7,117,728 | 7,540,052 | (422,324) | (6 | %) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Loans receivable | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Residential real estate | 2,457,907 | 1,858,929 | 598,978 | 32 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate | 13,565,512 | 10,963,713 | 2,601,799 | 24 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other commercial | 3,497,829 | 3,119,535 | 378,294 | 12 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Home equity | 977,206 | 930,994 | 46,212 | 5 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other consumer | 429,342 | 388,678 | 40,664 | 10 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Loans receivable | 20,927,796 | 17,261,849 | 3,665,947 | 21 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Allowance for credit losses | (255,319) | (206,041) | (49,278) | 24 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Loans receivable, net | 20,672,477 | 17,055,808 | 3,616,669 | 21 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other assets | 2,952,597 | 2,458,719 | 493,878 | 20 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 31,978,063 | $ | 27,902,987 | $ | 4,075,076 | 15 | % | |||||||||||||||
The Company continues to maintain a strong cash position of $1.235 billion at December 31, 2025, which was an increase of $387 million, or 46 percent, over the prior year. Total debt securities of $7.118 billion at December 31, 2025 decreased $422 million, or 6 percent, from the prior year end. Debt securities represented 22 percent of total assets at December 31, 2025 compared to 27 percent at December 31, 2024.
The loan portfolio of $20.928 billion at December 31, 2025 increased $3.666 billion, or 21 percent, during 2025. Excluding the Guaranty and BOID acquisitions, the loan portfolio increased $488 million, or 3 percent, during 2025 and the loan category with the largest dollar increase during 2025 was commercial real estate, which increased $474 million, or 4 percent, from the prior year end.
28
Liabilities
The following table summarizes the Company’s liabilities as of the dates indicated:
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | $ Change | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||
| Deposits | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-interest bearing deposits | $ | 7,314,779 | $ | 6,136,709 | $ | 1,178,070 | 19 | % | |||||||||||||||
| NOW and DDA accounts | 6,236,551 | 5,543,512 | 693,039 | 13 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Savings accounts | 3,158,939 | 2,845,124 | 313,815 | 11 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Money market deposit accounts | 3,948,201 | 2,878,213 | 1,069,988 | 37 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Certificate accounts | 3,928,550 | 3,139,821 | 788,729 | 25 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Core deposits, total | 24,587,020 | 20,543,379 | 4,043,641 | 20 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Wholesale deposits | 4,076 | 3,615 | 461 | 13 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Deposits, total | 24,591,096 | 20,546,994 | 4,044,102 | 20 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 2,084,113 | 1,777,475 | 306,638 | 17 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Federal Home Loan Bank advances | 440,000 | 1,800,000 | (1,360,000) | (76 | %) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other borrowed funds | 51,473 | 62,062 | (10,589) | (17 | %) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Finance lease liabilities | 28,808 | 21,279 | 7,529 | 35 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Subordinated debentures | 187,492 | 133,105 | 54,387 | 41 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other liabilities | 381,260 | 338,218 | 43,042 | 13 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total liabilities | $ | 27,764,242 | $ | 24,679,133 | $ | 3,085,109 | 13 | % | |||||||||||||||
Total deposits of $24.591 billion at December 31, 2025 increased $4.044 billion, or 20 percent, from the prior year end. Excluding acquisitions, total deposits increased $259 million, or 1 percent, from the prior year end.
Non-interest bearing deposits of $7.315 billion at December 31, 2025 increased $1.178 billion, or 19 percent, from the prior year end. Excluding acquisitions, total non-interest bearing deposits increased $74.8 million or 1 percent, from the prior year end. Non-interest bearing deposits represented 30 percent of total deposits at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) advances of $440 million decreased $1.360 billion, or 76 percent, from the prior year end. Subordinated debentures of $187 million increased $54.4 million, or 41 percent, from the prior year and included an increase of $23.8 million and $39.6 million from the acquisitions of BOID and Guaranty, respectively.
Stockholders’ Equity
The following table summarizes the stockholders’ equity balances as of the dates indicated:
| (Dollars in thousands, except per share data) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | $ Change | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||
| Common equity | $ | 4,380,931 | $ | 3,533,150 | $ | 847,781 | 24 | % | |||||||||||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (167,110) | (309,296) | 142,186 | (46 | %) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total stockholders’ equity | 4,213,821 | 3,223,854 | 989,967 | 31 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
Goodwill and core deposit intangible, net | (1,483,552) | (1,102,500) | (381,052) | 35 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Tangible stockholders’ equity | $ | 2,730,269 | $ | 2,121,354 | $ | 608,915 | 29 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Stockholders’ equity to total assets | 13.18 | % | 11.55 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Tangible stockholders’ equity to total tangible assets | 8.95 | % | 7.92 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Book value per common share | $ | 32.42 | $ | 28.43 | $ | 3.99 | 14 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Tangible book value per common share | $ | 21.01 | $ | 18.71 | $ | 2.30 | 12 | % | |||||||||||||||
Tangible stockholders’ equity of $2.730 billion at December 31, 2025 increased $609 million, or 29 percent, compared to the prior year end and was primarily due to the $759 million of Company common stock issued in connection with the acquisitions of BOID and Guaranty and a $142 million decrease in other comprehensive loss. The increase was partially offset by the increase in goodwill and core deposit intangible associated with the BOID and Guaranty acquisitions. Tangible book value per common share of $21.01 at December 31, 2025 increased $2.30 per share, or 12 percent, from the prior year end.
29
Results of Operations
In this section, the Company’s results of operations are discussed for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. For a discussion of the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, please refer to Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Income Summary
The following table summarizes income for the time periods indicated:
| Years ended | $ Change | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Net interest income | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | $ | 1,295,797 | $ | 1,139,850 | $ | 155,947 | 14 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | 406,757 | 435,218 | (28,461) | (7 | %) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total net interest income | 889,040 | 704,632 | 184,408 | 26 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Non-interest income | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Service charges and other fees | 85,070 | 78,894 | 6,176 | 8 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Miscellaneous loan fees and charges | 20,443 | 18,694 | 1,749 | 9 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Gain on sale of loans | 18,205 | 16,855 | 1,350 | 8 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Gain on sale of investments | — | 30 | (30) | (100 | %) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other income | 17,667 | 13,973 | 3,694 | 26 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total non-interest income | 141,385 | 128,446 | 12,939 | 10 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total income | $ | 1,030,425 | $ | 833,078 | $ | 197,347 | 24 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Net interest margin (tax-equivalent) | 3.32 | % | 2.77 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Net Interest Income
Net interest income of $889 million for 2025 increased $184 million, or 26 percent, from the prior year and was primarily driven by increased interest income and decreased interest expense. Interest income of $1.296 billion for 2025 increased $156 million, or 14 percent, from the prior year and was primarily attributable to the increase in the loan portfolio and an increase in loan yields. The loan yield was 5.93 percent for 2025, an increase of 32 basis points from the prior year loan yield of 5.61 percent.
Interest expense of $407 million for 2025 decreased $28 million, or 7 percent, from the prior year and was primarily the result of lower interest rates on deposits and a decrease in higher cost borrowings. Deposit cost (including non-interest bearing deposits) was 1.25 percent for 2025, which was a decrease of 9 basis points from the prior year deposit costs of 1.34 percent. The total funding cost (including non-interest bearing deposits) for 2025 was 1.60 percent, which was a decrease of 19 basis points over the prior year funding cost of 1.79 percent.
The net interest margin as a percentage of earning assets, on a tax-equivalent basis, during 2025 was 3.32 percent, a 55 basis points increase from the net interest margin of 2.77 percent for the prior year. Excluding the 5 basis points from discount accretion, the core net interest margin was 3.27 percent in the current year compared to 2.72 percent in the prior year. The increase in net interest margin from the prior year was primarily driven by increased loan yields and decreased funding costs combined with a shift in earning asset mix to higher yielding loans and a shift in funding liabilities to lower cost deposits.
Non-interest Income
Non-interest income of $141 million for 2025 increased $12.9 million, or 10 percent, over the prior year. Service charges and other fees of $85.1 million for 2025 increased $6.2 million, or 8 percent, over the prior year. Gain on sale of residential loans of $18.2 million for 2025 increased by $1.4 million, or 8 percent, over the prior year. Other income of $17.7 million for 2025 increased $3.7 million over the prior year. Included in the current year other income was $2.8 million of income related to bank owned life insurance proceeds.
30
Non-interest Expense
The following table summarizes non-interest expense for the periods indicated:
| Years ended | $ Change | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Compensation and employee benefits | $ | 393,295 | $ | 336,906 | $ | 56,389 | 17 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Occupancy and equipment | 55,617 | 47,055 | 8,562 | 18 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Advertising and promotions | 17,767 | 16,132 | 1,635 | 10 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Data processing | 42,744 | 36,887 | 5,857 | 16 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other real estate owned and foreclosed assets | 292 | 217 | 75 | 35 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
Regulatory assessments and insurance | 22,675 | 24,194 | (1,519) | (6 | %) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Core deposit intangibles amortization | 15,887 | 12,757 | 3,130 | 25 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other expenses | 120,500 | 104,320 | 16,180 | 16 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total non-interest expense | $ | 668,777 | $ | 578,468 | $ | 90,309 | 16 | % | |||||||||||||||
Total non-interest expense of $669 million for 2025 increased $90.3 million, or 16 percent, over the same period in the prior year and was primarily driven by increased costs from recent acquisitions. Compensation and employee benefits expense of $393 million in 2025 increased $56.4 million, or 17 percent, over the prior year and was primarily driven by annual salary increases and staffing increases from acquisitions. Regulatory assessment and insurance expense of $22.7 million for 2025 decreased $1.5 million, or 6 percent, from the prior year primarily as a result of adjustments to the FDIC special assessment. Other expenses of $121 million for 2025 increased $16.2 million, or 16 percent, from the prior year. Included in other expenses was $16.6 million of acquisition-related expenses in the current year compared to $9.9 million in the prior year. Other expenses also included gains from the sale of former branch facilities of $2.8 million in the current year and $5.6 million in the prior year.
Provision for Credit Losses
The following table summarizes the provision for credit losses on the loan portfolio, net charge-offs and select ratios relating to the provision for credit losses on loans for the previous eight quarters:
| (Dollars in thousands) | Provision for Credit Losses on Loans | Net Charge-Offs (Recoveries) | ACL as a Percent of Loans | Accruing Loans 30-89 Days Past Due as a Percent of Loans | Non-Performing Assets to Total Sub-sidiary Assets | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fourth quarter 2025 | $ | 32,491 | $ | 6,368 | 1.22 | % | 0.38 | % | 0.22 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Third quarter 2025 | 5,192 | 2,914 | 1.22 | % | 0.21 | % | 0.19 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Second quarter 2025 | 18,009 | 1,645 | 1.22 | % | 0.29 | % | 0.17 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||
| First quarter 2025 | 6,154 | 1,795 | 1.22 | % | 0.27 | % | 0.14 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Fourth quarter 2024 | 6,041 | 5,170 | 1.19 | % | 0.19 | % | 0.10 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Third quarter 2024 | 6,981 | 2,766 | 1.19 | % | 0.33 | % | 0.10 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Second quarter 2024 | 5,066 | 2,890 | 1.19 | % | 0.29 | % | 0.06 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||
| First quarter 2024 | 9,091 | 3,072 | 1.19 | % | 0.37 | % | 0.09 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||
The provision for credit loss expense was $71.4 million for 2025, an increase of $43.1 million, or 152 percent, over the same period in the prior year. Included in the current year provision for credit losses was $43.9 million from current year acquisitions and included in the prior year provision for credit losses was $9.7 million from acquisitions in the prior year. Net charge-offs for 2025 were $12.7 million compared to $13.9 million in 2024.
Efficiency Ratio
The efficiency ratio was 62.50 percent for 2025 compared to 66.71 percent for 2024. The improvement from the prior year was primarily attributable to the increase in net interest income that outpaced the increase in non-interest expense.
31
ADDITIONAL MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Investment Activity
The Company’s investment securities primarily consist of debt securities classified as either available-for-sale (“AFS”) or held-to-maturity (“HTM”). Equity securities primarily consist of capital stock issued by the FHLB of Des Moines. For additional information on debt and equity securities, see Notes 1 and 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
Debt Securities
Debt securities classified as AFS are carried at estimated fair value and debt securities classified as HTM are carried at amortized cost. Unrealized gains or losses, net of tax, on available-for-sale debt securities are reflected as an adjustment to other comprehensive income. The Company’s debt securities are summarized below:
| December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Carrying Amount | Percent | Carrying Amount | Percent | |||||||||||||||||||
Available-for-sale | |||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government and federal agency | $ | 255,930 | 4 | % | $ | 468,433 | 6 | % | |||||||||||||||
U.S. government sponsored enterprises | 312,488 | 4 | % | 310,154 | 4 | % | |||||||||||||||||
State and local governments | 164,084 | 2 | % | 68,680 | 1 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Corporate bonds | 33,949 | 1 | % | 14,503 | 1 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 2,215,119 | 31 | % | 2,355,516 | 31 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 1,025,942 | 14 | % | 1,027,919 | 14 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Total available-for-sale | 4,007,512 | 56 | % | 4,245,205 | 57 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Held-to-maturity | |||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government and federal agency | 865,696 | 12 | % | 859,432 | 11 | % | |||||||||||||||||
State and local governments | 1,587,673 | 23 | % | 1,619,850 | 21 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 656,847 | 9 | % | 815,565 | 11 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Total held-to-maturity | 3,110,216 | 44 | % | 3,294,847 | 43 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Total debt securities | $ | 7,117,728 | 100 | % | $ | 7,540,052 | 100 | % | |||||||||||||||
The Company’s debt securities were primarily comprised of U.S. government and federal agency and mortgage-backed securities. State and local government securities are largely exempt from federal income tax and the Company’s federal statutory income tax rate of 21 percent is used in calculating the tax-equivalent yields on the tax-exempt securities. Mortgage-backed securities largely consists of short, weighted-average life U.S. agency guaranteed residential and commercial mortgage pass-through securities and to a lesser extent, short, weighted-average life U.S. agency guaranteed residential collateralized mortgage obligations. Combined, the mortgage-backed securities provide the Company with ongoing liquidity as scheduled and pre-paid principal is received on the securities.
State and local government securities carry different risks that are not as prevalent in other security types. The Company evaluates the investment grade quality of these securities in accordance with regulatory guidance. Investment grade securities are those where the issuer has an adequate capacity to meet the financial commitments under the security for the projected life of the investment. An issuer has an adequate capacity to meet financial commitments if the risk of default by the obligor is low and the full and timely payment of principal and interest are expected. In assessing credit risk, the Company may use credit ratings from Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations (“NRSRO”) entities such as S&P and Moody’s as support for the evaluation; however, they are not solely relied upon. There have been no significant differences in the Company’s internal evaluation of the creditworthiness of any issuer when compared with the ratings assigned by the NRSROs.
The following table stratifies the state and local government securities by the associated NRSRO ratings. The highest issued rating was used to categorize the securities in the table for those securities where the NRSRO ratings were not at the same level.
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| December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||
S&P: AAA / Moody’s: Aaa | $ | 470,591 | 430,538 | 429,267 | 379,793 | ||||||||||||||||||
S&P: AA+, AA, AA- / Moody’s: Aa1, Aa2, Aa3 | 1,228,601 | 1,093,684 | 1,207,309 | 1,046,083 | |||||||||||||||||||
S&P: A+, A, A- / Moody’s: A1, A2, A3 | 45,339 | 45,083 | 48,143 | 47,345 | |||||||||||||||||||
Not rated by either entity | 8,447 | 8,170 | 6,868 | 6,617 | |||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 1,752,978 | 1,577,475 | 1,691,587 | 1,479,838 | ||||||||||||||||||
State and local government securities largely consist of both taxable and tax-exempt general obligation and revenue bonds. The following table stratifies the state and local government securities by the associated security type.
| December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||
General obligation - unlimited | $ | 368,095 | 348,356 | 348,129 | 322,414 | ||||||||||||||||||
General obligation - limited | 204,370 | 185,810 | 172,537 | 151,445 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Revenue | 1,142,091 | 1,008,112 | 1,135,421 | 974,076 | |||||||||||||||||||
Certificate of participation | 35,134 | 31,854 | 35,443 | 31,846 | |||||||||||||||||||
Other | 3,288 | 3,343 | 57 | 57 | |||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 1,752,978 | 1,577,475 | 1,691,587 | 1,479,838 | ||||||||||||||||||
The following table outlines the five states in which the Company owns the highest concentrations of state and local government securities.
| December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||
| New York | $ | 367,478 | 332,746 | 370,189 | 329,252 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Texas | 204,775 | 194,031 | 118,219 | 104,938 | |||||||||||||||||||
| California | 108,915 | 101,273 | 111,324 | 101,021 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Washington | 86,633 | 78,960 | 92,198 | 82,872 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Colorado | 77,665 | 68,872 | 79,987 | 69,527 | |||||||||||||||||||
All other states | 907,512 | 801,593 | 919,670 | 792,228 | |||||||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 1,752,978 | 1,577,475 | 1,691,587 | 1,479,838 | ||||||||||||||||||
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The following table presents the carrying amount and weighted-average yield of AFS and HTM debt securities by contractual maturity at December 31, 2025. Weighted-average yields are based upon the amortized cost of securities and are calculated using the interest method which takes into consideration premium amortization, discount accretion and mortgage-backed securities’ prepayment provisions. Weighted-average yields on tax-exempt debt securities exclude the related federal income tax benefit.
| One Year or Less | After One through Five Years | After Five through Ten Years | After Ten Years | Mortgage-Backed Securities 1 | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Amount | Yield | Amount | Yield | Amount | Yield | Amount | Yield | Amount | Yield | Amount | Yield | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Available-for-sale | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government and federal agency | $ | 193,130 | 1.39 | % | $ | 55,664 | 3.66 | % | $ | 1,052 | 4.81 | % | $ | 6,084 | 3.80 | % | $ | — | — | % | $ | 255,930 | 1.96 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government sponsored enterprises | 241,761 | 1.32 | % | 70,727 | 1.56 | % | — | — | % | — | — | % | — | — | % | 312,488 | 1.37 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
State and local governments | 15,550 | 1.79 | % | 26,341 | 2.45 | % | 73,623 | 2.65 | % | 48,570 | 3.72 | % | — | — | % | 164,084 | 2.85 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Corporate bonds | 11,993 | 5.22 | % | 14,902 | 5.49 | % | 6,328 | 5.58 | % | 726 | 0.46 | % | — | — | % | 33,949 | 5.30 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Residential mortgage-backed securities | — | — | % | — | — | % | — | — | % | — | — | % | 2,215,119 | 1.41 | % | 2,215,119 | 1.41 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | — | — | % | — | — | % | — | — | % | — | — | % | 1,025,942 | 3.64 | % | 1,025,942 | 3.64 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total available-for-sale | 462,434 | 1.47 | % | 167,634 | 2.73 | % | 81,003 | 2.90 | % | 55,380 | 3.69 | % | 3,241,061 | 2.10 | % | 4,007,512 | 2.09 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Held-to-maturity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government and federal agency | 288,833 | 1.08 | % | 576,863 | 1.20 | % | — | — | % | — | — | % | — | — | % | 865,696 | 1.16 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| State and local governments | 8,923 | 3.65 | % | 108,034 | 3.63 | % | 274,562 | 3.37 | % | 1,196,154 | 3.02 | % | — | — | % | 1,587,673 | 3.13 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Residential mortgage-backed securities | — | — | % | — | — | % | — | — | % | — | — | % | 656,847 | 0.99 | % | 656,847 | 0.99 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total held-to-maturity | 297,756 | 1.16 | % | 684,897 | 1.58 | % | 274,562 | 3.37 | % | 1,196,154 | 3.02 | % | 656,847 | 0.99 | % | 3,110,216 | 2.31 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total debt securities | $ | 760,190 | 1.35 | % | $ | 852,531 | 1.81 | % | $ | 355,565 | 3.26 | % | $ | 1,251,534 | 3.05 | % | $ | 3,897,908 | 1.92 | % | $ | 7,117,728 | 2.11 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
______________________________
1 Mortgage-backed securities, which have prepayment provisions, are not assigned to maturity categories due to fluctuations in their prepayment speeds.
Based on an analysis of its AFS debt securities with unrealized losses as of December 31, 2025, the Company determined their decline in value was unrelated to credit loss and was primarily the result of interest rate changes and market spreads subsequent to acquisition. The fair value of the debt securities is expected to recover as payments are received and the debt securities approach maturity. In addition, the Company determined an insignificant amount of credit losses is expected on the HTM debt securities portfolio; therefore, no ACL has been recognized at December 31, 2025.
34
Lending Activity
The Company focuses its lending activities primarily on the following types of loans: 1) first-mortgage, conventional loans secured by residential properties, particularly single-family; 2) commercial lending, including agriculture and public entities; and 3) installment lending for consumer purposes (e.g., home equity, automobile, etc.).
Loan information is based on the Company’s loan segments, which are based on the purpose of the loan, unless otherwise noted as a regulatory classification. Supplemental information regarding the Company’s loan portfolio and credit quality based on regulatory classification is provided in the section captioned “Loans by Regulatory Classification” included in “Part II. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” The regulatory classification of loans is based primarily on the type of collateral for the loans.
The following table summarizes the Company’s loan portfolio as of the dates indicated:
| December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Amount | Percent | Amount | Percent | |||||||||||||||||||
Residential real estate | $ | 2,457,907 | 12 | % | $ | 1,858,929 | 11 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate | 13,565,512 | 65 | % | 10,963,713 | 64 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Other commercial | 3,497,829 | 17 | % | 3,119,535 | 18 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Home equity | 977,206 | 5 | % | 930,994 | 6 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Other consumer | 429,342 | 2 | % | 388,678 | 2 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Loans receivable | 20,927,796 | 101 | % | 17,261,849 | 101 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Allowance for credit losses | (255,319) | (1 | %) | (206,041) | (1 | %) | |||||||||||||||||
Loans receivable, net | $ | 20,672,477 | 100 | % | $ | 17,055,808 | 100 | % | |||||||||||||||
The stated maturities or first repricing term (if applicable) for the loan portfolio at December 31, 2025 was as follows:
| (Dollars in thousands) | Residential Real Estate | Commercial | Consumer and Other | Total | |||||||||||||||||||
| Variable rate maturing or repricing | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| In one year or less | $ | 507,135 | 5,162,116 | 748,330 | 6,417,581 | ||||||||||||||||||
| After one through five years | 1,005,376 | 5,726,899 | 246,816 | 6,979,091 | |||||||||||||||||||
| After five through fifteen years | 187,612 | 174,758 | 36 | 362,406 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Thereafter | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed rate maturing | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| In one year or less | 242,651 | 1,856,951 | 162,160 | 2,261,762 | |||||||||||||||||||
| After one through five years | 254,730 | 3,105,926 | 204,401 | 3,565,057 | |||||||||||||||||||
| After five through fifteen years | 259,794 | 1,005,237 | 7,048 | 1,272,079 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Thereafter | 609 | 31,454 | 37,757 | 69,820 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 2,457,907 | 17,063,341 | 1,406,548 | 20,927,796 | ||||||||||||||||||
Residential Real Estate Lending
The Company’s residential lending activities consist of the origination of both construction and permanent loans on residential real estate. The Company actively solicits residential real estate loan applications from real estate brokers, contractors, existing customers, customer referrals, and online applications. The Company’s lending policies generally limit the maximum loan-to-value ratio on residential mortgage loans to 80 percent of the lesser of the appraised value or purchase price. Policies allow for higher loan-to-values with appropriate risk mitigation such as documented compensating factors, credit enhancement, and other factors. For loans held for sale, the Company complies with each investor’s loan-to-value guidelines. The Company also provides interim construction financing for single-family dwellings. These loans are supported by a term take-out commitment that may be subject to certain contingencies.
35
Consumer Land or Lot Loans
The Company originates land and lot acquisition loans to borrowers who intend to construct their primary residence on the respective land or lot. These loans are generally for a term of three to five years and are secured by the developed land or lot with the loan-to-value limited to the lesser of 75 percent of the appraised value or 75 percent of the cost.
Unimproved Land and Land Development Loans
Although the Company has originated very few unimproved land and land development loans since the economic downturn in 2008, the Company may originate such loans on properties intended for residential and commercial use where real estate market conditions show significant strength. These loans are typically made for a term of 18 months to two years and are secured by the developed property with a loan-to-value not to exceed the lesser of 75 percent of cost or 65 percent of the appraised discounted estimated bulk sale value upon completion of the improvements. The projects under development are inspected on a regular basis and advances are made on a percentage-of-completion basis. The loans are made to borrowers with real estate development experience and appropriate financial strength. Generally, the Company requires that a certain percentage of the development be pre-sold or that construction and term take-out commitments are in place prior to funding the loan. Loans made on unimproved land are generally made for a term of five to ten years with a loan-to-value not to exceed the lesser of 50 percent of appraised value or 50 percent of cost.
Residential Builder Guidance Lines
The Company provides Builder Guidance Lines that are comprised of pre-sold and spec-home construction and lot acquisition loans. The spec-home construction and lot acquisition loans are limited to a specific number and maximum amount. Generally, the individual loans will not exceed a one year maturity. The homes under construction are inspected on a regular basis and advances made on a percentage-of-completion basis.
Construction Loans
During the construction loan term, all construction loan collateral properties are inspected at least monthly, or more frequently as needed, until completion. Draws on construction loans are predicated upon the results of the inspection and advanced on a percentage-of-completion basis versus original budget percentages. When construction loans become non-performing and the associated project is not complete, the Company on a case-by-case basis makes the decision to advance additional funds or to initiate collection/foreclosure proceedings. Such decision includes obtaining “as-is” and “at completion” appraisals for consideration of potential increases or decreases in the collateral’s value. The Company also considers the increased costs of monitoring progress to completion, and the related collection/holding period costs should collateral ownership be transferred to the Company.
Commercial Real Estate Loans
Loans are made to purchase, construct and finance commercial real estate properties. These loans are generally made to borrowers who will own and occupy the property, but may include loans to finance investment or income properties. Commercial real estate loans generally have a loan-to-value up to the lesser of 75 percent of the appraised value or 75 percent of the cost and require a minimum 1.2 times debt service coverage margin.
Agricultural Lending
Agricultural lending is conducted on a conservative basis and consists of operating credits, term real estate loans for the acquisition or refinance of agricultural real estate or equipment, and term livestock loans for the acquisition or refinance of livestock. Loan-to-value on equipment, livestock and agricultural real estate is generally limited to 75 percent.
Home Equity Loans
Home equity lines of credit are generally originated with maturity terms of 15 years. At origination, borrowers can choose a variable interest rate that changes quarterly, or after the first 3 or 5 years from the origination date. The draw period for home equity lines of credit usually exists from origination to maturity. During the draw period, the Company has home equity lines of credit where the borrowers pay interest only and home equity lines of credit where borrowers pay principal and interest.
Consumer Lending
The majority of consumer loans are secured by real estate, automobiles, or other assets. The Company intends to continue making such loans because of their short-term nature, generally between three months and five years. Moreover, interest rates on consumer loans are generally higher than on residential mortgage loans.
States and Political Subdivisions Lending
The Company lends directly to state and local political subdivisions. The loans are typically secured by the full faith and credit of the municipality or a specific revenue stream such as water or sewer fees. In general, state and local political subdivision loans carry a low risk of default and offer other complementary business opportunities such as deposits and cash management. The loans are generally long-term in nature and interest on many of these loans is tax-exempt for federal income tax purposes.
36
Credit Risk Management
The Company is committed to a conservative management of the credit risk within the loan portfolio, including the early recognition of problem loans. The Company’s credit risk management includes stringent credit policies, individual loan approval limits, limits on concentrations of credit, and committee approval of larger loan requests. Management practices also include regular internal and external credit examinations, identification and review of individual loans and leases experiencing deterioration of credit quality, procedures for the collection of non-performing assets, quarterly monitoring of the loan portfolio, semi-annual review of loans by industry, and periodic stress testing of the loans secured by real estate. Federal and state regulatory safety and soundness examinations are conducted annually.
The Company’s loan policy and credit administration practices establish standards and limits for all extensions of credit that are secured by interests in or liens on real estate, or made for the purpose of financing the construction of real property or other improvements. Ongoing monitoring and review of the loan portfolio is based on current information, including: the borrowers’ and guarantors’ creditworthiness, value of the real estate and other collateral, the project’s performance against projections, and monthly inspections by Company employees or external parties until the real estate project is complete.
Monitoring of the junior lien and home equity lines of credit portfolios includes evaluating payment delinquency, collateral values, bankruptcy notices and foreclosure filings. Additionally, the Company places junior lien mortgages and junior lien home equity lines of credit on non-accrual status when there is evidence that the associated senior lien is 90 days past due or is in the process of foreclosure, regardless of the junior lien delinquency status.
Due to the recent trends in the banking industry, there has been increased risk associated with commercial real estate loans, including with respect to the higher vulnerability of these credits to pressure as interest rates remain elevated and market conditions in many large metropolitan areas continue to show signs of stress. The Company has limited exposure to the office building sector in central business districts as the office portfolio is generally diversified in suburban and rural markets with strong occupancy levels.
The Company maintains a practice of regular and ongoing loan reviews, stress tests, and sensitivity analyses to assess the level of risk in the loan portfolio. Loan reviews include monitoring past due rates, non-performing trends, concentrations, LTV’s, among other qualitative factors. Loan policies are robust and are updated as needed to meet the strategic and risk mitigation goals of the company.
The largest category of the Company’s loan portfolio is Commercial Real Estate (“CRE”). An additional breakdown of the Company’s CRE portfolio based on the use of the property follows:
| December 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Owner Occupied | Non-Owner Occupied | Total | Percent of total CRE | |||||||||||||||||||
| Office | $ | 701,819 | $ | 894,540 | $ | 1,596,359 | 11.8 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Retail | 534,898 | 943,711 | 1,478,609 | 10.9 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Industrial and warehouse | 845,214 | 465,135 | 1,310,349 | 9.7 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Multi-family | — | 1,246,632 | 1,246,632 | 9.2 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Mini and RV Storage | 20,063 | 633,310 | 653,373 | 4.8 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Agriculture real estate | 740,858 | — | 740,858 | 5.5 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Hotel | — | 752,960 | 752,960 | 5.6 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Medical and nursing | 329,169 | 311,758 | 640,927 | 4.7 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Land | 92,063 | 569,789 | 661,852 | 4.9 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Automotive and transportation | 341,760 | 68,772 | 410,532 | 3.0 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Restaurant and entertainment | 268,512 | 113,896 | 382,408 | 2.8 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other commercial real estate | 3,094,970 | 595,683 | 3,690,653 | 27.2 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial real estate | $ | 6,969,326 | $ | 6,596,186 | $ | 13,565,512 | 100 | % | |||||||||||||||
37
The following table summarizes the Company’s CRE portfolio by geographic location as of the dates indicated:
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | ||||||||||
| Amount | Percent of total CRE | ||||||||||
| Montana | $ | 3,127,299 | 23.1 | % | |||||||
| Utah | 2,113,864 | 15.6 | % | ||||||||
| Idaho | 1,916,550 | 14.1 | % | ||||||||
| Arizona | 1,364,234 | 10.1 | % | ||||||||
| Texas | 1,316,271 | 9.7 | % | ||||||||
| Colorado | 1,131,223 | 8.3 | % | ||||||||
| Washington | 988,627 | 7.3 | % | ||||||||
| Wyoming | 840,252 | 6.2 | % | ||||||||
| Nevada | 767,192 | 5.7 | % | ||||||||
| Total commercial real estate | $ | 13,565,512 | 100 | % | |||||||
The CRE portfolio is comprised of loans made to purchase, construct and finance commercial real estate properties. On average, the balances are small and geographically disbursed across our nine-state footprint. Specifically, our CRE portfolio has an average loan balance of $795 thousand with an average loan-to-value ratio (“LTV”) of 57% as of December 31, 2025.
Loan Approval Limits
Individual loan approval limits have been established for each lender based on the loan types and experience of the individual. There are four additional loan approval levels: 1) the Bank divisions’ Officer Loan Committees, consisting of senior lenders and members of senior management; 2) the Bank divisions’ advisory boards; 3) the Bank’s Executive Loan Committee, consisting of the Bank divisions’ senior loan officers and the Company’s Chief Credit Administrator; and 4) the Bank’s Board of Directors. Under banking laws, loans-to-one-borrower and related entities are limited to a prescribed percentage of the unimpaired capital and surplus of the Bank.
Interest Reserves
Interest reserves are used to periodically advance loan funds to pay interest charges on the outstanding balance of the related loan. As with any extension of credit, the decision to establish a loan-funded interest reserve upon origination of construction loans, including residential construction and land, lot and other construction loans, is based on prudent underwriting, including the feasibility of the project, expected cash flow, creditworthiness of the borrower and guarantors, and the protection provided by the real estate and other underlying collateral. Interest reserves provide an effective means for addressing the cash flow characteristics of construction loans. In response to the downturn in the housing market and potential impact upon construction lending, the Company discourages the creation or continued use of interest reserves.
Interest reserves are advanced provided the related construction loan is performing as expected. Loans with interest reserves may be extended, renewed or restructured only when the related loan continues to perform as expected and meets the prudent underwriting standards identified above. Such renewals, extension or restructuring are not permitted in order to keep the related loan current.
In monitoring the performance and credit quality of a construction loan, the Company assesses the adequacy of any remaining interest reserve, and whether the use of an interest reserve remains appropriate in the presence of emerging weakness and associated risks in the construction loan.
The ongoing accrual and recognition of uncollected interest as income continues only when facts and circumstances continue to reasonably support the contractual payment of principal or interest. Loans are typically designated as non-accrual when the collection of the contractual principal or interest is unlikely and has remained unpaid for ninety days or more. For such loans, the accrual of interest and its capitalization into the loan balance will be discontinued.
The Company had $450 million and $388 million of loans with remaining interest reserves of $33.7 million and $31.3 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. During 2025 and 2024, the Company extended, renewed or modified six loans and four loans, respectively, with interest reserves. Such loans had an aggregate outstanding principal balance of $20.5 million and $1.5 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had no construction loans with interest reserves that are currently non-performing or that are designated potential problem loans.
38
Loan Purchases, Sales, and Servicing
Fixed rate, long-term mortgage loans are generally sold in the secondary market. The Company is active in the secondary market, primarily through the origination of conventional, Rural Development, Federal Housing Administration and Department of Veterans Affairs residential mortgages. The sale of loans in the secondary mortgage market reduces the Company’s risk of holding long-term, fixed rate loans during periods of rising interest rates. In connection with conventional loan sales, the Company typically sells the majority of mortgage loans originated with servicing released. In certain circumstances, the Company strategically retains servicing and in the current year has been more active in retaining the servicing. For the loans that are sold with servicing retained, the Company records a servicing right asset that is subsequently amortized over the life of the loan. The servicing assets are also evaluated for impairment based on the fair value of the servicing asset compared to the carrying value.
The Company has also been active in generating commercial SBA loans, and other commercial loans, with a portion of those loans sold to investors. The Company has not originated any type of subprime mortgages, either for the loan portfolio or for sale to investors. In addition, the Company has not purchased debt securities collateralized with subprime mortgages. The Company does not actively purchase loans from other financial institutions, and substantially all of the Company’s loans receivable are with customers in the Company’s geographic market areas.
Loan Origination and Other Fees
In addition to interest earned on loans, the Company receives fees for originating loans. Loan fees generally are a percentage of the principal amount of the loan and are charged to the borrower, and are normally deducted from the proceeds of the loan. Loan origination fees are generally 1.0 to 1.5 percent on residential mortgages and 0.5 to 1.5 percent on commercial loans. Consumer loans generally require a fixed fee amount. The Company also receives other fees and charges relating to existing loans, which include charges and fees collected in connection with loan modifications.
Appraisal and Evaluation Process
The Company’s loan policy and credit administration practices have adopted and implemented the applicable legal and regulatory requirements, which establishes criteria for obtaining appraisals or evaluations (new or updated), including transactions that are otherwise exempt from the appraisal requirements.
Each of the Bank divisions monitor conditions, including supply and demand factors, in the real estate markets served so they can react quickly to changing market conditions to mitigate potential losses from specific credit exposures within the loan portfolio. Evidence of the following real estate market conditions and trends is obtained from lending personnel and third party sources:
•demographic indicators, including employment and population trends;
•foreclosures, vacancy, construction and absorption rates;
•property sales prices, rental rates, and lease terms;
•current tax assessments;
•economic indicators, including trends within the lending areas; and
•valuation trends, including discount and capitalization rates.
Third party information sources include federal, state, and local governments and agencies thereof, private sector economic data vendors, real estate brokers, licensed agents, sales, rental and foreclosure data tracking services.
The time between ordering an appraisal or evaluation and receipt from third party vendors is typically two to six weeks for residential property depending on geographic market and four to eight weeks for non-residential property. For real estate properties that are of highly specialized or limited use, significantly complex or large, additional time beyond the typical times may be required for new appraisals or evaluations (new or updated).
As part of the Company’s credit administration and portfolio monitoring practices, the Company’s regular internal and external credit examinations review a significant number of individual loan files. Appraisals and evaluations (new or updated) are reviewed to determine whether the timeliness, methods, assumptions, and findings are reasonable and in compliance with the Company’s loan policy and credit administration practices. Such reviews include the adequacy of the steps taken by the Company to ensure that the individuals who perform appraisals and evaluations (new or updated) are appropriately qualified and are not subject to conflicts of interest. If there are any deficiencies noted in the reviews, they are reported to Bank management and prompt corrective action is taken.
39
Non-performing Assets
The following table summarizes information regarding non-performing assets at the dates indicated:
| At or for the Years ended | |||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||||
| Other real estate owned and foreclosed assets | $ | 411 | 1,164 | 1,503 | |||||||||||||
| Accruing loans 90 days or more past due | 5,997 | 6,177 | 3,312 | ||||||||||||||
| Non-accrual loans | 62,487 | 20,445 | 20,816 | ||||||||||||||
Total non-performing assets | $ | 68,895 | 27,786 | 25,631 | |||||||||||||
Non-performing assets as a percentage of subsidiary assets | 0.22 | % | 0.10 | % | 0.09 | % | |||||||||||
ACL as a percentage of non-performing loans | 373 | % | 774 | % | 799 | % | |||||||||||
| Accruing loans 30-89 days past due | $ | 78,826 | 32,228 | 49,967 | |||||||||||||
U.S. government guarantees on loans included in non-performing assets | $ | 8,733 | 748 | 1,503 | |||||||||||||
Interest income 1 | $ | 3,669 | 1,142 | 1,085 | |||||||||||||
______________________________
1Amounts represent estimated interest income that would have been recognized on loans accounted for on a non-accrual basis as of the end of each period had such loans performed pursuant to contractual terms.
Non-performing assets of $68.9 million at December 31, 2025 increased $41.1 million, or 148 percent, over the prior year end. Excluding $18.8 million from the acquisition of Guaranty, non-performing assets were $50.1 million, or 17 basis points as a percentage of subsidiary assets, at December 31, 2025.
Early stage delinquencies (accruing loans 30-89 days past due) of $78.8 million at December 31, 2025 increased $46.6 million from the prior year end. Excluding $10.0 million from the acquisition of Guaranty, early stage delinquencies were $68.8 million, or 0.37 percent of loans, at December 31, 2025, and increased $29.2 million from the prior quarter. Early stage delinquencies as a percentage of loans at December 31, 2025 were 0.38 percent compared to 0.19 percent for the prior year end and remain at historically low levels for the Company.
Most of the Company’s non-performing assets are secured by real estate, and based on the most current information available to management, including updated appraisals or evaluations (new or updated), the Company believes the value of the underlying real estate collateral is adequate to minimize significant charge-offs or losses to the Company. Through pro-active credit administration, the Company works closely with its borrowers to seek favorable resolution to the extent possible, thereby attempting to minimize net charge-offs or losses to the Company. With very limited exceptions, the Company does not disburse additional funds on non-performing loans. Instead, the Company proceeds to collection and foreclosure actions in order to reduce the Company’s exposure to loss on such loans.
For additional information on accounting policies relating to non-performing assets, see Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
40
Modified Loans
If a loan is modified in response to a borrower’s financial difficulties such modification is known as a modification to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty (“MBFD”), and if the underlying loan is characterized as a loan. Each modified loan is separately negotiated with the borrower and includes terms and conditions that reflect the borrower’s prospective ability to service their obligations as modified. The Company had MBFD loans of $14.8 million and $55.0 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. For additional information on MBFDs, see Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statement in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
Other Real Estate Owned and Foreclosed Assets
The book value of loans prior to the acquisition of collateral and transfer of the loans into other real estate owned (“OREO”) and other foreclosed assets during 2025 was $2.7 million. The fair value of the loan collateral acquired in foreclosure during 2025 was $2.4 million. The following table sets forth the changes in OREO for the periods indicated:
| Years ended | |||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | |||||||||
| Balance at beginning of period | $ | 1,164 | 1,503 | ||||||||
| Additions | 2,367 | 880 | |||||||||
| Write-downs | (76) | (16) | |||||||||
| Sales | (3,044) | (1,203) | |||||||||
| Balance at end of period | $ | 411 | 1,164 | ||||||||
Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Receivable
The following table summarizes the allocation of the ACL as of the dates indicated:
| December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | ACL | Percent of Loans in Category | ACL | Percent of Loans in Category | |||||||||||||||||||
Residential real estate | $ | 31,875 | 12 | % | $ | 25,181 | 11 | % | |||||||||||||||
Commercial real estate | 166,803 | 65 | % | 138,545 | 64 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Other commercial | 37,954 | 15 | % | 24,400 | 18 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Home equity | 11,645 | 5 | % | 11,402 | 5 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Other consumer | 7,042 | 3 | % | 6,513 | 2 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 255,319 | 100 | % | $ | 206,041 | 100 | % | |||||||||||||||
41
The following table summarizes the ACL experience for the periods indicated:
| At or for the Years ended | |||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||||
| Balance at beginning of period | $ | 206,041 | $ | 192,757 | $ | 182,283 | |||||||||||
| Acquisitions | 154 | 3 | — | ||||||||||||||
| Provision for credit losses | 61,846 | 27,179 | 20,790 | ||||||||||||||
| Net (charge-offs) recoveries | |||||||||||||||||
| Residential real estate | 273 | (6) | (3) | ||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate | (1,827) | (2,828) | (1,640) | ||||||||||||||
| Other commercial | (3,568) | (3,956) | (2,256) | ||||||||||||||
| Home equity | (28) | 5 | 38 | ||||||||||||||
| Other consumer | (7,572) | (7,113) | (6,455) | ||||||||||||||
| Net Charge-offs | (12,722) | (13,898) | (10,316) | ||||||||||||||
| Balance at end of period | $ | 255,319 | $ | 206,041 | $ | 192,757 | |||||||||||
ACL as a percentage of total loans | 1.22 | % | 1.19 | % | 1.19 | % | |||||||||||
| Non-accrual loans as a percentage of total loans | 0.30 | % | 0.12 | % | 0.13 | % | |||||||||||
| ACL as a percentage of non-accrual loans | 408.60 | % | 1,007.78 | % | 926.01 | % | |||||||||||
The following table summarizes net (charge-offs) recoveries as a percentage of average loans for the periods indicated:
| December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||
| Residential real estate | 0.01 | % | — | % | — | % | |||||||||||
| Commercial real estate | (0.02) | % | (0.03) | % | (0.02) | % | |||||||||||
| Other commercial | (0.11) | % | (0.13) | % | (0.08) | % | |||||||||||
| Home equity | — | % | — | % | — | % | |||||||||||
| Other consumer | (1.91) | % | (1.79) | % | (1.64) | % | |||||||||||
| Total net charge-offs | (0.07) | % | (0.08) | % | (0.07) | % | |||||||||||
The ACL as a percentage of total loans outstanding at December 31 2025 was 1.22 percent, which was an increase of 3 basis points from the prior year end. The Company’s ACL of $255 million is considered by management to be adequate to absorb the estimated credit losses from any segment of its loan portfolio based upon management’s best estimate of current expected credit losses within the existing portfolio of loans. Should any of the factors considered by management in making this estimate change, the Company’s estimate of current expected credit losses could also change, which could affect the level of future provision for credit losses related to loans. For the periods ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, the Company believes the ACL is commensurate with the risk in the Company’s loan portfolio and is directionally consistent with the change in the quality of the Company’s loan portfolio. During 2025 and 2024, provision for credit losses exceeded the charge-offs, net of recoveries, by $49.1 million and $13.3 million, respectively.
At the end of each quarter, the Company analyzes its loan portfolio and maintains an ACL at a level that is appropriate and determined in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). Determining the adequacy of the ACL involves a high degree of judgment and is inevitably imprecise as the risk of loss is difficult to quantify. The ACL methodology is designed to reasonably estimate the probable credit losses within the Company’s loan portfolio. Accordingly, the ACL is maintained within a range of estimated losses. The determination of the ACL on loans, including credit loss expense and net charge-offs, is a critical accounting estimate that involves management’s judgments about the loan portfolio that impact credit losses, including the credit risk inherent in the loan portfolio, economic forecasts nationally and in the local markets in which the Company operates, trends and changes in collateral values, delinquencies, non-performing assets, net charge-offs, credit-related policies and personnel, and other factors.
42
In determining the allowance, the loan portfolio is separated into pools of loans that share similar risk characteristics which are the Company’s loan segments. The Company then derives estimated loss assumptions from its model by loan segment. The loss assumptions are then applied to each segment of loan to estimate the ACL on the pooled loans. For any loans that do not share similar risk characteristics, the estimated credit losses are determined on an individual loan basis and such loans primarily consist of non-accrual loans. An estimated credit loss is recorded on individually reviewed loans when the fair value of a collateral-dependent loan or the present value of the loan’s expected future cash flows (discounted at the loans original effective interest rate) is less than the amortized cost of the loan.
The Company provides commercial banking services to individuals, small to medium-sized businesses, community organizations and public entities from 281 locations, including 236 branches, across Montana, Idaho, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, Nevada, and Texas. The states in which the Company operates have diverse economies and markets that are tied to commodities (crops, livestock, minerals, oil and natural gas), tourism, real estate and land development and an assortment of industries, both manufacturing and service-related. Thus, the changes in the global, national, and local economies are not uniform across the Company’s geographic locations. The geographic dispersion of these market areas helps to mitigate the risk of credit loss. The Company’s model of eighteen Bank divisions with separate management teams is also a significant benefit in mitigating and managing the Company’s credit risk. This model provides substantial local oversight to the lending and credit management function and requires multiple reviews of larger loans before credit is extended.
The primary responsibility for credit risk assessment and identification of problem loans rests with the loan officer of the account. This continuous process of identifying non-performing loans is necessary to support management’s evaluation of the ACL adequacy. An independent loan review function verifying credit risk ratings evaluates the loan officer and management’s evaluation of the loan portfolio credit quality. The ACL evaluation is well documented and approved by the Company’s Board. In addition, the policy and procedures for determining the balance of the ACL are reviewed annually by the Company’s Board, the internal audit department, independent credit reviewers and state and federal bank regulatory agencies.
Although the Company continues to actively monitor economic trends and regulatory developments, no assurance can be given that the Company will not, in any particular period, sustain losses that are significant relative to the ACL amount, or that subsequent evaluations of the loan portfolio applying management’s judgment about then current factors will not require significant changes in the ACL. Under such circumstances, additional credit loss expense could result.
For additional information regarding the ACL, its relation to credit loss expense and risk related to asset quality, see Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
43
Loans by Regulatory Classification
Supplemental information regarding identification of the Company’s loan portfolio and credit quality based on regulatory classification is provided in the following tables. The regulatory classification of loans is based primarily on the type of collateral for the loans. There may be differences when compared to loan tables and loan amounts appearing elsewhere which reflect the Company’s internal loan segments which are based on the purpose of the loan.
The following table summarizes the Company’s loan portfolio by regulatory classification:
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | $ Change | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||
Custom and owner occupied construction | $ | 263,713 | $ | 242,844 | $ | 20,869 | 9 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Pre-sold and spec construction | 255,542 | 191,926 | 63,616 | 33 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total residential construction | 519,255 | 434,770 | 84,485 | 19 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Land development | 263,262 | 197,369 | 65,893 | 33 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Consumer land or lots | 247,769 | 187,024 | 60,745 | 32 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Unimproved land | 167,796 | 113,532 | 54,264 | 48 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Developed lots for operative builders | 69,786 | 61,661 | 8,125 | 13 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial lots | 155,631 | 99,243 | 56,388 | 57 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other construction | 1,122,350 | 693,461 | 428,889 | 62 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
Total land, lot, and other construction | 2,026,594 | 1,352,290 | 674,304 | 50 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Owner occupied | 3,950,726 | 3,197,138 | 753,588 | 24 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Non-owner occupied | 4,859,173 | 4,053,996 | 805,177 | 20 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial real estate | 8,809,899 | 7,251,134 | 1,558,765 | 21 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial and industrial | 1,649,101 | 1,395,997 | 253,104 | 18 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Agriculture | 1,282,861 | 1,024,520 | 258,341 | 25 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| 1st lien | 3,098,023 | 2,481,918 | 616,105 | 25 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Junior lien | 106,205 | 76,303 | 29,902 | 39 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total 1-4 family | 3,204,228 | 2,558,221 | 646,007 | 25 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Multifamily residential | 1,019,484 | 895,242 | 124,242 | 14 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Home equity lines of credit | 1,076,201 | 1,005,783 | 70,418 | 7 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other consumer | 237,393 | 209,457 | 27,936 | 13 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total consumer | 1,313,594 | 1,215,240 | 98,354 | 8 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| States and political subdivisions | 964,591 | 983,601 | (19,010) | (2 | %) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 177,375 | 183,894 | (6,519) | (4 | %) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total loans receivable, including loans held for sale | 20,966,982 | 17,294,909 | 3,672,073 | 21 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
Less loans held for sale 1 | (39,186) | (33,060) | (6,126) | 19 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total loans receivable | $ | 20,927,796 | $ | 17,261,849 | $ | 3,665,947 | 21 | % | |||||||||||||||
______________________________
1 Loans held for sale are primarily 1st lien 1-4 family loans.
44
The following table summarizes the Company’s non-performing assets by regulatory classification:
| Non-performing Assets, by Loan Type | Non- Accrual Loans | Accruing Loans 90 Days or More Past Due | OREO | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Custom and owner occupied construction | $ | 183 | 198 | 183 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Pre-sold and spec construction | 919 | 2,132 | 919 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total residential construction | 1,102 | 2,330 | 1,102 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Land development | 898 | 966 | 898 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consumer land or lots | 79 | 78 | 79 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Developed lots for operative builders | 456 | 531 | — | 456 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial lots | 556 | 47 | 556 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other construction | 129 | — | — | — | 129 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total land, lot and other construction | 2,118 | 1,622 | 1,533 | 456 | 129 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Owner occupied | 3,969 | 2,979 | 3,360 | 609 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-owner occupied | 7,606 | 2,235 | 7,606 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total commercial real estate | 11,575 | 5,214 | 10,966 | 609 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial and industrial | 27,308 | 2,069 | 26,147 | 1,143 | 18 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Agriculture | 3,549 | 2,335 | 2,436 | 1,113 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1st lien | 15,816 | 9,053 | 13,583 | 2,233 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Junior lien | 1,776 | 315 | 1,776 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total 1-4 family | 17,592 | 9,368 | 15,359 | 2,233 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Multifamily residential | 395 | 389 | 395 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Home equity lines of credit | 3,968 | 3,465 | 3,600 | 213 | 155 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other consumer | 1,229 | 955 | 949 | 171 | 109 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total consumer | 5,197 | 4,420 | 4,549 | 384 | 264 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 59 | 39 | — | 59 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 68,895 | 27,786 | 62,487 | 5,997 | 411 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
45
The following table summarizes the Company’s accruing loans 30-89 days past due by regulatory classification:
| Accruing 30-89 Days Delinquent Loans, by Loan Type | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | $ Change | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||
| Custom and owner occupied construction | $ | 533 | $ | 969 | $ | (436) | (45 | %) | |||||||||||||||
| Pre-sold and spec construction | 1,189 | 564 | 625 | 111 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total residential construction | 1,722 | 1,533 | 189 | 12 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Land development | 3,994 | 1,450 | 2,544 | 175 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Consumer land or lots | 1,162 | 402 | 760 | 189 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Unimproved land | — | 36 | (36) | (100 | %) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Developed lots for operative builders | 2,300 | 214 | 2,086 | 975 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial lots | 965 | — | 965 | n/m | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other construction | 4,787 | — | 4,787 | n/m | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total land, lot and other construction | 13,208 | 2,102 | 11,106 | 528 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Owner occupied | 6,103 | 2,867 | 3,236 | 113 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Non-owner occupied | 15,388 | 5,037 | 10,351 | 205 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial real estate | 21,491 | 7,904 | 13,587 | 172 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial and industrial | 10,215 | 6,194 | 4,021 | 65 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Agriculture | 2,390 | 744 | 1,646 | 221 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| 1st lien | 19,699 | 6,326 | 13,373 | 211 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Junior lien | 20 | 214 | (194) | (91 | %) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total 1-4 family | 19,719 | 6,540 | 13,179 | 202 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Multifamily residential | 150 | — | 150 | n/m | |||||||||||||||||||
| Home equity lines of credit | 5,415 | 3,731 | 1,684 | 45 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other consumer | 1,866 | 1,775 | 91 | 5 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total consumer | 7,281 | 5,506 | 1,775 | 32 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 2,650 | 1,705 | 945 | 55 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 78,826 | $ | 32,228 | $ | 46,598 | 145 | % | |||||||||||||||
_________________
n/m - not measurable
46
The following table summarizes the Company’s charge-offs and recoveries by regulatory classification:
| Net Charge-Offs (Recoveries), Years ended, By Loan Type | Charge-Offs | Recoveries | |||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Pre-sold and spec construction | $ | — | (4) | 51 | 51 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total residential construction | — | (4) | 51 | 51 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Land development | (358) | 1,095 | — | 358 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Consumer land or lots | (5) | (22) | — | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Unimproved land | — | 1,338 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Developed lots for operative builders | (8) | — | — | 8 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial lots | — | 319 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total land, lot and other construction | (371) | 2,730 | — | 371 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Owner occupied | (2) | (73) | — | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Non-owner occupied | 2,232 | 2 | 2,243 | 11 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total commercial real estate | 2,230 | (71) | 2,243 | 13 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial and industrial | 2,104 | 1,422 | 3,056 | 952 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Agriculture | (112) | 64 | — | 112 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 1st lien | (182) | 32 | 1 | 183 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Junior lien | (38) | (65) | 126 | 164 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total 1-4 family | (220) | (33) | 127 | 347 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Home equity lines of credit | 43 | 69 | 106 | 63 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other consumer | 1,600 | 1,078 | 1,922 | 322 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total consumer | 1,643 | 1,147 | 2,028 | 385 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 7,448 | 8,643 | 11,177 | 3,729 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 12,722 | 13,898 | 18,682 | 5,960 | ||||||||||||||||||
47
Sources of Funds
The Company’s deposits have traditionally been the principal source of funds for use in lending and other business purposes. The Company also obtains funds from repayment of loans and debt securities, securities sold under agreements to repurchase (“repurchase agreements”), wholesale deposits, advances from FHLB, Federal Reserve facilities, and other borrowings. Loan repayments are a relatively stable source of funds, while interest bearing deposit inflows and outflows are significantly influenced by general interest rate levels and market conditions. Borrowings and advances may be used on a short-term basis to compensate for reductions in normal sources of funds such as deposit inflows at less than projected levels. Borrowings also may be used on a long-term basis to support expanded activities, match maturities of longer-term assets or manage interest rate risk.
Deposits
The Company has several deposit programs designed to attract both short-term and long-term deposits from the general public by providing a wide selection of accounts and rates. These programs include non-interest bearing deposit accounts and interest bearing deposit accounts such as NOW, DDA, savings, money market deposits, fixed rate certificates of deposit with maturities ranging from three months to five years, negotiated-rate jumbo certificates, and individual retirement accounts. These deposits are obtained primarily from individual and business residents in the Bank’s geographic market areas. Wholesale deposits are obtained through various programs and include brokered deposits classified as NOW, DDA, money market deposits and certificate accounts. The Company’s deposits are summarized below:
| December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Amount | Percent | Amount | Percent | |||||||||||||||||||
Non-interest bearing deposits | $ | 7,314,779 | 30 | % | $ | 6,136,709 | 30 | % | |||||||||||||||
| NOW and DDA accounts | 6,236,551 | 25 | % | 5,543,512 | 27 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Savings accounts | 3,158,939 | 13 | % | 2,845,124 | 14 | % | |||||||||||||||||
Money market deposit accounts | 3,948,201 | 16 | % | 2,878,213 | 14 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Certificate accounts | 3,928,550 | 16 | % | 3,139,821 | 15 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Wholesale deposits | 4,076 | — | % | 3,615 | — | % | |||||||||||||||||
Total interest bearing deposits | 17,276,317 | 70 | % | 14,410,285 | 70 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Total deposits | $ | 24,591,096 | 100 | % | $ | 20,546,994 | 100 | % | |||||||||||||||
Total estimated uninsured deposits were $8.111 billion and $6.544 billion at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The following table summarizes the estimated amounts outstanding at December 31, 2025 for uninsured time deposits according to the time remaining to maturity.
| (Dollars in thousands) | Certificates of Deposit | ||||
| Within three months | $ | 791,458 | |||
| Three months to six months | 400,206 | ||||
| Seven months to twelve months | 155,416 | ||||
| Over twelve months | 97,050 | ||||
| Total | $ | 1,444,130 | |||
For additional information on deposits, see Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
48
Borrowings
The Company borrows money through repurchase agreements. This process involves the selling of one or more of the securities in the Company’s investment portfolio and simultaneously entering into an agreement to repurchase the same securities at an agreed upon later date, typically overnight. A rate of interest is paid for the agreed period of time. The Bank enters into repurchase agreements with local municipalities, and certain customers, and has adopted procedures designed to ensure proper transfer of title and safekeeping of the underlying securities. In addition to retail repurchase agreements, the Company periodically enters into wholesale repurchase agreements as additional funding sources. The Company has not entered into reverse repurchase agreements.
The Bank is a member of the FHLB of Des Moines, which is one of eleven banks that comprise the FHLB system. The Bank is required to maintain a certain level of activity-based stock in order to borrow or to engage in other transactions with the FHLB of Des Moines. Additionally, the Bank is subject to a membership capital stock requirement that is based upon an annual calculation tied to the total assets of the Bank. The borrowings are collateralized by eligible categories of loans and debt securities (principally, securities which are obligations of, or guaranteed by, the U.S. government and its agencies), provided certain standards related to credit-worthiness have been met. Advances are made pursuant to several different credit programs, each of which has its own interest rates and range of maturities. The Bank’s maximum amount of FHLB advances is limited to the lesser of a fixed percentage of the Bank’s total assets or the discounted value of eligible collateral. FHLB advances fluctuate to meet seasonal and other withdrawals of deposits and to expand lending or investment opportunities of the Company.
During the first quarter of 2023, the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) offered a new Bank Term Funding Program (“BTFP”) for eligible depository institutions. The BTFP offered loans of up to one year in length to institutions pledging collateral eligible for purchase by the FRB in open market operations such as U.S. Treasuries, U.S. Agency securities, and U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities. These assets were valued at par value. During 2023 the Company borrowed $2.740 billion from the BTFP which enabled the Company to pay off higher rate FHLB advances and support its liquidity position at that time. In the first quarter of 2024, the Company paid off all of the BTFP borrowings through a combination of the FHLB borrowings, cash, and additional sources of liquidity.
Additionally, the Company has other sources of secured and unsecured borrowing lines from various sources that may be used from time to time. For additional information concerning the Company’s borrowings, see Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
Short-term borrowings
A critical component of the Company’s liquidity and capital resources is access to short-term borrowings to fund its operations. Short-term borrowings are accompanied by increased risks managed by the Bank’s Asset Liability Committee (“ALCO”) such as rate increases or unfavorable changes in terms which would make it more costly to obtain future short-term borrowings. The Company’s short-term borrowing sources include FHLB advances, federal funds purchased and retail and wholesale repurchase agreements. The Company also has access to the short-term discount window borrowing programs (i.e., primary credit) of the FRB as well as a line of credit with a large national banking institution. FHLB advances and certain other short-term borrowings may be renewed as long-term borrowings to decrease certain risks such as liquidity or interest rate risk; however, the reduction in risks are weighed against the increased cost of funds and other risks.
Subordinated Debentures
In addition to funds obtained in the ordinary course of business, the Company formed or acquired unconsolidated financing subsidiaries for the purpose of issuing or holding trust preferred securities that entitle the investor to receive cumulative cash distributions thereon. Subordinated debentures were issued in conjunction with the trust preferred securities and the terms of the subordinated debentures and trust preferred securities are the same. For regulatory capital purposes, the trust preferred securities are included in Tier 2 capital at December 31, 2025. The subordinated debentures outstanding as of December 31, 2025 were $187 million, including fair value adjustments from acquisitions. For additional information regarding the subordinated debentures, see Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
49
Liquidity Risk
In the normal course of business, the Company has commitments that require significant cash availability for customer deposits outflows, repurchase agreements, borrowed funds, lease obligations, off-balance sheet obligations, operating expenses and other contractual obligations. The source of funding for such requirements includes loan repayments, customer deposit inflows, borrowings, revenue from operations, and capital resources. Liquidity risk is the possibility that the Company will not be able to fund present and future obligations as they come due because of an inability to liquidate assets or obtain adequate funding at a reasonable cost.
The objective of liquidity management is to maintain cash flows adequate to meet current and future needs for credit demand, deposit withdrawals, maturing liabilities and corporate operating expenses. Effective liquidity management entails three elements:
1.assessing on an ongoing basis, the current and expected future needs for funds, and ensuring that sufficient funds or access to funds exist to meet those needs at the appropriate time;
2.providing for an adequate cushion of liquidity to meet unanticipated cash flow needs that may arise from potential adverse circumstances ranging from high probability/low severity events to low probability/high severity; and
3.balancing the benefits between providing for adequate liquidity to mitigate potential adverse events and the cost of that liquidity.
The Company has a wide range of versatility in managing the liquidity and asset/liability mix. The Bank’s ALCO meets regularly to assess liquidity risk, among other matters. The Company monitors liquidity and contingency funding alternatives through management reports of liquid assets (e.g., debt securities), both unencumbered and pledged, as well as borrowing capacity, both secured and unsecured, including off-balance sheet funding sources. The Company evaluates its potential funding needs across alternative scenarios and maintains contingency funding plans consistent with the Company’s access to diversified sources of contingent funding.
The following table identifies certain liquidity sources and capacity available to the Company as of the dates indicated:
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | |||||||||
| FHLB advances | |||||||||||
| Borrowing capacity | $ | 4,872,433 | 4,355,976 | ||||||||
| Amount utilized | (440,000) | (1,800,000) | |||||||||
| Letters of credit and other pledged collateral | (10,224) | (6,165) | |||||||||
| Amount available | $ | 4,422,209 | 2,549,811 | ||||||||
| FRB discount window | |||||||||||
| Borrowing capacity | $ | 2,048,309 | 1,860,932 | ||||||||
| Amount utilized | — | — | |||||||||
| Amount available | $ | 2,048,309 | 1,860,932 | ||||||||
| Unsecured lines of credit available | $ | 530,000 | 525,000 | ||||||||
| Unencumbered debt securities | |||||||||||
| U.S. government and federal agency | $ | 90,783 | 608,979 | ||||||||
| U.S. government sponsored enterprises | 13,758 | 301,990 | |||||||||
| State and local governments | 929,248 | 907,832 | |||||||||
| Corporate bonds | 33,949 | 14,503 | |||||||||
| Residential mortgage-backed securities | 160,623 | 615,310 | |||||||||
| Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 794,427 | 837,169 | |||||||||
Total unencumbered debt securities 1 | $ | 2,022,788 | 3,285,783 | ||||||||
____________________________
1 Total unencumbered debt securities at December 31, 2025, included $1.2 billion classified as AFS and $828.1 million classified as HTM. Total unencumbered debt securities at December 31, 2024, included $1.6 billion classified as AFS, and $1.6 billion classified as HTM. AFS debt securities are reported at fair value and HTM debt securities are reported at amortized cost.
50
Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
In the normal course of business, there may be various outstanding commitments to obtain funding and to extend credit, such as letters of credit and unfunded loan commitments, which are not reflected in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company assessed the off-balance sheet credit exposures as of December 31, 2025 and determined its allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) of $30.0 million was adequate to absorb the estimated credit losses. Such ACL is included in other liabilities. For additional information regarding the Company’s ACL, see “Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Receivable” above.
Capital Resources
Maintaining capital strength continues to be a long-term objective of the Company. High levels of capital are necessary to sustain growth, provide protection against unanticipated declines in asset values, and to safeguard the funds of depositors. Capital is also a source of funds for loan demand and enables the Company to effectively manage its assets and liabilities. The Company has the capacity to issue 234,000,000 shares of common stock of which 129,971,712 have been issued as of December 31, 2025. The Company also has the capacity to issue 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock of which none have been issued as of December 31, 2025. Conversely, the Company may in the future decide to utilize a portion of its strong capital position, as it has done in the past, to repurchase shares of its outstanding common stock, depending on market price and other relevant considerations.
The Federal Reserve has adopted capital adequacy guidelines that are used to assess the adequacy of capital in supervising a bank holding company. The guidelines require the Company to hold a 2.5 percent capital conservation buffer designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. As of December 31, 2025, management believes the Company and Bank meet all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject and there are no conditions or events subsequent to this date that management believes have changed the Company’s or Bank’s risk-based capital category.
The following table illustrates the Bank’s regulatory capital ratios and the Federal Reserve’s capital adequacy guidelines as of December 31, 2025:
| Total Capital (To Risk-Weighted Assets) | Tier 1 Capital (To Risk-Weighted Assets) | Common Equity Tier 1 (To Risk-Weighted Assets) | Leverage Ratio/ Tier 1 Capital (To Average Assets) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Glacier Bank actual regulatory ratios | 13.91 | % | 12.67 | % | 12.67 | % | 9.33 | % | |||||||||||||||
Minimum capital requirements | 8.00 | % | 6.00 | % | 4.50 | % | 4.00 | % | |||||||||||||||
Minimum capital requirements plus capital conservation buffer | 10.50 | % | 8.50 | % | 7.00 | % | N/A | ||||||||||||||||
Well capitalized requirements | 10.00 | % | 8.00 | % | 6.50 | % | 5.00 | % | |||||||||||||||
For additional information regarding regulatory capital, see Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
51
Federal and State Income Taxes
The Company files a consolidated federal income tax return using the accrual method of accounting. All required tax returns have been timely filed. Financial institutions are subject to the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, in the same general manner as other corporations. The federal statutory corporate income tax rate is 21 percent.
Within the Company’s geographic footprint under Montana, Idaho, Utah, Colorado and Arizona law, financial institutions are subject to a corporation income tax, which incorporates or is substantially similar to applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. The corporation income tax is imposed on federal taxable income, subject to certain adjustments. State taxes are incurred at the rate of 6.75 percent in Montana, 5.30 percent in Idaho, 4.50 percent in Utah, 4.40 percent in Colorado and 4.90 percent in Arizona. Washington, Wyoming, Nevada, and Texas do not impose a corporate income tax. The Company is also required to file in states other than the nine states in which it has properties.
Income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $51.2 million and $36.2 million, respectively. The Company’s effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was 17.6 percent and 16.0 percent, respectively. The current and prior year’s low effective income tax rates were due to income from tax-exempt debt securities, municipal loans and leases and benefits from federal income tax credits. Income from tax-exempt debt securities, loans and leases was $84.7 million and $84.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Benefits from Low-Income Housing Tax Credits (“LIHTC”) federal income tax credits were $30.9 million and $25.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
The Company has equity investments in Certified Development Entities (“CDE”) which have received allocations of New Markets Tax Credits (“NMTC”). Administered by the Community Development Financial Institutions Fund (“CDFI Fund”) of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the NMTC program is aimed at stimulating economic and community development and job creation in low-income communities. The federal income tax credits received are claimed over a seven-year credit allowance period. The Company also has equity investments in LIHTC’s which are indirect federal subsidies used to finance the development of affordable rental housing for low-income households. The federal income tax credits are claimed over a ten-year credit allowance period. The Company has investments of $9.5 million in Qualified School Construction bonds whereby the Company receives quarterly federal income tax credits in lieu of taxable interest income. The federal income tax credits on these debt securities are subject to federal and state income tax. The Company has investments in historic tax credits that are claimed over a five-year credit allowance period.
Following is a list of expected federal income tax credits to be received in the years indicated.
| (Dollars in thousands) | New Markets Tax Credits | Low-Income Housing Tax Credits | Debt Securities Tax Credits | Historic Tax Credits | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2026 | $ | 5,192 | 31,567 | 205 | 564 | 37,528 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2027 | 5,370 | 32,360 | 43 | 564 | 38,337 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2028 | 3,354 | 30,012 | 43 | — | 33,409 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2029 | 1,758 | 28,634 | 43 | — | 30,435 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2030 | 1,068 | 27,134 | 43 | — | 28,245 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thereafter | — | 90,115 | 64 | — | 90,179 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | 16,742 | 239,822 | 441 | 1,128 | 258,133 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
For additional information on income taxes, see Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data”.
Average Balance Sheet
The following schedule provides 1) the total dollar amount of interest and dividend income of the Company for earning assets and the average yields; 2) the total dollar amount of interest expense on interest bearing liabilities and the average rates; 3) net interest and dividend income and interest rate spread; and 4) net interest margin (tax-equivalent).
52
| Years ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Average Balance | Interest and Dividends | Average Yield/ Rate | Average Balance | Interest and Dividends | Average Yield/ Rate | Average Balance | Interest and Dividends | Average Yield/ Rate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Residential real estate loans | $ | 2,077,431 | $ | 111,135 | 5.35 | % | $ | 1,820,057 | $ | 89,596 | 4.92 | % | $ | 1,603,600 | $ | 71,328 | 4.45 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial loans 1 | 15,355,275 | 906,309 | 5.90 | % | 13,818,805 | 772,496 | 5.59 | % | 12,982,708 | 675,549 | 5.20 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consumer and other loans | 1,354,121 | 97,509 | 7.20 | % | 1,305,716 | 89,160 | 6.83 | % | 1,247,114 | 74,734 | 5.99 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total loans 2 | 18,786,827 | 1,114,953 | 5.93 | % | 16,944,578 | 951,252 | 5.61 | % | 15,833,422 | 821,611 | 5.19 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tax-exempt investment securities 3 | 1,612,206 | 56,192 | 3.49 | % | 1,675,732 | 59,479 | 3.55 | % | 1,740,746 | 59,716 | 3.43 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Taxable investment securities 4,5 | 6,833,546 | 138,547 | 2.03 | % | 7,400,887 | 145,128 | 1.96 | % | 8,297,203 | 152,003 | 1.83 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total earning assets | 27,232,579 | 1,309,692 | 4.81 | % | 26,021,197 | 1,155,859 | 4.44 | % | 25,871,371 | 1,033,330 | 3.99 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Goodwill and intangibles | 1,221,592 | 1,079,404 | 1,022,052 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-earning assets | 989,532 | 773,322 | 504,698 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 29,443,703 | $ | 27,873,923 | $ | 27,398,121 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Liabilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-interest bearing deposits | $ | 6,584,700 | $ | — | — | % | $ | 6,144,268 | $ | — | — | % | $ | 6,642,339 | $ | — | — | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NOW and DDA accounts | 5,764,971 | 64,584 | 1.12 | % | 5,326,296 | 63,635 | 1.19 | % | 5,167,117 | 37,357 | 0.72 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Savings accounts | 2,985,007 | 22,418 | 0.75 | % | 2,866,908 | 22,684 | 0.79 | % | 2,908,584 | 9,918 | 0.34 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Money market deposit accounts | 3,247,640 | 66,660 | 2.05 | % | 2,904,461 | 58,140 | 2.00 | % | 3,166,914 | 42,254 | 1.33 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Certificate accounts | 3,379,326 | 120,344 | 3.56 | % | 3,106,755 | 128,081 | 4.12 | % | 1,949,206 | 64,176 | 3.29 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total core deposits | 21,961,644 | 274,006 | 1.25 | % | 20,348,688 | 272,540 | 1.34 | % | 19,834,160 | 153,705 | 0.77 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term borrowings | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Wholesale deposits 6 | 4,029 | 181 | 4.49 | % | 3,615 | 194 | 5.36 | % | 173,231 | 8,721 | 5.03 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Repurchase agreements | 1,954,632 | 57,172 | 2.92 | % | 1,676,040 | 55,723 | 3.32 | % | 1,301,223 | 36,414 | 2.80 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FHLB advances | 1,302,973 | 62,252 | 4.71 | % | 1,147,456 | 56,297 | 4.83 | % | 551,986 | 26,910 | 4.81 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FRB Bank Term Funding | — | — | — | % | 617,377 | 27,097 | 4.39 | % | 2,133,658 | 93,388 | 4.38 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total short-term borrowings | 3,261,634 | 119,605 | 3.72 | % | 3,444,488 | 139,311 | 3.98 | % | 4,160,098 | 165,433 | 3.92 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Long-term borrowings | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FHLB advances | — | — | — | % | 351,038 | 16,323 | 4.57 | % | — | — | — | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Subordinated debentures and other borrowed funds | 238,962 | 13,146 | 5.50 | % | 219,839 | 7,044 | 3.20 | % | 209,567 | 6,835 | 3.26 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total interest bearing liabilities | 25,462,240 | 406,757 | 1.60 | % | 24,364,053 | 435,218 | 1.79 | % | 24,203,825 | 325,973 | 1.35 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other liabilities | 356,409 | 351,825 | 275,359 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total liabilities | 25,818,649 | 24,715,878 | 24,479,184 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stockholders’ Equity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common stock | 1,197 | 1,132 | 1,109 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Paid-in capital | 2,730,729 | 2,437,641 | 2,346,575 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retained earnings | 1,130,602 | 1,064,090 | 1,021,469 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (237,474) | (344,818) | (450,216) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total stockholders’ equity | 3,625,054 | 3,158,045 | 2,918,937 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 29,443,703 | $ | 27,873,923 | $ | 27,398,121 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net interest income (tax-equivalent) | $ | 902,935 | $ | 720,641 | $ | 707,357 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net interest spread (tax-equivalent) | 3.21 | % | 2.65 | % | 2.64 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net interest margin (tax-equivalent) | 3.32 | % | 2.77 | % | 2.73 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
53
Average Balance Sheet - continued
______________________________
1Includes tax effect of $6.3 million, $6.5 million and $5.9 million on tax-exempt municipal loan and lease income for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
2Total loans are gross of the ACL, net of unearned income and include loans held for sale. Non-accrual loans were included in the average volume for the entire period.
3Includes tax effect of $7.0 million, $8.6 million and $8.9 million on tax-exempt debt securities income for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
4Includes tax effect of $602 thousand, $832 thousand and $859 thousand on federal income tax credits for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
5Includes interest income of $28.9 million, $31.2 million and $42.2 million on average interest-bearing cash balances of $680.0 million, $594.8 million and $791.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
6Wholesale deposits include brokered deposits classified as NOW, DDA, money market deposit and certificate accounts with contractual maturities.
Rate/Volume Analysis
Net interest income can be evaluated from the perspective of relative dollars of change in each period. Interest income and interest expense, which are the components of net interest income, are shown in the following table on the basis of the amount of any increases (or decreases) attributable to changes in the dollar levels of the Company’s interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities (“volume”) and the yields earned and paid on such assets and liabilities (“rate”). The change in interest income and interest expense attributable to changes in both volume and rates has been allocated proportionately to the change due to volume and the change due to rate.
| Year ended December 31, | Year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 vs. 2024 | 2024 vs. 2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Increase (Decrease) Due to: | Increase (Decrease) Due to: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Volume | Rate | Net | Volume | Rate | Net | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Residential real estate loans | $ | 12,670 | 8,869 | 21,539 | 9,628 | 8,640 | 18,268 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial loans (tax-equivalent) | 83,546 | 50,267 | 133,813 | 45,476 | 51,472 | 96,948 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consumer and other loans | 3,053 | 5,296 | 8,349 | 3,726 | 10,700 | 14,426 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment securities (tax-equivalent) | (14,221) | 4,353 | (9,868) | (20,277) | 13,165 | (7,112) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total interest income | 85,048 | 68,785 | 153,833 | 38,553 | 83,977 | 122,530 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NOW and DDA accounts | 5,053 | (4,105) | 948 | 1,256 | 25,022 | 26,278 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Savings accounts | 870 | (1,136) | (266) | (115) | 12,881 | 12,766 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Money market deposit accounts | 6,692 | 1,828 | 8,520 | (3,396) | 19,282 | 15,886 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Certificate accounts | 10,857 | (18,594) | (7,737) | 38,392 | 25,513 | 63,905 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wholesale deposits | 22 | (34) | (12) | (8,538) | 11 | (8,527) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Repurchase agreements | 9,085 | (7,636) | 1,449 | 10,617 | 8,692 | 19,309 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FHLB advances | (9,648) | (720) | (10,368) | 46,343 | (633) | 45,710 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FRB Bank Term Funding | (27,097) | — | (27,097) | (66,291) | — | (66,291) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Subordinated debentures and other borrowed funds | 592 | 5,510 | 6,102 | 355 | (146) | 209 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total interest expense | (3,574) | (24,887) | (28,461) | 18,623 | 90,622 | 109,245 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net interest income (tax-equivalent) | $ | 88,622 | 93,672 | 182,294 | 19,930 | (6,645) | 13,285 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net interest income (tax-equivalent) increased $182.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to prior year end. The increase in interest income was primarily attributable to an increase in interest income and a decrease in interest expense. The increase in interest income was primarily attributable to the increase in the loan portfolio and an increase in loan yields. The decrease in interest expense was driven primarily by a decrease in deposit rates and a decrease in higher cost borrowings.
Net interest income (tax-equivalent) increased $13.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year end. The increase in interest income was primarily attributable to an increase in interest rates with additional benefit from the increase in
54
the loan portfolio, which more than outpaced the increase in interest expense which was primarily driven by an increase in interest rates.
Cyber Risk
A failure in or breach of the Company’s operational or security systems, or those of the Company’s third-party service providers, including as a result of cyber-attacks, could disrupt business, result in the disclosure or misuse of confidential or proprietary information, damage our reputation, increase costs and cause losses. The Company employs detection and response mechanisms designed to contain and mitigate these risks. The Company maintains a robust information security program that is regularly reviewed, tested, and updated. This includes vulnerability and patch management programs, incident response planning, security monitoring, employee training, and security awareness testing. The Board's Risk Oversight Committee is responsible for monitoring the Company’s cyber risk management profile and related programs. The Board is responsible for approval of related policies.
See “Item 1A. Risk Factors” and “Item 1C. Cybersecurity” for additional information regarding our cybersecurity program and the risks we face from cybersecurity threats.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income, and related disclosures. Certain accounting policies involve significant judgment and are particularly important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations. These policies, and the related estimates, are described below as critical accounting policies and critical accounting estimates because changes in assumptions or judgments could materially affect our financial statements.
The Company considers its accounting policies for the ACL, goodwill and fair value measurements to be critical accounting policies. The application of these policies has a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and financial results could differ significantly if different judgments or estimates were applied. The following describes why the estimates are subject to uncertainty, the estimated change in the reported periods, and the sensitivity of the reported amounts to the methods, assumptions, and estimates underlying the calculation. For additional information regarding the Company’s Significant Accounting Policies, see Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
Allowance for Credit Losses
The ACL for loans receivable represents management’s estimate of credit losses over the expected contractual life of the loan portfolio. The Company’s accounting policy for determining the adequacy of the allowance is complex and requires a high degree of judgment by management about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Subsequent evaluations of the then-existing loan portfolio, in light of the factors then prevailing, may result in significant changes in the allowance in those future period which is why there is such a high degree of uncertainty. Such factors or assumptions include loan volumes, delinquency status, credit ratings, historical loss experiences, estimated prepayment speeds, weighted average lives and other conditions influencing loss expectations, such as reasonable and supportable forecasts of economic conditions. The Company’s estimate of the ACL is particularly sensitive to changes in economic forecasts, delinquency trends, and credit quality indicators. Deterioration in macroeconomic conditions, including increases in unemployment or interest rates, could result in higher expected credit losses and a corresponding increase in the provision for credit losses. Conversely, improvement in these conditions could reduce expected losses. For information regarding the ACL for loans receivable, its relation to the provision for credit losses and risk related to asset quality, and the estimated change during the reported periods, see the section captioned “Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Receivable” included in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and Notes 1 and 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
Goodwill
The Company’s accounting policy requires an annual assessment for goodwill for impairment, or more frequently if determined necessary. Goodwill of a reporting unit is tested for impairment if an event is more-likely-than-not to reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. Changes in the economic environment, operations of the aggregated reporting units, or other factors could result in the decline in the fair value of the aggregated reporting units which could result in a goodwill impairment in the future. The estimate is considered to have a low amount of uncertainty unless there is an event that significantly lowers the fair value of a reporting unit estimate. Examples of events and circumstances include: significant change in legal factors or in the business climate, an adverse action or assessment by a regulator, unanticipated competition, loss of key personnel, a more likely-than-not expectation that a reporting unit or a significant portion of a reporting unit will be sold or otherwise disposed of, and the testing for recoverability of a significant asset group within a reporting unit. There were no changes to the Company’s assessment or reported amounts during 2025. For information on goodwill, see Notes 1 and 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
55
Fair Value Measurements
Fair value measurement estimates are used for certain recorded and disclosed financial instruments on a recurring and non-recurring basis. Such estimates utilize a variety of assumptions which are subject to uncertainty. Certain fair value measurements, particularly those involving unobservable inputs, require significant judgment and are highly sensitive to changes in assumptions. These measurements may include valuation of financial instruments classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy, where valuation is based on internally developed models. Changes in assumptions such as discount rates, credit spreads, or expected cash flows could result in materially different fair value estimates. For information on fair value measurements and the estimated changes during the reporting periods, see Note 21 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
Impact of Recently Issued Accounting Standards
Authoritative accounting guidance that impacted the Company that became effective during 2025 or 2024 include amendments to:
•FASB ASC Topic 280, Segment Reporting
•FASB ASC Topic 232, Investments Equity Method and Joint Ventures
•FASB ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes
Authoritative accounting guidance that may possibly have a material impact on the Company that is pending adoption at December 31, 2025 includes amendments to:
•FASB ASC Topic 326, Purchased Loans
•FASB ASC Topic 220, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses
For additional information on the topics and the impact on the Company see Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
The disclosures set forth in this item are qualified by the section captioned “Forward-Looking Statements” included in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Market risk is the risk of loss in a financial instrument arising from adverse changes in market rates/prices such as interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices, and equity prices. The Company’s primary market risk exposure is interest rate risk.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate risk is the potential for loss of future earnings resulting from adverse changes in the level of interest rates. Interest rate risk results from many factors and could have a significant impact on the Company’s net interest income, which is the Company’s primary source of net income. Net interest income is affected by a myriad of variables, including changes in interest rates, the relationship between rates on interest bearing assets and liabilities, the impact of the interest fluctuations on asset prepayments and the mix of interest bearing assets and liabilities.
Although interest rate risk is inherent in the banking industry, banks are expected to have sound risk management practices in place to measure, monitor and control interest rate exposures. The objective of interest rate risk management is to appropriately manage the risks associated with interest rate fluctuations. The process includes identification and management of the sensitivity of net interest income to changing interest rates.
The ongoing monitoring and management of this risk is an important component of the Company’s asset/liability management process which is governed by policies established by the Company’s Board. The Board delegates responsibility for carrying out the asset/liability management policies to ALCO. In this capacity, ALCO develops guidelines and strategies impacting the Company’s asset/liability management-related activities which are focused on managing earnings, particularly net interest income, relative to acceptable levels of interest rate, liquidity and credit/capital risks. Accordingly, an important goal of the Company’s asset and liability management practices is to manage its existing and prospective levels of net interest income within an acceptable degree of interest rate risk based upon estimated market risk sensitivity, policy limits and overall market interest rate levels and trends.
Net interest income simulation
The Company uses a detailed and dynamic simulation model to quantify the estimated exposure of net interest income (“NII”) to sustained interest rate changes. While ALCO routinely monitors simulated NII sensitivity over rolling two-year and five-year horizons, it also utilizes additional tools to monitor potential longer-term interest rate risk. The simulation model captures the impact of changing interest rates on the interest income received and interest expense paid on all assets and liabilities reflected on the Company’s statements of financial condition. This sensitivity analysis is compared to ALCO policy limits which specify a maximum tolerance level for NII exposure over a one year and two year horizon, assuming no balance sheet growth. The ALCO policy rate scenarios include upward and downward shifts in interest rates for 100 bps, 200 bps and 400 bps scenarios with instantaneous and
56
parallel changes in current market yield curves. The ALCO policy also includes 200 bps and 400 bps rate scenarios with gradual parallel shifts in interest rates over 12-month and 24-month periods, respectively. Other non-parallel rate movement scenarios are also modeled to determine the potential impact on net interest income. The additional scenarios are adjusted as the economic environment changes and provide ALCO additional interest rate risk monitoring tools to evaluate current market conditions.
The following is indicative of the Company’s overall NII sensitivity analysis as of December 31, 2025. The Company’s NII sensitivity remained within policy limits at December 31, 2025.
| Estimated Sensitivity | ||||||||||||||
| Rate Scenarios | One Year | Two Years | ||||||||||||
| -400 bp Rate ramp | 0.72 | % | (2.17 | %) | ||||||||||
| -200 bp Rate ramp | 0.38 | % | (3.53 | %) | ||||||||||
| -200 bp Rate shock | (1.43 | %) | (6.31 | %) | ||||||||||
| -100 bp Rate shock | (1.17 | %) | (3.82 | %) | ||||||||||
| +100 bp Rate shock | 3.21 | % | (5.32 | %) | ||||||||||
| +200 bp Rate shock | 3.20 | % | 7.25 | % | ||||||||||
| +200 bp Rate ramp | 1.57 | % | 4.44 | % | ||||||||||
| +400 bp Rate ramp | 1.47 | % | 3.63 | % | ||||||||||
The preceding sensitivity analysis does not represent a forecast and should not be relied upon as being indicative of expected operating results. Changes in the Company’s core deposit base, updated deposit pricing assumptions, and other balance sheet changes have increased the degree of measured liability sensitivity. It is important to note that these hypothetical estimates are based upon numerous assumptions that are specific to our Company and thus may not be directly comparable to other institutions. These assumptions include: the nature and timing of interest rate levels including, but not limited to, yield curve shape, prepayments on loans and securities, deposit decay rates, pricing decisions on loans and deposits and reinvestment/replacement of asset and liability cash flows. While assumptions are developed based upon current economic and local market conditions, the Company cannot make any assurances as to the predictive nature of these assumptions including how customer preferences or competitor influences might change. Also, as market conditions vary from those assumed in the sensitivity analysis, actual results will also differ due to prepayment/refinancing levels likely deviating from those assumed, the varying impact of interest rate caps or floors on adjustable rate assets, the potential effect of changing debt service levels on customers with adjustable rate loans, depositor early withdrawals and product preference changes, and other internal and external variables. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis does not reflect actions that ALCO might take in responding to or anticipating changes in interest rates.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
57
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders, Board of Directors, and Audit Committee
Glacier Bancorp, Inc.
Kalispell, Montana
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition of Glacier Bancorp, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2025, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 25, 2026, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits.
We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures include examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
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Shareholders, Board of Directors,
and Audit Committee
Glacier Bancorp, Inc.
Page 2
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the consolidated financial statements that is communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it
relates.
The Company’s loan portfolio and the associated allowance for credit losses (ACL) were $20.9 billion and $255.3 million as of December 31, 2025, respectively. The provision for credit losses was $71.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2025. As more fully described in Notes 1 and 3 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements, the ACL includes a quantitative portion where loans that share similar risk characteristics with other loans are segregated into loan segments. The model calculates an expected loss percentage for each loan segment by considering the non-discounted simple annual average historical loss rate of each loan segment, multiplying the loss rate by the amortized loan balance and incorporating that segment’s internally generated prepayment speed assumption and contractually scheduled remaining principal pay downs on a loan level basis. Those historical loss rates are adjusted over a reasonable and supportable economic forecast period based upon national economic forecasts. The Company will then revert from the economic forecast period back to the historical average loss rate on a straight-line basis. After that reversion period, the loans will experience their historical loss rates for the remainder of their contractual lives. The Company will also include qualitative adjustments to adjust the ACL on loan segments to the extent the current or future conditions are believed to vary from historical conditions across several qualitative factors. At December 31, 2025, the key qualitative factors included adjustments to the expected credit losses associated with risks in the current economic environment and economic uncertainty in forward looking forecasts.
Auditing management’s ACL estimate involved a high degree of complexity in evaluating the expected loss forecasting model and subjectivity in evaluating management’s measurement of the economic forecast used during the reasonable and supportable period, subjectivity in evaluating key qualitative factors, and the subjectivity in evaluating the qualitative adjustment in total.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the expected loss forecasting model including management’s measurement of the economic forecast used during the reasonable and supportable period and the qualitative factors to the ACL included the following:
•We tested the design and operating effectiveness of the Company’s controls over the key assumptions and data used to develop the expected loss forecasting model including management’s measurement of the economic forecast used during the reasonable and supportable period, and key qualitative adjustments to the ACL and the overall ACL amount.
•We assessed the reasonableness of, and evaluated support for, key assumptions used in the model and key qualitative adjustments based on external market data and loan portfolio performance metrics.
•We tested the completeness and accuracy and evaluated the relevance of the key data used as inputs to the model and qualitative adjustment estimation process by agreeing a sample of inputs to supporting information
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Shareholders, Board of Directors,
and Audit Committee
Glacier Bancorp, Inc.
Page 3
•We tested the mathematical accuracy of the ACL models used as well as the method for developing the qualitative adjustments.
•We assessed the reasonableness of the overall ACL amount, including model estimates and qualitative factor adjustments and whether the recorded ACL appropriately reflects expected credit losses on the loan portfolio. We reviewed historical loss statistics and peer-bank information and considered whether they corroborate or contradict the Company’s measurement of the ACL.
/s/ Forvis Mazars, LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2005.
Denver, Colorado
February 25, 2026
60
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders, Board of Directors, and Audit Committee
Glacier Bancorp, Inc.
Kalispell, Montana
Opinion on the Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Glacier Bancorp, Inc.’s (the “Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by COSO.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025, and our report dated February 25, 2026, expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
As described in relation to Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting, the scope of management’s assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, has excluded Guaranty Bancshares, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Guaranty Bank & Trust, N.A. (Guaranty) acquired on October 1, 2025. We have also excluded Guaranty from the scope of our audit of internal control over financial reporting. Guaranty represented $2.8 billion, or 9% of the Company’s total consolidated assets, and $25.9 million, or 3% of the Company’s consolidated net interest income as of and for the year ended December 31, 2025, respectively.
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Shareholders, Board of Directors,
and Audit Committee
Glacier Bancorp, Inc.
Page 2
Definitions and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of reliable financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Forvis Mazars, LLP
Denver, Colorado
February 25, 2026
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GLACIER BANCORP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
| (Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | |||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||||
| Cash on hand and in banks | $ | 321,526 | 268,746 | ||||||||
| Interest bearing cash deposits | 913,735 | 579,662 | |||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | 1,235,261 | 848,408 | |||||||||
| Debt securities, available-for-sale | 4,007,512 | 4,245,205 | |||||||||
| Debt securities, held-to-maturity | 3,110,216 | 3,294,847 | |||||||||
| Total debt securities | 7,117,728 | 7,540,052 | |||||||||
| Loans held for sale, at fair value | 39,186 | 33,060 | |||||||||
| Loans receivable | 20,927,796 | 17,261,849 | |||||||||
| Allowance for credit losses | (255,319) | (206,041) | |||||||||
| Loans receivable, net | 20,672,477 | 17,055,808 | |||||||||
| Premises and equipment, net | 486,184 | 411,968 | |||||||||
| Right-of-use assets, net | 75,574 | 56,252 | |||||||||
| Other real estate owned and foreclosed assets | 411 | 1,164 | |||||||||
| Accrued interest receivable | 120,092 | 99,262 | |||||||||
| Deferred tax asset, net | 101,337 | 138,955 | |||||||||
| Intangibles, net | 105,269 | 51,182 | |||||||||
| Goodwill | 1,378,283 | 1,051,318 | |||||||||
| Federal Home Loan Bank stock, at cost | 42,764 | 99,669 | |||||||||
| Bank-owned life insurance | 235,090 | 189,849 | |||||||||
| Other assets | 368,407 | 326,040 | |||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 31,978,063 | 27,902,987 | ||||||||
| Liabilities | |||||||||||
| Non-interest bearing deposits | $ | 7,314,779 | 6,136,709 | ||||||||
| Interest bearing deposits | 17,276,317 | 14,410,285 | |||||||||
| Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 2,084,113 | 1,777,475 | |||||||||
| Federal Home Loan Bank advances | 440,000 | 1,800,000 | |||||||||
| Other borrowed funds | 51,473 | 62,062 | |||||||||
| Finance lease liabilities | 28,808 | 21,279 | |||||||||
| Subordinated debentures | 187,492 | 133,105 | |||||||||
| Accrued interest payable | 32,786 | 33,626 | |||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities | 52,869 | 39,902 | |||||||||
| Other liabilities | 295,605 | 264,690 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities | 27,764,242 | 24,679,133 | |||||||||
| Commitments and Contingent Liabilities | — | — | |||||||||
| Stockholders’ Equity | |||||||||||
Preferred shares, $0.01 par value per share, 1,000,000 shares authorized, none issued or outstanding | — | — | |||||||||
Common stock, $0.01 par value per share, 234,000,000 shares authorized | 1,300 | 1,134 | |||||||||
| Paid-in capital | 3,220,064 | 2,448,758 | |||||||||
| Retained earnings - substantially restricted | 1,159,567 | 1,083,258 | |||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (167,110) | (309,296) | |||||||||
| Total stockholders’ equity | 4,213,821 | 3,223,854 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 31,978,063 | 27,902,987 | ||||||||
| Number of common stock shares issued and outstanding | 129,971,712 | 113,401,955 | |||||||||
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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GLACIER BANCORP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
| Years ended | |||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||||
| Interest Income | |||||||||||||||||
| Investment securities | $ | 187,130 | 195,135 | 201,930 | |||||||||||||
| Residential real estate loans | 111,135 | 89,596 | 71,328 | ||||||||||||||
| Commercial loans | 900,023 | 765,959 | 669,663 | ||||||||||||||
| Consumer and other loans | 97,509 | 89,160 | 74,734 | ||||||||||||||
| Total interest income | 1,295,797 | 1,139,850 | 1,017,655 | ||||||||||||||
| Interest Expense | |||||||||||||||||
| Deposits | 274,187 | 272,734 | 162,426 | ||||||||||||||
| Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 57,172 | 55,723 | 36,414 | ||||||||||||||
| Federal Home Loan Bank advances | 62,252 | 72,620 | 26,910 | ||||||||||||||
| FRB Bank Term Funding | — | 27,097 | 93,388 | ||||||||||||||
Other borrowed funds | 1,932 | 1,297 | 1,056 | ||||||||||||||
| Subordinated debentures | 11,214 | 5,747 | 5,779 | ||||||||||||||
| Total interest expense | 406,757 | 435,218 | 325,973 | ||||||||||||||
| Net Interest Income | 889,040 | 704,632 | 691,682 | ||||||||||||||
| Provision for credit losses | 71,400 | 28,306 | 14,795 | ||||||||||||||
Net interest income after provision for credit losses | 817,640 | 676,326 | 676,887 | ||||||||||||||
| Non-Interest Income | |||||||||||||||||
| Service charges and other fees | 85,070 | 78,894 | 75,157 | ||||||||||||||
| Miscellaneous loan fees and charges | 20,443 | 18,694 | 16,935 | ||||||||||||||
| Gain on sale of loans | 18,205 | 16,855 | 12,202 | ||||||||||||||
| Gain on sale of securities | — | 30 | 1,510 | ||||||||||||||
| Other income | 17,667 | 13,973 | 12,275 | ||||||||||||||
| Total non-interest income | 141,385 | 128,446 | 118,079 | ||||||||||||||
| Non-Interest Expense | |||||||||||||||||
| Compensation and employee benefits | 393,295 | 336,906 | 309,048 | ||||||||||||||
| Occupancy and equipment | 55,617 | 47,055 | 43,578 | ||||||||||||||
| Advertising and promotions | 17,767 | 16,132 | 15,430 | ||||||||||||||
| Data processing | 42,744 | 36,887 | 33,752 | ||||||||||||||
| Other real estate owned and foreclosed assets | 292 | 217 | 119 | ||||||||||||||
| Regulatory assessments and insurance | 22,675 | 24,194 | 28,712 | ||||||||||||||
| Intangibles amortization | 15,887 | 12,757 | 9,731 | ||||||||||||||
| Other expenses | 120,500 | 104,320 | 86,988 | ||||||||||||||
| Total non-interest expense | 668,777 | 578,468 | 527,358 | ||||||||||||||
| Income Before Income Taxes | 290,248 | 226,304 | 267,608 | ||||||||||||||
| Federal and state income tax expense | 51,220 | 36,160 | 44,681 | ||||||||||||||
| Net Income | $ | 239,028 | 190,144 | 222,927 | |||||||||||||
| Basic earnings per share | $ | 2.00 | 1.68 | 2.01 | |||||||||||||
| Diluted earnings per share | $ | 1.99 | 1.68 | 2.01 | |||||||||||||
| Dividends declared per share | $ | 1.32 | 1.32 | 1.32 | |||||||||||||
| Average outstanding shares - basic | 119,753,227 | 113,170,157 | 110,864,501 | ||||||||||||||
| Average outstanding shares - diluted | 119,935,056 | 113,243,427 | 110,890,447 | ||||||||||||||
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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GLACIER BANCORP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
| Years ended | |||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||||
| Net Income | $ | 239,028 | 190,144 | 222,927 | |||||||||||||
| Other Comprehensive Income, Net of Tax | |||||||||||||||||
| Available-For-Sale and Transferred Securities: | |||||||||||||||||
Unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities | 184,928 | 86,485 | 125,231 | ||||||||||||||
Reclassification adjustment for (losses) gains included in net income | — | (56) | 31 | ||||||||||||||
Reclassification adjustment for securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity | 5,595 | 4,754 | 5,612 | ||||||||||||||
| Tax effect | (47,770) | (23,291) | (34,264) | ||||||||||||||
| Net of tax amount | 142,753 | 67,892 | 96,610 | ||||||||||||||
| Fair Value Hedge: | |||||||||||||||||
Unrealized losses on derivatives used for fair value hedges | (35) | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Tax effect | 8 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Net of tax amount | (27) | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Cash Flow Hedge: | |||||||||||||||||
Unrealized (losses) gains on derivatives used for cash flow hedges | (656) | 777 | 2,006 | ||||||||||||||
| Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income | (63) | (4,879) | (4,605) | ||||||||||||||
| Tax effect | 179 | 1,027 | 668 | ||||||||||||||
| Net of tax amount | (540) | (3,075) | (1,931) | ||||||||||||||
Total other comprehensive income, net of tax | 142,186 | 64,817 | 94,679 | ||||||||||||||
| Total Comprehensive Income | $ | 381,214 | 254,961 | 317,606 | |||||||||||||
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
65
GLACIER BANCORP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023
| (Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data) | Common Stock | Paid-in Capital | Retained Earnings- Substantially Restricted | Accumulated Other Comp-rehensive (Loss) Income | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at January 1, 2023 | 110,777,780 | $ | 1,108 | 2,344,005 | 966,984 | (468,792) | 2,843,305 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | 222,927 | — | 222,927 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income | — | — | — | — | 94,679 | 94,679 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash dividends declared ($1.32 per share) | — | — | — | (146,730) | — | (146,730) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock issuances under stock incentive plans | 111,162 | 1 | (1) | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation and related taxes | — | — | 6,100 | — | — | 6,100 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2023 | 110,888,942 | $ | 1,109 | 2,350,104 | 1,043,181 | (374,113) | 3,020,281 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | 190,144 | — | 190,144 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income | — | — | — | — | 64,817 | 64,817 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash dividends declared ($1.32 per share) | — | — | — | (150,067) | — | (150,067) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock issued in connection with acquisitions | 2,389,684 | 24 | 92,361 | — | — | 92,385 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock issuances under stock incentive plans | 123,329 | 1 | (1) | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation and related taxes | — | — | 6,294 | — | — | 6,294 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2024 | 113,401,955 | $ | 1,134 | 2,448,758 | 1,083,258 | (309,296) | 3,223,854 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | 239,028 | — | 239,028 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income | — | — | — | — | 142,186 | 142,186 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash dividends declared ($1.32 per share) | — | — | — | (162,719) | — | (162,719) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock issued in connection with acquisitions | 16,404,750 | 164 | 764,799 | — | — | 764,963 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock issuances under stock incentive plans | 165,007 | 2 | (2) | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation and related taxes | — | — | 6,509 | — | — | 6,509 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2025 | 129,971,712 | $ | 1,300 | 3,220,064 | 1,159,567 | (167,110) | 4,213,821 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
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GLACIER BANCORP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
| Years ended | |||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||||
| Operating Activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 239,028 | 190,144 | 222,927 | |||||||||||||
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Provision for credit losses | 71,400 | 28,306 | 14,795 | ||||||||||||||
| Net amortization of debt securities | 9,917 | 13,153 | 15,506 | ||||||||||||||
| Net amortization of purchase accounting adjustments and deferred loan fees and costs | (7,980) | (5,983) | (5,347) | ||||||||||||||
| Origination of loans held for sale | (779,966) | (665,181) | (435,649) | ||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from loans held for sale | 792,046 | 738,134 | 549,778 | ||||||||||||||
| Gain on sale of loans | (18,205) | (16,855) | (12,202) | ||||||||||||||
| Gain on sale of securities | — | (30) | (1,510) | ||||||||||||||
| Bank-owned life insurance income, net | (4,961) | (4,476) | (3,849) | ||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation, net of tax benefits | 6,345 | 5,694 | 5,929 | ||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 33,027 | 28,907 | 27,412 | ||||||||||||||
| Loss (gain) on dispositions of premises and equipment | 224 | (5,100) | 160 | ||||||||||||||
| Loss (gain) on sale and write-downs of other real estate owned, net | 157 | (1,124) | (321) | ||||||||||||||
| Deferred tax (benefit) expense | (4,066) | 2,608 | 507 | ||||||||||||||
| Amortization of core deposit and other intangibles | 15,887 | 12,757 | 9,731 | ||||||||||||||
| Amortization of investments in variable interest entities | 28,022 | 24,054 | 20,515 | ||||||||||||||
| Net (increase) decrease in accrued interest receivable | (3,687) | 877 | (10,989) | ||||||||||||||
| Net (increase) decrease in other assets | (10,217) | 8,856 | (9,961) | ||||||||||||||
| Net (decrease) increase in accrued interest payable | (6,836) | (93,693) | 121,576 | ||||||||||||||
| Net decrease in operating lease liabilities | (5,756) | (3,418) | (3,500) | ||||||||||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in other liabilities | 20,020 | 407 | (4,793) | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | 374,399 | 258,037 | 500,715 | ||||||||||||||
| Investing Activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Sales of debt securities, available-for-sale | 318,128 | 237,502 | 29,972 | ||||||||||||||
| Maturities, prepayments and calls of available-for-sale debt securities | 1,978,346 | 609,118 | 621,878 | ||||||||||||||
| Purchases of available-for-sale debt securities | (1,127,615) | (50,148) | — | ||||||||||||||
| Maturities, prepayments and calls of held-to-maturity debt securities | 198,491 | 204,645 | 209,909 | ||||||||||||||
| Purchases of held-to-maturity debt securities | (13,723) | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Termination of interest rate swaps | — | (19,825) | — | ||||||||||||||
| Net change in loans | (494,807) | (431,641) | (1,067,407) | ||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from sale of premises and equipment | 5,327 | 14,375 | 251 | ||||||||||||||
| Net additions to premises and equipment | (26,848) | (48,277) | (49,534) | ||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned | 2,963 | 2,337 | 391 | ||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from redemption of equity securities | 67,930 | 149,873 | 630,584 | ||||||||||||||
| Purchases of equity securities | (1,693) | (233,288) | (559,601) | ||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from bank-owned life insurance | 3,402 | 417 | 1,787 | ||||||||||||||
| Investments in variable interest entities | (50,485) | (49,631) | (25,722) | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash received from acquisitions | 205,009 | 107,684 | — | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 1,064,425 | 493,141 | (207,492) | ||||||||||||||
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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GLACIER BANCORP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued)
| Years ended | |||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||||
| Financing Activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in deposits | $ | 259,227 | (394,570) | (676,652) | |||||||||||||
| Net increase in securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 285,744 | 286,320 | 540,934 | ||||||||||||||
| Net decrease in short-term Federal Home Loan Bank advances | (48,000) | (58,500) | (1,800,000) | ||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from short-term Federal Reserve Bank Term Funding | — | — | 2,740,000 | ||||||||||||||
| Repayments of short-term Federal Reserve Bank Term Funding | — | (2,740,000) | — | ||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from long-term Federal Home Loan Bank advances | — | 1,800,000 | — | ||||||||||||||
| Repayments of long-term Federal Home Loan Bank advances | (1,360,000) | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Net (decrease) increase in other borrowed funds | (20,588) | 5,149 | 6,915 | ||||||||||||||
| Principal payments on finance lease liabilities | (4,050) | (3,852) | (3,588) | ||||||||||||||
| Cash dividends paid | (162,736) | (150,034) | (146,690) | ||||||||||||||
| Tax withholding payments for stock-based compensation | (2,627) | (1,738) | (1,870) | ||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from stock option exercises | 1,059 | 113 | 75 | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | (1,051,971) | (1,257,112) | 659,124 | ||||||||||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 386,853 | (505,934) | 952,347 | ||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents at beginning of period | 848,408 | 1,354,342 | 401,995 | ||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 1,235,261 | 848,408 | 1,354,342 | |||||||||||||
| Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash paid during the period for interest | $ | 413,593 | 528,911 | 204,397 | |||||||||||||
| Cash paid during the period for income taxes | 32,160 | 15,604 | 27,932 | ||||||||||||||
| Supplemental Disclosure of Non-Cash Investing Activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Sale and refinancing of other real estate owned | $ | — | 6 | 22 | |||||||||||||
| Transfer of loans to other real estate owned | 2,367 | 879 | 1,563 | ||||||||||||||
| Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities | 12,523 | 395 | 1,979 | ||||||||||||||
| Equity investments obtained in exchange or delayed equity contributions | 37,065 | 33,982 | 37,068 | ||||||||||||||
| Dividends declared during the period but not paid | 372 | 388 | 370 | ||||||||||||||
| Acquisitions | |||||||||||||||||
| Fair value of common stock shares issued | 764,963 | 92,385 | — | ||||||||||||||
| Cash consideration | 3 | 26,009 | — | ||||||||||||||
| Fair value of assets acquired | 4,720,721 | 1,180,757 | — | ||||||||||||||
| Liabilities assumed | 3,955,755 | 1,087,601 | — | ||||||||||||||
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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GLACIER BANCORP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
General
Glacier Bancorp, Inc. (“Company”) is a Montana corporation headquartered in Kalispell, Montana. The Company provides a full range of banking services to individuals and businesses in Montana, Idaho, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, Nevada, and Texas through its wholly-owned bank subsidiary, Glacier Bank (“Bank”). The Company offers a wide range of banking products and services, including: 1) retail banking; 2) business banking; 3) real estate, commercial, agriculture and consumer loans; and 4) mortgage origination and loan servicing. The Company serves individuals, small to medium-sized businesses, community organizations and public entities.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change include: 1) the determination of the allowance for credit losses (“ACL” or “allowance”) on loans; 2) the valuation of debt securities; and 3) the evaluation of goodwill impairment. For the determination of the ACL on certain loans and real estate valuation estimates, management obtains independent appraisals (new or updated) for significant items. Estimates relating to the investment valuations are obtained from independent third parties. Estimates relating to the evaluation of goodwill for impairment are determined based on internal calculations using market-based inputs.
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements of the Company include the parent holding company and the Bank, which consists of eighteen bank divisions and a corporate division. The corporate division includes the Bank’s investment portfolio, wholesale borrowings and other centralized functions. The Bank divisions operate under separate names, management teams and advisory directors. The Bank also has non-bank subsidiaries which hold certain bank investments. These non-bank subsidiaries are either consolidated or accounted for under the equity method depending on whether the Bank has a controlling interest or significant influence over the entity.
The Bank has interests in variable interest entities (“VIE”) for which the Bank has both the power to direct the VIE’s significant activities and the obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. These interests are consolidated into the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Bank also has interests in VIEs for which the Bank does not have a controlling financial interest and is not the primary beneficiary. These interests are accounted for under the equity method in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. For additional information on the Bank’s interest in VIEs, see Note 8.
The parent holding company owns non-bank subsidiaries that have issued trust preferred securities. The trust subsidiaries are not consolidated into the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company's investments in the trust subsidiaries are included in other assets on the Company's statements of financial condition and its liabilities to the trust subsidiaries are included in subordinated debentures.
On April 30, 2025, the Company completed its acquisition of Bank of Idaho Holding Co. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Bank of Idaho (collectively “BOID”), a community bank based in Idaho Falls, Idaho. The business combination was accounted for using the acquisition method, with the results of operations included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of the acquisition date. For additional information relating to mergers and acquisitions, see Note 23.
On October 1, 2025, the Company completed the acquisition of Guaranty Bancshares, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Guaranty Bank & Trust, N.A. (collectively “Guaranty”), a community bank based in Mount Pleasant, Texas. The business combination was accounted for using the acquisition method, with the results of operations included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of the acquisition date. For additional information relating to mergers and acquisitions, see Note 23.
Segment Reporting
The Company operates as a single segment entity for financial reporting purposes. The Company has determined that its current operating model is structured whereby banking locations and divisions serve a similar base of commercial and retail customers for which the Company provides similar products and services managed through similar processes and technology platforms. The Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) serves as the Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”). The CODM allocates resources and assesses performance of the Company based on the consolidated performance, excluding all significant intercompany balances and transactions between the Company and the Bank, its wholly-owned subsidiary, and does not significantly utilize disaggregated
69
segment financial information for decision making and resource allocation. The CODM assesses performance for the banking segment and decides how to allocate resources based on net income as reported on the consolidated statement of operations as consolidated net income. Accordingly, all of the Company’s operations are considered by management to be aggregated in one reportable operating segment, the banking segment. All categories of interest expense and non-interest expense as disclosed on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations are considered significant to the banking segment.
The Company has determined that no additional segment disclosures are required, specifically as a result of the following;
▪the Company does not use the tracked performance on the disaggregated segment level for decision-making or resource allocation purposes,
▪no significant segment-specific expenses or performance metrics are used internally for decision-making or resource allocation purposes other than those reported on the consolidated statement of operations, and
▪the level of financial consolidation presented in these financial statements aligns with the CODM’s internal reporting and decision-making process
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Interest Bearing Cash Deposits
Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, cash held as demand deposits at various banks and the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”), interest bearing deposits, federal funds sold, and liquid investments with original or acquired maturities of three months or less. Interest bearing deposits are maintained at other financial institutions as collateral for certain derivative contracts and are considered restricted cash. Interest earned on interest bearing cash deposits was $28,920,000 and $31,158,000 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and are included in interest income on investment securities on the consolidated statements of operations. The Company had no restricted cash held as collateral for derivative contracts as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Bank is required to maintain an average reserve balance either with the FRB or in the form of cash on hand at a reserve rate determined by the FRB. Effective March 26, 2020, the FRB Board reduced the reserve requirement ratio to zero percent. The required reserve balance at December 31, 2025 was $0.
Debt Securities
Debt securities for which the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held to maturity (“HTM”) and are carried at amortized cost. Debt securities held primarily for the purpose of selling in the near term are classified as trading securities and are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses included in income. Debt securities not classified as HTM or trading are classified as AFS and are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses, net of income taxes, as a separate component of other comprehensive income (“OCI”). Premiums and discounts on debt securities are amortized or accreted into income using a method that approximates the interest method. The objective of the interest method is to calculate periodic interest income at a constant effective yield. The Company does not have any debt securities classified as trading securities. When the Company acquires another entity, it records the debt securities at fair value.
The Company reviews and analyzes the various risks that may be present within the investment portfolio on an ongoing basis, including market risk, credit risk and liquidity risk. Market risk is the risk to an entity’s financial condition resulting from adverse changes in the value of its holdings arising from movements in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, equity prices or commodity prices. The Company assesses the market risk of individual debt securities as well as the investment portfolio as a whole. Credit risk, broadly defined, is the risk that an issuer or counterparty will fail to perform on an obligation. The credit rating of a security is considered the primary credit quality indicator for debt securities. Liquidity risk refers to the risk that a security will not have an active and efficient market in which the security can be sold.
A debt security is investment grade if the issuer has adequate capacity to meet its commitment over the expected life of the investment, i.e., the risk of default is low and full and timely repayment of interest and principal is expected. To determine investment grade status for debt securities, the Company conducts due diligence of the creditworthiness of the issuer or counterparty prior to acquisition and ongoing thereafter consistent with the risk characteristics of the security and the overall risk of the investment portfolio. Credit quality due diligence takes into account the extent to which a security is guaranteed by the U.S. government and other agencies of the U.S. government. The depth of the due diligence is based on the complexity of the structure, the size of the security, and takes into account material positions and specific groups of securities or stratifications for analysis and review of similar risk positions. The due diligence includes consideration of payment performance, collateral adequacy, internal analyses, third party research and analytics, external credit ratings and default statistics.
The Company has acquired debt securities through acquisitions and if the securities have more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination, they are designated as purchased credit-deteriorated (“PCD”) securities. An ACL is determined using the same methodology as with other debt securities. The sum of a PCD security’s fair value and associated ACL becomes its initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the debt security is a noncredit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the security. Subsequent changes to the ACL are recorded through provision for credit losses. For additional information relating to debt securities, see Note 2.
70
Allowance for Credit Losses - Available-for-Sale Debt Securities
For AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more-likely-than-not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through loss on sale of securities. For the AFS securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In such assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, if there are any changes to the investment grade of the security by a rating agency, and if there are any adverse conditions that impact the security. If this assessment indicates a credit loss exists, the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected from the security is compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a potential credit loss exists and an ACL is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost. Any estimated credit losses that have not been recorded through an ACL are recognized in OCI.
The Company has elected to exclude accrued interest from the estimate of credit losses for AFS debt securities. As part of its non-accrual policy, the Company charges-off uncollectable interest at the time it is determined to be uncollectable.
Allowance for Credit Losses - HTM Debt Securities
For estimating the allowance for HTM debt securities that share similar risk characteristics with other securities, such securities are pooled based on major security type. For pools of such securities with similar risk characteristics, the historical lifetime probability of default and severity of loss in the event of default is derived or obtained from external sources and adjusted for the expected effects of reasonable and supportable forecasts over the expected lives of the securities on those historical credit losses. Expected credit losses on securities in the HTM portfolio that do not share similar risk characteristics with any of the pools of debt securities are individually measured based on net realizable value, or the difference between the discounted value of the expected future cash flows, based on the original effective interest rate, and the recorded amortized cost basis of the securities.
The Company has elected to exclude accrued interest from the estimate of credit losses for HTM debt securities. As part of its non-accrual policy, the Company charges off uncollectable interest at the time it is determined to be uncollectable.
Loans Held for Sale
Loans held for sale generally consist of long-term, fixed rate, conforming, single-family residential real estate loans intended to be sold on the secondary market. Fair value elections are made at the time of origination based on the Company’s fair value election policy. Loans held for sale are currently recorded at fair value and may be sold with or without servicing rights. Changes in fair value are recognized in gain on sale of loans included in non-interest income.
Loans Receivable
The Company’s loan segments or classes are based on the purpose of the loan and consist of residential real estate, commercial real estate (“CRE”), other commercial, home equity, and other consumer loans. Loans that are intended at origination to be held for investment, are reported at the unpaid principal balance less net charge-offs and adjusted for deferred fees and costs on originated loans and unamortized premiums or discounts on acquired loans. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Fees and costs on originated loans and premiums or discounts on acquired loans are deferred and subsequently amortized or accreted as a yield adjustment over the expected life of the loan utilizing the interest or straight-line methods. The interest method is utilized for loans with scheduled payment terms and the objective is to calculate periodic interest income at a constant effective yield. The straight-line method is utilized for revolving lines of credit or loans with no scheduled payment terms. When a loan is paid off prior to maturity, the remaining unamortized fees and costs on originated loans and unamortized premiums or discounts on acquired loans are immediately recognized as interest income.
Loans that are 30 days or more past due based on payments received and applied to the loan are considered delinquent. Loans are designated non-accrual and the accrual of interest is discontinued when the collection of the contractual principal or interest is unlikely. A loan is typically placed on non-accrual when principal or interest is due and has remained unpaid for 90 days or more. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, interest previously accrued but not collected is reversed against current period interest income. Subsequent payments on non-accrual loans are applied to the outstanding principal balance if doubt remains as to the ultimate collectability of the loan. Interest accruals are not resumed on partially charged-off impaired loans. For other loans on non-accrual, interest accruals are resumed on such loans only when they are brought fully current with respect to interest and principal and when, in the judgment of management, the loans are estimated to be fully collectible as to both principal and interest.
The Company has acquired loans through acquisitions, some of which have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination. The Company considers all acquired non-accrual loans to be PCD loans. In addition, the Company considers loans accruing 90 days or more past due or substandard loans to be PCD loans. An ACL is determined using the same methodology as other loans held for investment. The ACL determined on a collective basis is allocated to individual loans. The sum of a loan’s fair value and ACL becomes the initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the
71
loan is a noncredit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent changes to the ACL are recorded through provision for credit losses.
For additional information relating to loans, see Note 3.
Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Receivable
The ACL for loans receivable represents management’s estimate of credit losses over the expected contractual life of the loan portfolio. The estimate is determined based on the amortized cost of the loan portfolio including the loan balance adjusted for charge-offs, recoveries, deferred fees and costs, and loan discount and premiums. Recoveries are included only to the extent that such amounts were previously charged-off. The Company has elected to exclude accrued interest from the estimate of credit losses for loans. Determining the adequacy of the allowance is complex and requires a high degree of judgment by management about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Subsequent evaluations of the then-existing loan portfolio, in light of the factors then prevailing, may result in significant changes in the allowance in those future periods.
The allowance is adjusted for estimated credit losses which is recorded in the provision for credit losses. The portion of loans and overdraft balances determined by management to be uncollectable are charged-off as a reduction to the allowance and recoveries of amounts previously charged-off increase the allowance. The Company’s charge-off policy is consistent with bank regulatory standards. Consumer loans generally are charged-off when the loan becomes over 120 days delinquent. Real estate acquired as a result of foreclosure or by deed-in-lieu of foreclosure is classified as other real estate owned (“OREO”) until such time as it is sold.
The expected credit loss estimate process involves procedures to consider the unique characteristics of each of the Company’s loan portfolio segments, which consist of residential real estate, CRE, other commercial, home equity, and other consumer loans. When computing the allowance levels, credit loss assumptions are estimated using a model that categorizes loan pools and that considers loss history, credit and risk characteristics, including current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts about the future. The Company has determined a four consecutive quarter forecasting period is a reasonable and supportable period. Expected credit loss for periods beyond reasonable and supportable forecast periods are determined based on a reversion method which reverts back to historical loss estimates over a four consecutive quarter period on a straight-line basis.
Credit quality is assessed and monitored by evaluating various attributes and the results of those evaluations are utilized in underwriting new loans and the process for estimating the expected credit losses. The following paragraphs describe the risk characteristics relevant to each portfolio segment.
Residential Real Estate. Residential real estate loans are secured by owner-occupied 1-4 family residences. Repayment of these loans is primarily dependent on the personal income and credit rating of the borrowers. Credit risk in these loans is impacted by economic conditions within the Company’s market areas that affect the value of the residential property securing the loans and affect the borrowers' personal incomes. Mitigating risk factors for this loan segment include a large number of borrowers, geographic dispersion of market areas and the loans are originated for relatively smaller amounts.
Commercial Real Estate. CRE loans typically involve larger principal amounts, and repayment of these loans is generally dependent on the successful operation of the property securing the loan and/or the business conducted on the property securing the loan. Credit risk in these loans is impacted by the creditworthiness of a borrower, valuation of the property securing the loan and conditions within the local economies in the Company’s diverse, geographic market areas.
Other Commercial. Other commercial loans consist of loans to commercial customers for use in financing working capital needs, equipment purchases and business expansions. The loans in this category are repaid primarily from the cash flow of a borrower’s principal business operation. Credit risk in these loans is driven by creditworthiness of a borrower and the economic conditions that impact the cash flow stability from business operations across the Company’s diverse, geographic market areas.
Home Equity. Home equity loans consist of junior lien mortgages and first and junior lien lines of credit (revolving open-end and amortizing closed-end) secured by owner-occupied 1-4 family residences. Repayment of these loans is primarily dependent on the personal income and credit rating of the borrowers. Credit risk in these loans is impacted by economic conditions within the Company’s market areas that affect the value of the residential property securing the loans and affect the borrowers' personal incomes. Mitigating risk factors for this loan segment are a large number of borrowers, geographic dispersion of market areas and the loans are originated for terms that range from 10 to 15 years.
Other Consumer. The other consumer loan portfolio consists of various short-term loans such as automobile loans and loans for other personal purposes. Repayment of these loans is primarily dependent on the personal income of the borrowers. Credit risk is driven by consumer economic factors (such as unemployment and general economic conditions in the Company’s diverse, geographic market areas) and the creditworthiness of a borrower.
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The allowance is impacted by loan volumes, delinquency status, credit ratings, historical loss experiences, estimated prepayment speeds, weighted average lives and other conditions influencing loss expectations, such as reasonable and supportable forecasts of economic conditions. The methodology for estimating the amount of expected credit losses reported in the allowance has two basic components: 1) individual loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with other loans and the measurement of expected credit losses for such individual loans; and 2) the expected credit losses for pools of loans that share similar risk characteristics.
Loans that do not Share Similar Risk Characteristics with Other Loans. For a loan that does not share similar risk characteristics with other loans, expected credit loss is measured based on the net realizable value, that is, the difference between the discounted value of the expected future cash flows, based on the original effective interest rate, and the amortized cost basis of the loan. For these loans, the expected credit loss is equal to the amount by which the net realizable value of the loan is less than the amortized cost basis of the loan (which is net of previous charge-offs and deferred loan fees and costs), except when the loan is collateral-dependent, that is, when foreclosure is probable or the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. In these cases, expected credit loss is measured as the difference between the amortized cost basis of the loan and the fair value of the collateral. The fair value of the collateral is adjusted for the estimated cost to sell if repayment or satisfaction of a loan is dependent on the sale (rather than only on the operation) of the collateral. The Company has determined that non-accrual loans do not share similar risk characteristics with other loans and these loans are individually evaluated for estimated ACL. The Company, through its credit monitoring process, may also identify other loans that do not share similar risk characteristics and individually evaluate such loans. The starting point for determining the fair value of collateral is to obtain external appraisals or evaluations (new or updated). The valuation techniques used in preparing appraisals or evaluations include the cost approach, income approach, sales comparison approach, or a combination of the preceding valuation techniques. The Company’s credit department reviews appraisals, giving consideration to the highest and best use of the collateral. The appraisals or evaluations are reviewed at least quarterly and more frequently based on current market conditions, including deterioration in a borrower’s financial condition and when property values may be subject to significant volatility. Adjustments may be made to the fair value of the collateral after review and acceptance of the collateral appraisal or evaluation.
Loans that Share Similar Risk Characteristics with other Loans. For estimating the allowance for loans that share similar risk characteristics with other loans, such loans are segregated into loan segments. Loans are designated into loan segments based on loans pooled by product types and similar risk characteristics or areas of risk concentration. In determining the ACL, the Company derives an estimated credit loss assumption from a model that categorizes loan pools based on loan type. This model calculates an expected loss percentage for each loan segment by considering the non-discounted simple annual average historical loss rate of each loan segment (calculated through an “open pool” method), multiplying the loss rate by the amortized loan balance and incorporating that segment’s internally generated prepayment speed assumption and contractually scheduled remaining principal pay downs on a loan level basis. The annual historical loss rates are adjusted over a reasonable economic forecast period by a multiplier that is calculated based upon current national economic forecasts as a proportion of each segment’s historical average loss levels. The Company will then revert from the economic forecast period back to the historical average loss rate on a straight-line basis. After the reversion period, the loans will be assumed to experience their historical loss rate for the remainder of their contractual lives. The model applies the expected loss rate over the projected cash flows at the individual loan level and then aggregates the losses by loan segment in determining their quantitative allowance. The Company will also include qualitative adjustments to adjust the ACL on loan segments to the extent the current or future market conditions are believed to vary substantially from historical conditions in regards to:
•lending policies and procedures;
•international, national, regional and local economic business conditions, developments, or environmental conditions that affect the collectability of the portfolio, including the condition of various markets;
•the nature and volume of the loan portfolio including the terms of the loans;
•the experience, ability, and depth of the lending management and other relevant staff;
•the volume and severity of past due and adversely classified or graded loans and the volume of non-accrual loans;
•the quality of our loan review system;
•the value of underlying collateral for collateralized loans;
•the existence and effect of any concentrations of credit, and changes in the level of concentrations; and
•the effect of external factors such as competition and legal and regulatory requirements on the level of estimated credit losses in the existing portfolio.
The Company regularly reviews loans in the portfolio to assess credit quality indicators and to determine the appropriate loan classification and grading in accordance with applicable bank regulations. The primary credit quality indicator for residential, home equity and other consumer loans is the days past due status, which consists of the following categories: 1) performing loans; 2) 30 to 89 days past due loans; and 3) non-accrual and 90 days or more past due loans. The primary credit quality indicator for CRE and commercial loans is the Company’s internal risk rating system, which includes the following categories: 1) pass loans; 2) special mention loans; 3) substandard loans; and 4) doubtful or loss loans. Such credit quality indicators are regularly monitored and incorporated into the Company’s allowance estimate. The following paragraphs further define the internal risk ratings for CRE and commercial loans.
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Pass Loans. These ratings represent loans that are of acceptable, good or excellent quality with very limited to no risk. Loans that do not have one of the following ratings are considered pass loans.
Special Mention Loans. These ratings represent loans that are designated as special mention per the regulatory definition. Special mention loans are currently protected but are potentially weak. The credit risk may be relatively minor yet constitute an undue and unwarranted risk in light of the circumstances surrounding a specific loan. The rating may be used to identify credit with potential weaknesses that if not corrected may weaken the loan to the point of inadequately protecting the Company’s credit position. Examples include a lack of supervision, inadequate loan agreement, condition, or control of collateral, incomplete, or improper documentation, deviations from lending policy, and adverse trends in operations or economic conditions.
Substandard Loans. This rating represents loans that are inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged. A loan so classified must have a well-defined weakness that jeopardizes the liquidation of the debt. These loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Loss potential, while existing in the aggregated amount of substandard loans, does not have to exist in an individual loan classified substandard.
Doubtful/Loss Loans. A loan classified as doubtful has the characteristics that make collection in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly improbable. The possibility of loss is extremely high, but because of pending factors, which may work to the advantage and strengthening of the loan, its classification as loss is deferred until its more exact status may be determined. Pending factors include proposed merger, acquisition, or liquidation procedures, capital injection, perfecting liens on additional collateral and refinancing plans. Loans are classified as loss when they are deemed to be not collectible and of such little value that continuance as an active asset of the Company is not warranted. Loans classified as loss must be charged-off. Assignment of this classification does not mean that an asset has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but that it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off a basically worthless asset, even though partial recovery may be attained in the future.
Modifications
The Company identifies and monitors loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty (“MBFD”). The Company considers some of the indicators that a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty to be: currently in payment default on any of their debt, declaring bankruptcy, going concern, borrower’s securities have been delisted, and other indicators of inability to meet obligations. This list does not include all potential indicators of a borrower’s financial difficulties. Each debt modification is separately negotiated with the borrower and includes terms and conditions that reflect the borrower’s prospective ability to service their obligations as modified. The ACL on loans that are considered MBFD’s are measured using the same method as all other loans held for investment.
Allowance for Credit Losses - Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures
The Company maintains a separate ACL for off-balance sheet credit exposures, including unfunded loan commitments. Such ACL is included in other liabilities on the Company’s statements of financial condition. The Company estimates the amount of expected losses by calculating a commitment usage factor over the contractual period for exposures and applying the loss factors used in the ACL methodology to the results of the usage calculation to estimate the liability for credit losses related to unfunded commitments for each loan segment. No credit loss estimate is reported for off-balance sheet credit exposures that are unconditionally cancellable by the Company. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had an ACL of $29,973,000 and $20,419,000, respectively, for off-balance sheet credit exposures.
Provision for Credit Losses
The Company recognizes provision for credit losses on the allowance for off-balance sheet credit exposures (e.g., unfunded loan commitments) together with provision for credit losses on the loan portfolio in the consolidated statement of operations line item provision for credit losses.
The following table presents the provision for credit losses on the loan portfolio and off-balance sheet exposures:
| Year ended | |||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||||
| Provision for credit loss loans | $ | 61,846 | 27,179 | 20,790 | |||||||||||||
| Provision for credit loss unfunded | 9,554 | 1,127 | (5,995) | ||||||||||||||
| Total provision for credit losses | $ | 71,400 | 28,306 | 14,795 | |||||||||||||
There was no provision for credit losses on debt securities for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023.
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Premises and Equipment
Premises and equipment are accounted for at cost less depreciation. Depreciation is computed on a straight-line method over the estimated useful lives or the term of the related lease. The estimated useful life for office buildings is 15 to 40 years and the estimated useful life for furniture, fixtures, and equipment is 3 to 10 years. Interest is capitalized for any significant building projects. For additional information relating to premises and equipment, see Note 4.
Leases
The Company leases certain land, premises and equipment from third parties. A lessee lease is classified as an operating lease unless it meets certain criteria (e.g., lease contains option to purchase that Company is reasonably certain to exercise), in which case it is classified as a finance lease. These leases are included in right-of-use (“ROU”) assets on the Company’s statement of financial condition. The operating leases have an ROU liability in operating lease liabilities on the Company’s statements of financial condition and lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The finance leases have liabilities that are included in finance lease liabilities on the Company’s statements of financial condition. The interest expense incurred on the finance lease liability is included in interest expense on other borrowed funds on the Company’s consolidated statement of operations. ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. An ROU asset represents the right to use the underlying asset for the lease term and also includes any direct costs and payments made prior to lease commencement and excludes lease incentives. When an implicit rate is not available, an incremental borrowing rate for the Company based on the information available at commencement date is used in determining the present value of the lease payments. A lease term will include an option to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain the option will be exercised. The Company accounts for lease and non-lease components (e.g., common-area maintenance) together as a single combined lease component for all asset classes. The Company has elected to recognize payments for short-term leases of 12 months or less on a straight-line basis over the lease term, and exclude such leases from the Company’s statements of financial condition. Renewal and termination options are considered when determining short-term leases. Leases are accounted for on an individual lease level.
Lease improvements incurred at the inception of the lease are recorded as an asset and depreciated over the initial term of the lease and lease improvements incurred subsequently are depreciated over the remaining term of the lease.
The Company also leases certain premises and equipment to third parties. A lessor lease is classified as an operating lease unless it meets certain criteria that would classify it as either a sales-type lease or a direct financing lease. For additional information relating to leases, see Note 5.
Other Real Estate Owned
Property acquired by foreclosure or deed-in-lieu of foreclosure is initially recorded at fair value, less estimated selling cost, at acquisition date (i.e., cost of the property). The Company is considered to have received physical possession of residential real estate property collateralizing a consumer mortgage loan upon the occurrence of either the Company obtaining legal title to the property or the borrower conveying all interest in the property through a deed-in-lieu or similar agreement. Fair value is determined as the amount that could be reasonably expected in a current sale between a willing buyer and a willing seller in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Subsequent to the initial acquisition, if the fair value of the asset, less estimated selling cost, is less than the cost of the property, a loss is recognized in other expense and the asset carrying value is reduced. Gain or loss on disposition of OREO is recorded in non-interest income or non-interest expense, respectively. In determining the fair value of the properties on the date of transfer and any subsequent estimated losses of net realizable value, the fair value of OREO acquired by foreclosure or deed-in-lieu of foreclosure is determined primarily based upon appraisal or evaluation of the underlying property value.
Long-lived Assets
Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. An asset is deemed impaired if the sum of the expected future cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the asset. If impaired, an impairment loss is recognized in other expense to reduce the carrying value of the asset to fair value. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, no long-lived assets were considered materially impaired.
Business Combinations and Intangible Assets
Acquisition accounting requires the total purchase price to be allocated to the estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including certain intangible assets. Goodwill is recorded if the purchase price exceeds the net fair value of assets acquired and a bargain purchase gain is recorded in other income if the net fair value of assets acquired exceeds the purchase price.
Adjustment of the allocated purchase price may be related to fair value estimates for which all information has not been obtained for the acquired entity and becomes known or discovered during the allocation period, the period of time required to identify and measure the fair values of the assets and liabilities acquired in the business combination. The allocation period is generally limited to one year following consummation of a business combination.
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Core deposit intangible represents the intangible value of depositor relationships resulting from deposit liabilities assumed in acquisitions and is amortized using an accelerated method based on an estimated runoff of the related deposits. The core deposit intangible is evaluated for impairment and recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that its carrying amount may not be recoverable, with any changes in estimated useful life accounted for prospectively over the revised remaining life.
The Company tests goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level annually during the third quarter. The Company has identified the aggregated Bank divisions as a single reporting unit (i.e., a component of the Bank operating segment) given that each division has similar economic characteristics, products, services, and are all subject to Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) oversight under one regulatory call report.
The goodwill of a reporting unit is tested for impairment between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. Examples of events and circumstances that could trigger the need for interim impairment testing include:
•a significant change in legal factors or in the business climate;
•an adverse action or assessment by a regulator;
•unanticipated competition;
•a loss of key personnel;
•a more-likely-than-not expectation that a reporting unit or a significant portion of a reporting unit will be sold or otherwise disposed of; and
•the testing for recoverability of a significant asset group within a reporting unit.
For the goodwill impairment assessment, the Company has the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. The Company elected to bypass the qualitative assessment for its 2025 and 2024 annual goodwill impairment testing and proceed directly to the goodwill impairment assessment. The goodwill impairment process requires the Company to make assumptions and judgments regarding fair value. The Company calculates an implied fair value for the reporting unit and if the implied fair value is less than the carrying value, an impairment loss is recognized for the difference. For additional information relating to goodwill, see Note 6.
Loan Servicing Rights
For residential real estate loans that are sold with servicing retained, servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value in other assets and gain on sale of loans. Fair value is based on market prices for comparable mortgage servicing contracts. The servicing asset is subsequently measured using the amortization method which requires the servicing rights to be amortized into non-interest income in proportion to, and over the period of, the estimated future net servicing income of the underlying loans.
Loan servicing rights are evaluated for impairment based upon the fair value of the servicing rights compared to the carrying value. Impairment is recognized through a valuation allowance, to the extent that fair value is less than the carrying value. If the Company later determines that all or a portion of the impairment no longer exists, a reduction in the valuation allowance may be recorded. Changes in the valuation allowance are recorded in other income. The fair value of the servicing assets are subject to significant fluctuations as a result of changes in estimated actual prepayment speeds and default rates and losses.
Servicing fee income is recognized in other income for fees earned for servicing loans. The fees are based on contractual percentage of the outstanding principal; or a fixed amount per loan and is recorded when earned. The amortization of loan servicing rights is netted against loan servicing fee income. For additional information relating to loan servicing rights, see Note 7.
Equity Securities
Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) stock is restricted because such stock may only be sold to FHLB at its par value. Due to restrictive terms, and the lack of a readily determinable fair value, FHLB stock is carried at cost and evaluated for impairment. The investments in FHLB stock are required investments related to the Company’s borrowings from FHLB. FHLB obtains its funding primarily through issuance of consolidated obligations of the FHLB system. The U.S. government does not guarantee these obligations, and each of the regional FHLBs is jointly and severally liable for repayment of each other’s debt.
The Company also has other equity securities that are included in other assets on the Company’s statements of financial condition. Equity securities with readily determinable fair values are measured at fair value and changes in fair value are recognized in other income. Equity securities without readily determinable fair values are carried at cost, minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment. For equity securities that qualify for the practical expedient method using the net asset value, the equity security is measured at the net asset value and changes in the fair value are recognized in other income.
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Federal Reserve Bank Term Funding Program
During the first quarter of 2023, the FRB offered a new Bank Term Funding Program (“BTFP”) for eligible depository institutions. The Company paid off this borrowing in the first quarter of 2024.
Other Borrowings
Borrowings of the Company’s consolidated VIEs and finance lease arrangements are included in other borrowings. For additional information relating to VIE’s, see Note 8.
Bank-Owned Life Insurance
The Company maintains bank-owned life insurance policies on certain current and former employees and directors, which are recorded at their cash surrender values as determined by the insurance carriers. The appreciation in the cash surrender value of the policies is recognized as a component of other income in non-interest income in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
Derivatives and Hedging Activities
The Company is exposed to certain risks relating to its ongoing operations. The primary risk managed by using derivative instruments is interest rate risk. The Company does not enter into derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes. At the inception of a derivative contract, the Company designates the derivatives as one of three types based on the intention of the hedge. These three types are (1) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or of an unrecognized firm commitment (“fair value hedge”), (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (“cash flow hedge”), or (3) an instrument with no hedging designation (“non-designated derivative”).
Hedging Derivatives
The fair value hedges and cash flow hedges are recognized as other assets or other liabilities on the Company’s statements of financial condition and are measured at fair value. Earnings on fair value hedges and cash flow hedges are recognized in the same income statement line item that is used to present the earnings effect of the hedged item. Cash flows resulting from the fair value hedges and cash flow hedges are classified in the Company’s cash flow statement in the same category as the cash flows of the items being hedged. For a fair value hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative included in the effectiveness testing, as well as the offsetting gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk, are recognized in earnings as fair value changes. The Company has elected for a fair value hedge, and the fair value of the amounts excluded from the initial assessment of effectiveness will be amortized in earnings using a systematic and rational method with any difference between the change in fair value of the excluded component and amounts recognized in earnings to be recognized in OCI. For a cash flow hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative is reported in OCI and is reclassified into earnings in the same periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings.
The Company formally documents the relationship between derivatives and hedged items, as well as the risk-management objective and the strategy for undertaking hedge transactions at the inception of the hedging relationship. This documentation includes linking fair value or cash flow hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the statement of financial condition or to specific firm commitments or forecasted transactions. The Company then formally assesses, both at the hedge’s inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivative instruments that are designated are highly effective in offsetting changes in cash flows or fair values of the hedged items. The Company has elected not to offset the fair value amounts recognized for derivative instruments and the fair value amounts recognized for the right to reclaim cash collateral arising from derivative instruments recognized at fair value executed with the same counterparty under a master netting arrangement.
When hedge accounting is discontinued, subsequent changes in fair value of the derivative are recorded as non-interest income. When a fair value hedge is discontinued, the hedged asset or liability is no longer adjusted for changes in fair value and the existing basis adjustment is amortized or accreted over the remaining life of the asset or liability. When a cash flow hedge is discontinued but the hedged cash flows or forecasted transactions are still expected to occur, gains or losses that were accumulated in OCI are amortized into earnings over the same periods which the hedged transactions will affect earnings.
Non-Designated Derivatives
Commitments to fund mortgage loans (“interest rate locks”) to be sold on the secondary market and forward commitments for the future delivery of these mortgage loans are accounted for as non-designated derivatives. The fair value of the interest rate lock is recorded at the time the commitment to fund the mortgage loan is executed and is adjusted for the expected exercise of the commitment before the loan is funded. In order to economically hedge the change in interest rates resulting from its commitments to fund the majority of these loans, the Company enters into forward commitments to sell to-be-announced (“TBA”) securities which are used to economically hedge the interest rate risk associated with such loans and unfunded commitments. For all other residential real estate loans to be sold, the Company enters into “best efforts” forward sales commitments for the future delivery of loans to third party investors when interest rate lock commitments are entered into in order to economically hedge the effect of changes in interest rates resulting from its commitments to fund the loans. Forward sales commitments on a “best efforts” basis are not designated in derivatives relationships until the loan is funded. Fair values of these mortgage derivatives are estimated based on changes in
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mortgage interest rates from the date the interest on the loan is locked. Changes in the fair values of these derivatives are included in net gains on sales of loans.
For additional information relating to the derivatives and hedging activity, see Note 12.
Revenue Recognition
The Company recognizes revenue when services or products are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled. Revenue from contracts with customers was $101,072,000, $94,011,000, and $88,547,000 for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively, and largely consisted of revenue from service charges and other fees from deposits (e.g., overdraft fees, automated teller machine (“ATM”) fees, debit card fees). Due to the short-term nature of the Company’s contracts with customers, an insignificant amount of receivables related to such revenue was recorded at December 31, 2025 and 2024 and there were no impairment losses recognized. Policies specific to revenue from contracts with customers include the following:
Service Charges. Revenue from service charges consists of service charges and fees on deposit accounts under depository agreements with customers to provide access to deposited funds and, when applicable, pay interest on deposits. Service charges on deposit accounts may be transactional or non-transactional in nature. Transactional service charges occur in the form of a service or penalty and are charged upon the occurrence of an event (e.g., overdraft fees, ATM fees, wire transfer fees). Transactional service charges are recognized as services are delivered to and consumed by the customer, or as penalty fees are charged. Non-transactional service charges are charges that are based on a broader service, such as account maintenance fees and dormancy fees, and are recognized on a monthly basis.
Debit Card Fees. Revenue from debit card fees includes interchange fee income from debit cards processed through card association networks. Interchange fees represent a portion of a transaction amount that the Company and other involved parties retain to compensate themselves for giving the cardholder immediate access to funds. Interchange rates are generally set by the card association networks and are based on purchase volumes and other factors. The Company records interchange fees as services are provided.
Stock-based Compensation
Stock-based compensation awards granted, comprised of restricted stock units and stock options, are valued at fair value and compensation cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of each award. The impact of forfeitures of stock-based compensation awards on compensation expense is recognized as forfeitures occur. For additional information relating to stock-based compensation, see Note 14.
Advertising and Promotion
Advertising and promotion costs are recognized in the period incurred.
Income Taxes
The Company’s income tax expense consists of current and deferred income tax expense. Current income tax expense reflects taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period by applying the provisions of enacted tax law to earnings or losses. Deferred income tax expense results from changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities between periods. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for estimated future income tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in income tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date of applicable laws.
Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more-likely-than-not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The term more-likely-than-not means a likelihood of more than 50 percent. The recognition threshold considers the facts, circumstances, and information available at the reporting date and is subject to the Company’s judgment. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, the Company considers both positive and negative evidence. For additional information relating to income taxes, see Note 17.
Comprehensive Income
Comprehensive income consists of net income and OCI. OCI includes unrealized gains and losses, net of tax effect, on available-for-sale (“AFS”) securities, including transferred debt securities, and derivatives used for fair value hedges and cash flow hedges. When OCI is reclassified into net income (loss), the tax effect is recognized in income tax expense. For additional information relating to OCI, see Note 18.
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Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period presented. Diluted earnings per share is computed by including the net increase in shares as if dilutive outstanding stock options were exercised and restricted stock units were vested, using the treasury stock method. For additional information relating to earnings per share, see Note 19.
Reclassifications
Certain reclassifications have been made to the 2024 and 2023 financial statements to conform to the 2025 presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on net earnings.
Accounting Guidance Adopted in 2025
The ASC is the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) officially recognized source of authoritative GAAP applicable to all public and non-public non-governmental entities. Rules and interpretive releases of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) under the authority of the federal securities laws are also sources of authoritative GAAP for the Company as an SEC registrant. All other accounting literature is non-authoritative. The following provides a description of a recently adopted ASU that could have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.
ASU 2023-09 - Income Tax Disclosures. In December 2023, FASB amended topic 740 related to certain income tax disclosures (the “Update”). The amendments provide updates related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disclosures to improve transparency of income disclosures by requiring (1) consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and (2) income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. Other amendments in the Update improve the effectiveness and comparability of disclosures and remove disclosures that are no longer considered cost beneficial or relevant. The Company adopted the amendments and there was no material impact to the Company’s disclosures or financial position and results of operations. For additional information relating to the adoption of the amendments, see Note 17.
Accounting Guidance Pending Adoption at December 31, 2025
The following provides a description of a recently issued but not yet effective ASU that could have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.
ASU 2024-03 - Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. In November 2024, FASB amended ASC subtopic 220-40 which requires certain disaggregated disclosures of the income statement. The amendments require new financial statement disclosures in tabular format, disaggregating information about prescribed categories underlying any relevant income statement expense caption. The prescribed categories include, among other things, employee compensation, depreciation and intangible amortization. The amendments are effective for public business entities in the first annual reporting period beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods with annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The amendments in this update may be applied on a prospective basis or retrospective to any or all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this update, but does not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact to the consolidated financial statements, including related disclosures, or significant impact on its current processes.
ASU 2025-08 - Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. In November 2025, FASB amended ASC Topic 326 related to purchased loans (the “Update”). The amendments in the Update expand the population of acquired financial assets subject to the gross-up approach in Topic 326. Loans acquired without credit deterioration and deemed seasoned are considered purchased seasoned loans and accounted for using the gross-up approach at acquisition. All non-PCD loans that are acquired in a business combination are deemed seasoned. The amendments in this Update are effective for all entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026. Early adoption is permitted and the amendments should be applied prospectively to loans that are acquired on or after the initial application date. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this Update.
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Note 2. Debt Securities
The following tables present the amortized cost, the gross unrealized gains and losses and the fair value of the Company’s debt securities:
| December 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Available-for-sale | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government and federal agency | $ | 257,758 | 156 | (1,984) | 255,930 | ||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government sponsored enterprises | 315,675 | 86 | (3,273) | 312,488 | |||||||||||||||||||
| State and local governments | 165,305 | 1,035 | (2,256) | 164,084 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate bonds | 33,691 | 279 | (21) | 33,949 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Residential mortgage-backed securities | 2,391,698 | 1,417 | (177,996) | 2,215,119 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 1,069,563 | 790 | (44,411) | 1,025,942 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total available-for-sale | 4,233,690 | 3,763 | (229,941) | 4,007,512 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Held-to-maturity | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government and federal agency | 865,696 | — | (24,129) | 841,567 | |||||||||||||||||||
| State and local governments | 1,587,673 | 1,341 | (175,623) | 1,413,391 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Residential mortgage-backed securities | 656,847 | 224 | (31,913) | 625,158 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total held-to-maturity | 3,110,216 | 1,565 | (231,665) | 2,880,116 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total debt securities | $ | 7,343,906 | 5,328 | (461,606) | 6,887,628 | ||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Available-for-sale | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government and federal agency | $ | 484,082 | 5 | (15,654) | 468,433 | ||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government sponsored enterprises | 323,854 | — | (13,700) | 310,154 | |||||||||||||||||||
| State and local governments | 71,737 | 215 | (3,272) | 68,680 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate bonds | 14,818 | — | (315) | 14,503 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Residential mortgage-backed securities | 2,660,330 | 5 | (304,819) | 2,355,516 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 1,101,489 | 2 | (73,572) | 1,027,919 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total available-for-sale | 4,656,310 | 227 | (411,332) | 4,245,205 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Held-to-maturity | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government and federal agency | 859,432 | — | (54,496) | 804,936 | |||||||||||||||||||
| State and local governments | 1,619,850 | 810 | (209,502) | 1,411,158 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Residential mortgage-backed securities | 815,565 | — | (63,089) | 752,476 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total held-to-maturity | 3,294,847 | 810 | (327,087) | 2,968,570 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total debt securities | $ | 7,951,157 | 1,037 | (738,419) | 7,213,775 | ||||||||||||||||||
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Maturity Analysis
The following table presents the amortized cost and fair value of AFS and HTM debt securities by contractual maturity at December 31, 2025. Actual maturities may differ from expected or contractual maturities since some issuers have the right to prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties.
| December 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Available-for-Sale | Held-to-Maturity | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||
| Due within one year | $ | 465,404 | 462,434 | 297,756 | 293,095 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Due after one year through five years | 169,457 | 167,634 | 684,897 | 664,079 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Due after five years through ten years | 81,558 | 81,003 | 274,562 | 263,672 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Due after ten years | 56,010 | 55,380 | 1,196,154 | 1,034,112 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 772,429 | 766,451 | 2,453,369 | 2,254,958 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage-backed securities 1 | 3,461,261 | 3,241,061 | 656,847 | 625,158 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 4,233,690 | 4,007,512 | 3,110,216 | 2,880,116 | ||||||||||||||||||
______________________________
1 Mortgage-backed securities, which have prepayment provisions, are not assigned to maturity categories due to fluctuations in their prepayment speeds.
Sales and Calls of Debt Securities
Proceeds from sales and calls of debt securities and the associated gains and losses that have been included in earnings in gain (loss) on sale of securities are listed below:
| Years ended | |||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||||
| Available-for-sale | |||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from sales and calls of debt securities | $ | 319,248 | 251,295 | 31,944 | |||||||||||||
Gross realized gains 1 | — | 782 | 145 | ||||||||||||||
Gross realized losses 1 | — | (725) | (176) | ||||||||||||||
| Held-to-maturity | |||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from calls of debt securities | 15,140 | 14,295 | 18,125 | ||||||||||||||
Gross realized gains 1 | — | — | 10 | ||||||||||||||
Gross realized losses 1 | — | (27) | (193) | ||||||||||||||
______________________________
1 The gain or loss on the sale or call of each debt security is determined by the specific identification method.
In 2023, the Company also had a gain of $1,700,000 on the sale of all of the Company’s Visa class B shares which was included in the gain on sale of securities. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had debt securities with carrying values of $5,094,941,000 and $4,254,268,000, respectively, pledged as collateral to FHLB, FRB, securities sold under agreements to repurchase (“repurchase agreements”), and for deposits of several state and local government units.
Allowance for Credit Losses - Available-For-Sale Debt Securities
In assessing whether a credit loss existed on AFS debt securities with unrealized losses, the Company compared the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the debt securities with the amortized cost basis of the debt securities. In addition, the following factors were evaluated individually and collectively in determining the existence of expected credit losses:
•credit ratings from Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations (“NRSRO” entities such as Standard and Poor’s [“S&P”] and Moody’s);
•extent to which the fair value is less than cost;
•adverse conditions, if any, specifically related to the impaired securities, including the industry and geographic area;
•the overall deal and payment structure of the debt securities, including the investor entity’s position within the structure, underlying obligors, financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, including specific events which may affect the issuer’s operations or future earnings, and credit support or enhancements; and
•failure of the issuer and underlying obligors, if any, to make scheduled payments of interest and principal.
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The following table summarizes AFS debt securities that were in an unrealized loss position for which an ACL has not been recorded, based on the length of time the individual securities have been in an unrealized loss position. The number of available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized position is also disclosed.
| December 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Number of Securities | Less than 12 Months | 12 Months or More | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Fair Value | Unrealized Loss | Fair Value | Unrealized Loss | Fair Value | Unrealized Loss | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Available-for-sale | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government and federal agency | 39 | $ | 55,231 | (82) | 179,092 | (1,902) | 234,323 | (1,984) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government sponsored enterprises | 12 | — | — | 302,962 | (3,273) | 302,962 | (3,273) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| State and local governments | 88 | 36,534 | (83) | 46,762 | (2,173) | 83,296 | (2,256) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate bonds | 2 | — | — | 13,980 | (21) | 13,980 | (21) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Residential mortgage-backed securities | 376 | 28,843 | (42) | 1,983,182 | (177,954) | 2,012,025 | (177,996) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 142 | 62,427 | (215) | 864,907 | (44,196) | 927,334 | (44,411) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total available-for-sale | 659 | $ | 183,035 | (422) | 3,390,885 | (229,519) | 3,573,920 | (229,941) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Number of Securities | Less than 12 Months | 12 Months or More | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Fair Value | Unrealized Loss | Fair Value | Unrealized Loss | Fair Value | Unrealized Loss | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Available-for-sale | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government and federal agency | 55 | $ | 3,756 | (34) | 463,151 | (15,620) | 466,907 | (15,654) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. government sponsored enterprises | 14 | — | — | 310,154 | (13,700) | 310,154 | (13,700) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| State and local governments | 50 | 3,653 | (35) | 49,748 | (3,237) | 53,401 | (3,272) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate bonds | 2 | — | — | 13,707 | (315) | 13,707 | (315) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Residential mortgage-backed securities | 389 | 13,535 | (240) | 2,341,700 | (304,579) | 2,355,235 | (304,819) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 152 | 36,466 | (1,042) | 986,809 | (72,530) | 1,023,275 | (73,572) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total available-for-sale | 662 | $ | 57,410 | (1,351) | 4,165,269 | (409,981) | 4,222,679 | (411,332) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
With respect to severity, the majority of AFS debt securities with unrealized loss positions at December 31, 2025 were issued by Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”) and other agencies of the U.S. government or have credit ratings issued by one or more of the NRSRO entities in the four highest credit rating categories. All of the Company’s AFS debt securities with unrealized loss positions at December 31, 2025 have been determined to be investment grade.
The Company did not have any past due AFS debt securities as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Accrued interest receivable on AFS debt securities totaled $9,619,000 and $8,037,000 at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and was excluded from the estimate of credit losses.
Based on an analysis of its AFS debt securities with unrealized losses as of December 31, 2025, the Company determined the decline in value was unrelated to credit losses and was primarily the result of changes in interest rates and market spreads subsequent to acquisition. The fair value of the debt securities is expected to recover as payments are received and the debt securities approach maturity. In addition, as of December 31, 2025, management determined it did not intend to sell AFS debt securities with unrealized losses, and there was no expected requirement to sell such securities before recovery of their amortized cost. As a result, no ACL was recorded on AFS debt securities at December 31, 2025. As part of this determination, the Company considered contractual obligations, regulatory constraints, liquidity, capital, asset/liability management and securities portfolio objectives and whether or not any of the Company’s investment securities were managed by third-party investment funds.
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Allowance for Credit Losses - Held-To-Maturity Debt Securities
The Company measured expected credit losses on HTM debt securities on a collective basis by major security type and NRSRO credit ratings, which is the Company’s primary credit quality indicator for state and local government securities. The estimate of expected credit losses considered historical credit loss information that was adjusted for current conditions as well as reasonable and supportable forecasts. The following table summarizes the amortized cost of HTM municipal bonds aggregated by NRSRO credit rating:
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | |||||||||
| Municipal bonds held-to-maturity | |||||||||||
S&P: AAA / Moody’s: Aaa | $ | 397,328 | 414,147 | ||||||||
S&P: AA+, AA, AA- / Moody’s: Aa1, Aa2, Aa3 | 1,155,450 | 1,168,491 | |||||||||
S&P: A+, A, A- / Moody’s: A1, A2, A3 | 29,093 | 33,585 | |||||||||
Not rated by either entity | 5,802 | 3,627 | |||||||||
Total municipal bonds held-to-maturity | $ | 1,587,673 | 1,619,850 | ||||||||
The Company’s municipal bonds in the HTM debt securities portfolio is primarily comprised of general obligation and revenue bonds with NRSRO ratings in the four highest credit rating categories. All of the Company’s municipal bonds that are classified as HTM debt securities at December 31, 2025 have been determined to be investment grade. HTM debt securities included in the Company’s U.S. government and federal agency and residential mortgage-backed security categories are issued and guaranteed by the U.S. Treasury, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Ginnie Mae and other agencies of the U.S. government and are considered to be zero-loss securities. This determination is in consideration of the explicit and implicit guarantees by the US Government, the US Government’s ability to print its own currency, a history of no credit losses by the US Government and noted agencies and the current economic and financial condition of the United States and US Government providing no indication the zero-loss determination is unjustified.
As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company did not have any HTM debt securities past due. Accrued interest receivable on HTM debt securities totaled $16,175,000 and $16,538,000 at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and were excluded from the estimate of credit losses.
Based on the Company’s evaluation, an insignificant amount of credit losses is expected on the HTM debt securities portfolio; therefore, no ACL was recorded at December 31, 2025 or December 31, 2024.
83
Note 3. Loans Receivable, Net
The following table presents loans receivable for each portfolio segment of loans:
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | |||||||||
| Residential real estate | $ | 2,457,907 | 1,858,929 | ||||||||
| Commercial real estate | 13,565,512 | 10,963,713 | |||||||||
| Other commercial | 3,497,829 | 3,119,535 | |||||||||
| Home equity | 977,206 | 930,994 | |||||||||
| Other consumer | 429,342 | 388,678 | |||||||||
| Loans receivable | 20,927,796 | 17,261,849 | |||||||||
| Allowance for credit losses | (255,319) | (206,041) | |||||||||
| Loans receivable, net | $ | 20,672,477 | 17,055,808 | ||||||||
| Net deferred origination (fees) costs included in loans receivable | $ | (32,715) | (29,187) | ||||||||
| Net purchase accounting (discounts) premiums included in loans receivable | $ | (76,963) | (34,361) | ||||||||
| $ | 94,251 | 73,935 | |||||||||
Substantially all of the Company’s loans receivable are with borrowers in the Company’s geographic market areas. Although the Company has a diversified loan portfolio, a substantial portion of borrowers’ ability to service their obligations is dependent upon the economic performance in the Company’s markets.
Excluding acquisitions, the Company had no significant purchases or sales of portfolio loans or reclassification of loans held for investment to loans held for sale during 2025 and 2024.
At December 31, 2025, the Company had loans of $12,149,092,000 pledged as collateral for FHLB advances and FRB discount window. The Company is subject to regulatory limits for the amount of loans to any individual borrower and the Company is in compliance with this regulation as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. No borrower had outstanding loans or commitments exceeding 10 percent of the Company’s consolidated stockholders’ equity as of December 31, 2025.
The Company has entered into transactions with its executive officers and directors and their affiliates. The aggregate amount of loans outstanding to such related parties at December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $117,632,000 and $110,150,000, respectively. During 2025, transactions included new loans to such related parties of $26,281,000, and repayments of $18,799,000. In management’s opinion, such loans were made in the ordinary course of business and were made on substantially the same terms as those prevailing at the time for comparable transaction with other persons.
84
Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Receivable
The ACL is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on loans. The following tables summarize the activity in the ACL:
| Year ended December 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Total | Residential Real Estate | Commercial Real Estate | Other Commercial | Home Equity | Other Consumer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at beginning of period | $ | 206,041 | 25,181 | 138,545 | 24,400 | 11,402 | 6,513 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisitions | 154 | 6 | 16 | 15 | — | 117 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for credit losses | 61,846 | 6,415 | 30,069 | 17,107 | 271 | 7,984 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Charge-offs | (18,682) | (1) | (2,294) | (6,258) | (106) | (10,023) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Recoveries | 5,960 | 274 | 467 | 2,690 | 78 | 2,451 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at end of period | $ | 255,319 | 31,875 | 166,803 | 37,954 | 11,645 | 7,042 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Total | Residential Real Estate | Commercial Real Estate | Other Commercial | Home Equity | Other Consumer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at beginning of period | $ | 192,757 | 22,325 | 130,924 | 21,194 | 11,766 | 6,548 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisitions | 3 | — | 3 | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for credit losses | 27,179 | 2,862 | 10,446 | 7,162 | (369) | 7,078 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Charge-offs | (18,626) | (40) | (2,896) | (5,778) | (131) | (9,781) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Recoveries | 4,728 | 34 | 68 | 1,822 | 136 | 2,668 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at end of period | $ | 206,041 | 25,181 | 138,545 | 24,400 | 11,402 | 6,513 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Total | Residential Real Estate | Commercial Real Estate | Other Commercial | Home Equity | Other Consumer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at beginning of period | $ | 182,283 | 19,683 | 125,816 | 21,454 | 10,759 | 4,571 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for credit losses | 20,790 | 2,645 | 6,748 | 1,996 | 969 | 8,432 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Charge-offs | (15,095) | (20) | (2,080) | (3,891) | (129) | (8,975) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Recoveries | 4,779 | 17 | 440 | 1,635 | 167 | 2,520 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at end of period | $ | 192,757 | 22,325 | 130,924 | 21,194 | 11,766 | 6,548 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
During the year ended December 31, 2025, the ACL increased primarily due to the $43,940,000 provision for credit losses recorded as a result of the BOID and Guaranty acquisitions. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the ACL increased primarily due to the 8,072,000 provision for credit losses recorded as a result of the Wheatland and RMB acquisitions. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the ACL increased primarily as a result of loan portfolio growth.
The sizeable charge-offs in the other consumer loan segment was driven by deposit overdraft charge-offs which typically experience high charge-off rates and the amounts were comparable to historical trends. The other segments generally experience routine charge-offs and recoveries, with occasional large credit relationships charge-offs and recoveries that cause fluctuations from prior periods. During the year ended December 31, 2025, there have been no significant changes to the types of collateral securing collateral-dependent loans.
85
Aging Analysis
The following tables present an aging analysis of the recorded investment in loans:
| December 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Total | Residential Real Estate | Commercial Real Estate | Other Commercial | Home Equity | Other Consumer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accruing loans 30-59 days past due | $ | 60,719 | 14,310 | 30,212 | 7,382 | 4,525 | 4,290 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accruing loans 60-89 days past due | 18,107 | 6,505 | 4,366 | 4,980 | 991 | 1,265 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accruing loans 90 days or more past due | 5,997 | 1,857 | 967 | 2,882 | 120 | 171 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-accrual loans with no ACL | 59,775 | 13,611 | 15,783 | 25,916 | 3,611 | 854 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-accrual loans with ACL | 2,712 | 581 | — | 1,974 | — | 157 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total past due and non-accrual loans | 147,310 | 36,864 | 51,328 | 43,134 | 9,247 | 6,737 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current loans receivable | 20,780,486 | 2,421,043 | 13,514,184 | 3,454,695 | 967,959 | 422,605 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total loans receivable | $ | 20,927,796 | 2,457,907 | 13,565,512 | 3,497,829 | 977,206 | 429,342 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Total | Residential Real Estate | Commercial Real Estate | Other Commercial | Home Equity | Other Consumer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accruing loans 30-59 days past due | $ | 25,347 | 5,195 | 8,852 | 6,261 | 1,965 | 3,074 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accruing loans 60-89 days past due | 6,881 | 404 | 2,792 | 1,180 | 1,699 | 806 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accruing loans 90 days or more past due | 6,177 | 1,509 | 2,899 | 985 | 646 | 138 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-accrual loans with no ACL | 20,060 | 6,850 | 8,012 | 1,691 | 2,826 | 681 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-accrual loans with ACL | 385 | 75 | — | 167 | — | 143 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total past due and non-accrual loans | 58,850 | 14,033 | 22,555 | 10,284 | 7,136 | 4,842 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current loans receivable | 17,202,999 | 1,844,896 | 10,941,158 | 3,109,251 | 923,858 | 383,836 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total loans receivable | $ | 17,261,849 | 1,858,929 | 10,963,713 | 3,119,535 | 930,994 | 388,678 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The Company had $1,424,000, $351,000, and $356,000 of interest reversed on non-accrual loans during the year ended December 31, 2025, December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Collateral-Dependent Loans
A loan is considered collateral-dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. The collateral on the loans is a significant portion of what secures the collateral-dependent loans and significant changes to the fair value of the collateral can impact the ACL. During 2025, there were no significant changes to collateral which secures the collateral-dependent loans, whether due to general deterioration or other reasons. The following tables present the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans by collateral type:
| December 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Total | Residential Real Estate | Commercial Real Estate | Other Commercial | Home Equity | Other Consumer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Business assets | $ | 21,741 | — | — | 21,741 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Residential real estate | 20,196 | 13,638 | 1,749 | 1,236 | 3,512 | 61 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other real estate | 23,227 | — | 22,328 | 476 | 41 | 382 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 4,311 | — | — | 3,535 | — | 776 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 69,475 | 13,638 | 24,077 | 26,988 | 3,553 | 1,219 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
86
| December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Total | Residential Real Estate | Commercial Real Estate | Other Commercial | Home Equity | Other Consumer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Business assets | $ | 11,483 | — | — | 11,480 | — | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Residential real estate | 14,425 | 6,924 | 4,107 | 508 | 2,808 | 78 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other real estate | 22,016 | 1 | 21,066 | 561 | 18 | 370 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 1,055 | — | — | 383 | — | 672 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 48,979 | 6,925 | 25,173 | 12,932 | 2,826 | 1,123 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
The following disclosures for loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty (“MBFD”) are presented in the following tables and show the amortized cost basis at the end of the periods of the loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by segment:
| At or for the Year ended December 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Term Extension and Payment Deferral | Combination - Term Extension and Interest Rate Reduction | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Amortized Cost Basis | % of Total Class of Financing Receivable | Amortized Cost Basis | % of Total Class of Financing Receivable | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Residential real estate | $ | 406 | — | % | $ | 447 | — | % | $ | 853 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate | 2,661 | — | % | 649 | — | % | 3,310 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other commercial | 10,604 | 0.30 | % | 50 | — | % | 10,654 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 13,671 | $ | 1,146 | $ | 14,817 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| At or for the Year ended December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Term Extension and Payment Deferral | Combination - Term Extension and Interest Rate Reduction | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Amortized Cost Basis | % of Total Class of Financing Receivable | Amortized Cost Basis | % of Total Class of Financing Receivable | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate | $ | 11,993 | 0.10 | % | $ | 28,850 | 0.30 | % | $ | 40,843 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other commercial | 13,721 | 0.40 | % | 468 | — | % | 14,189 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 25,714 | $ | 29,318 | $ | 55,032 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
87
The following tables describe the financial effect of the modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by segment:
At or for the Year ended December 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Weighted Average Interest Rate Reduction | Weighted Average Term Extension | Principal Forgiveness | ||||||||||||||
| Residential real estate | 0.15% | 1.1 years | $— | ||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate | 2.53% | 10 months | $— | ||||||||||||||
| Other commercial | 1.47% | 9 months | $— | ||||||||||||||
At or for the Year ended December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Weighted Average Interest Rate Reduction | Weighted Average Term Extension | Principal Forgiveness | ||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate | 1.91% | 3 months | $— | ||||||||||||||
| Other commercial | 0.10% | 5 months | $— | ||||||||||||||
The following tables depict the performance of loans that have been modified in the last twelve months by segment:
| December 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Total | Current | 30-89 Days Past Due | 90 Days or More Past Due | Non-Accrual | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Residential real estate | $ | 853 | — | — | — | 853 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate | 3,310 | 3,221 | — | — | 89 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other commercial | 10,654 | 9,346 | 1,031 | — | 277 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 14,817 | 12,567 | 1,031 | — | 1,219 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Total | Current | 30-89 Days Past Due | 90 Days or More Past Due | Non-Accrual | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate | $ | 40,843 | 37,585 | — | — | 3,258 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other commercial | 14,189 | 12,829 | 1,029 | — | 331 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 55,032 | 50,414 | 1,029 | — | 3,589 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Loans that were modified in the twelve months that had a payment default during the period had an ending balances of $277,000 and $183,000 for periods ending December 31, 2025, and 2024, respectively, and were included in other commercial loans. There were $0 and $462,000 of additional unfunded commitments on MBFD’s outstanding at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had $2,935,000 and $207,000, respectively, of consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had $155,000 and $0, respectively, of OREO secured by residential real estate properties.
Credit Quality Indicators
The Company categorizes commercial real estate and other commercial loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their obligations. The following tables present the amortized cost in commercial real estate and other commercial loans based on the Company’s internal risk rating. The date of a modification, renewal or extension of a loan is considered for the year of origination if the terms of the loan are as favorable to the Company as the terms are for a comparable loan to other borrowers with similar credit risk.
88
| December 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Gross Charge-Offs | Total | Pass | Special Mention | Substandard | Doubtful/ Loss | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate loans | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Term loans by origination year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | $ | — | 2,114,996 | 2,109,129 | 4,397 | 1,470 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2024 | 51 | 1,622,518 | 1,609,785 | 8,433 | 4,300 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | — | 1,349,042 | 1,318,470 | 22,639 | 7,933 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2,243 | 2,537,806 | 2,461,577 | 58,488 | 17,741 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | — | 2,087,103 | 1,987,311 | 35,463 | 64,329 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prior | — | 3,399,784 | 3,283,767 | 46,443 | 69,574 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revolving loans | — | 454,263 | 440,697 | 11,055 | 2,511 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 2,294 | 13,565,512 | 13,210,736 | 186,918 | 167,858 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other commercial loans | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Term loans by origination year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | $ | 3,569 | 512,778 | 503,334 | 6,920 | 2,304 | 220 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2024 | 306 | 333,688 | 329,068 | 1,554 | 3,066 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 913 | 233,025 | 223,699 | 4,153 | 4,797 | 376 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 86 | 477,443 | 466,556 | 2,366 | 8,519 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 1,069 | 402,519 | 392,403 | 3,337 | 6,774 | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prior | 315 | 595,651 | 574,367 | 9,913 | 11,343 | 28 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revolving loans | — | 942,725 | 889,147 | 29,827 | 23,741 | 10 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 6,258 | 3,497,829 | 3,378,574 | 58,070 | 60,544 | 641 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Gross Charge-Offs | Total | Pass | Special Mention | Substandard | Doubtful/ Loss | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial real estate loans | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Term loans by origination year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2024 | $ | — | 1,321,385 | 1,287,352 | 5,674 | 28,359 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | — | 1,334,689 | 1,311,808 | 18,151 | 4,730 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 1,437 | 2,367,874 | 2,307,217 | 26,662 | 33,995 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 1,128 | 2,043,830 | 1,988,629 | 30,965 | 24,236 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2020 | 5 | 1,043,858 | 1,036,774 | — | 7,084 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prior | 326 | 2,515,573 | 2,446,084 | 25,922 | 43,567 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revolving loans | — | 336,504 | 331,130 | 1,199 | 4,175 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 2,896 | 10,963,713 | 10,708,994 | 108,573 | 146,146 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other commercial loans | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Term loans by origination year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2024 | $ | 4,260 | 407,909 | 402,180 | 3,687 | 1,641 | 401 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 83 | 315,890 | 312,154 | 533 | 3,203 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 373 | 496,999 | 492,111 | 463 | 4,423 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 525 | 462,173 | 452,731 | 743 | 8,680 | 19 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2020 | 291 | 203,771 | 199,643 | 44 | 4,083 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prior | 246 | 495,291 | 468,850 | — | 26,441 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revolving loans | — | 737,502 | 706,991 | 17,612 | 12,886 | 13 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 5,778 | 3,119,535 | 3,034,660 | 23,082 | 61,357 | 436 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
89
For residential real estate, home equity and other consumer loan segments, the Company evaluates credit quality primarily on the aging status of the loan. The following tables present the amortized cost in residential real estate, home equity and other consumer loans based on payment performance:
| December 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Gross Charge-Offs | Total | Performing | 30-89 Days Past Due | Non-Accrual and 90 Days or More Past Due | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Residential real estate loans | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Term loans by origination year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | $ | — | 283,293 | 283,293 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2024 | 1 | 283,422 | 278,922 | 2,232 | 2,268 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | — | 297,393 | 293,384 | 1,184 | 2,825 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | — | 727,941 | 718,191 | 6,831 | 2,919 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | — | 502,487 | 499,821 | 1,366 | 1,300 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prior | — | 312,772 | 297,067 | 8,968 | 6,737 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revolving loans | — | 50,599 | 50,365 | 234 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 1 | 2,457,907 | 2,421,043 | 20,815 | 16,049 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Home equity loans | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Term loans by origination year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | $ | — | 474 | 474 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2024 | — | 2,397 | 2,397 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | — | 1,457 | 1,033 | 400 | 24 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 31 | 2,113 | 2,054 | — | 59 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 65 | 3,792 | 3,792 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prior | 10 | 3,381 | 3,321 | 19 | 41 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revolving loans | — | 963,592 | 954,888 | 5,097 | 3,607 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 106 | 977,206 | 967,959 | 5,516 | 3,731 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other consumer loans | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Term loans by origination year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | $ | 8,238 | 143,910 | 140,869 | 3,025 | 16 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2024 | 240 | 83,178 | 82,551 | 470 | 157 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 413 | 68,406 | 67,016 | 1,027 | 363 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 751 | 39,801 | 39,126 | 441 | 234 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 146 | 25,329 | 25,018 | 166 | 145 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prior | 235 | 29,233 | 28,982 | 67 | 184 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revolving loans | — | 39,485 | 39,043 | 359 | 83 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 10,023 | 429,342 | 422,605 | 5,555 | 1,182 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
90
| December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Gross Charge-Offs | Total | Performing | 30-89 Days Past Due | Non-Accrual and 90 Days or More Past Due | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Residential real estate loans | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Term loans by origination year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2024 | $ | 40 | 211,519 | 210,806 | — | 713 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | — | 267,000 | 264,817 | 1,407 | 776 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | — | 655,918 | 652,993 | 2,566 | 359 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | — | 455,196 | 452,628 | 959 | 1,609 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2020 | — | 90,752 | 90,649 | — | 103 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prior | — | 178,544 | 173,003 | 667 | 4,874 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 40 | 1,858,929 | 1,844,896 | 5,599 | 8,434 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Home equity loans | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Term loans by origination year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2024 | $ | — | 219 | 219 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 17 | 1,072 | 1,045 | — | 27 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 8 | 1,858 | 1,858 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | — | 780 | 780 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2020 | — | 78 | 78 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prior | 106 | 4,353 | 4,264 | 4 | 85 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revolving loans | — | 922,634 | 915,614 | 3,660 | 3,360 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 131 | 930,994 | 923,858 | 3,664 | 3,472 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other consumer loans | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Term loans by origination year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2024 | $ | 8,456 | 116,312 | 114,164 | 2,139 | 9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 431 | 89,684 | 89,218 | 262 | 204 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 467 | 64,808 | 63,843 | 665 | 300 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 238 | 36,755 | 36,233 | 261 | 261 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2020 | 34 | 18,648 | 18,601 | 41 | 6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prior | 155 | 20,014 | 19,738 | 103 | 173 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revolving loans | — | 42,457 | 42,039 | 409 | 9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 9,781 | 388,678 | 383,836 | 3,880 | 962 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
91
Note 4. Premises and Equipment
Premises and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation, consist of the following:
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | |||||||||
| Land | $ | 100,599 | 84,402 | ||||||||
| Buildings and construction in progress | 453,374 | 395,458 | |||||||||
| Furniture, fixtures and equipment | 119,701 | 123,901 | |||||||||
| Leasehold improvements | 20,631 | 15,950 | |||||||||
| Accumulated depreciation | (208,121) | (207,743) | |||||||||
| Net premises and equipment | $ | 486,184 | $ | 411,968 | |||||||
The Company capitalized interest related to assets of $0 and $618,000 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Company had $7,532,000, and $8,122,000 of premises held for sale at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
Note 5. Leases
The Company leases certain land, premises and equipment from third parties. The following table summarizes the Company’s leases:
| December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Finance Leases | Operating Leases | Finance Leases | Operating Leases | |||||||||||||||||||
| ROU assets | $ | 42,353 | 31,022 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Accumulated depreciation | (15,332) | (11,056) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | 27,021 | 48,553 | 19,966 | 36,286 | |||||||||||||||||||
| $ | 28,808 | 52,869 | 21,279 | 39,902 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average remaining lease term | 9 years | 13 years | 11 years | 15 years | |||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average discount rate | 3.9 | % | 3.9 | % | 3.6 | % | 3.7 | % | |||||||||||||||
Maturities of lease liabilities consist of the following:
| December 31, 2025 | |||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Finance Leases | Operating Leases | |||||||||
| Maturing within one year | $ | 5,597 | 7,848 | ||||||||
| Maturing one year through two years | 5,598 | 7,692 | |||||||||
| Maturing two years through three years | 5,608 | 6,464 | |||||||||
| Maturing three years through four years | 5,616 | 5,562 | |||||||||
| Maturing four years through five years | 1,701 | 4,927 | |||||||||
| Thereafter | 10,010 | 36,945 | |||||||||
| Total lease payments | 34,130 | 69,438 | |||||||||
| Present value of lease payments | |||||||||||
| Short-term | 4,591 | 5,931 | |||||||||
| Long-term | 24,217 | 46,938 | |||||||||
| Total present value of lease payments | 28,808 | 52,869 | |||||||||
| Difference between lease payments and present value of lease payments | $ | 5,322 | 16,569 | ||||||||
92
The components of lease expense included in other expense on the consolidated statements of operations consist of the following:
| Year ended | |||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | |||||||||
| Finance lease cost | |||||||||||
| Amortization of ROU assets | 4,539 | 4,364 | |||||||||
| Interest on lease liabilities | 1,094 | 844 | |||||||||
| Operating lease cost | 7,110 | 5,204 | |||||||||
| Short-term lease cost | 599 | 481 | |||||||||
| Variable lease cost | 2,394 | 1,706 | |||||||||
| Sublease income | (89) | (44) | |||||||||
| Total lease expense | 15,647 | 12,555 | |||||||||
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases is as follows:
| Year ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Finance Leases | Operating Leases | Finance Leases | Operating Leases | |||||||||||||||||||
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating cash flows | $ | 1,094 | 5,756 | 844 | 3,418 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Financing cash flows | 4,050 | N/A | 3,852 | N/A | |||||||||||||||||||
______________________________
N/A - Not applicable
The Company also leases office space to third parties through operating leases. Rent income from these leases for the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $1,849,000 and $1,592,000, respectively, and is recorded in other income within non-interest income.
93
Note 6. Other Intangible Assets and Goodwill
The following table sets forth information regarding the Company’s core deposit intangibles and other intangibles:
| At or for the Years ended | |||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||||
| Gross carrying value | $ | 180,608 | 120,912 | 95,120 | |||||||||||||
| Accumulated amortization | (75,339) | (69,730) | (63,250) | ||||||||||||||
| Net carrying value | $ | 105,269 | 51,182 | 31,870 | |||||||||||||
| Aggregate amortization expense | $ | 15,887 | 12,757 | 9,731 | |||||||||||||
| Estimated amortization expense for the years ending December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2026 | $ | 19,177 | |||||||||||||||
| 2027 | 17,593 | ||||||||||||||||
| 2028 | 13,411 | ||||||||||||||||
| 2029 | 11,319 | ||||||||||||||||
| 2030 | 9,576 | ||||||||||||||||
The following schedule discloses the changes in the carrying value of goodwill:
| Years ended | |||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||||
| Net carrying value at beginning of period | $ | 1,051,318 | 985,393 | 985,393 | |||||||||||||
| Acquisitions and adjustments | 326,965 | 65,925 | — | ||||||||||||||
| Net carrying value at end of period | $ | 1,378,283 | 1,051,318 | 985,393 | |||||||||||||
The Company evaluates goodwill for possible impairment utilizing a control premium analysis. The analysis first calculates the market capitalization and then adjusts such value for a control premium range which results in an implied fair value. The control premium range is determined based on historical control premiums for acquisitions that are comparable to the Company and is obtained from an independent third party. The calculated implied fair value is then compared to the book value to determine whether a goodwill impairment will be recognized and the amount of the impairment. The Company performed its annual goodwill impairment test during the third quarter of 2025 and determined the fair value of the reporting unit exceeded the carrying value, such that the Company’s goodwill was not considered impaired. In recognition, there were no events or circumstances that occurred during the fourth quarter of 2025 that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value, the Company did not perform interim testing at December 31, 2025. Changes in the economic environment, operations of the aggregated reporting units, or other factors could result in the decline in the fair value of the aggregated reporting units which could result in a goodwill impairment in the future. Accumulated historical impairment charges were $40,159,000 as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
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Note 7. Loan Servicing
Mortgage loans that are serviced for others are not reported as assets, only the servicing rights are recorded and included in other assets. The following schedules disclose the change in the carrying value of mortgage servicing rights that is included in other assets, principal balances of loans serviced and the fair value of mortgage servicing rights:
| Years ended | |||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||||
| Carrying value at beginning of period | $ | 11,958 | 12,534 | 13,488 | |||||||||||||
| Additions | 1,268 | 811 | 434 | ||||||||||||||
| Amortization | (1,447) | (1,387) | (1,388) | ||||||||||||||
| Carrying value at end of period | $ | 11,779 | 11,958 | 12,534 | |||||||||||||
| Principal balances of loans serviced for others | $ | 1,470,673 | 1,507,439 | 1,570,834 | |||||||||||||
| Fair value of servicing rights | $ | 16,489 | 17,902 | 18,000 | |||||||||||||
Note 8. Variable Interest Entities
A VIE is a partnership, limited liability company, trust or other legal entity that meets one of the following criteria: 1) the entity’s equity investment at risk is not sufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties; 2) the holders of the equity investment at risk, as a group, lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest; and 3) the voting rights of some holders of the equity investment at risk are disproportionate to their obligation to absorb losses or receive returns, and substantially all of the activities are conducted on behalf of the holder of equity investment at risk with disproportionately few voting rights. A VIE must be consolidated by the Company if it is deemed to be the primary beneficiary, which is the party involved with the VIE that has both: 1) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly affect the VIE’s economic performance; and 2) the obligation to absorb the losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE.
The Company’s VIEs are regularly monitored to determine if any reconsideration events have occurred that could cause the primary beneficiary status to change. A previously unconsolidated VIE is consolidated when the Company becomes the primary beneficiary. A previously consolidated VIE is deconsolidated when the Company ceases to be the primary beneficiary or the entity is no longer a VIE.
Consolidated Variable Interest Entities
The Company has equity investments in Certified Development Entities (“CDE”) which have received allocations of New Markets Tax Credits (“NMTC”). The NMTC program provides federal tax incentives to investors to make investments in distressed communities and promotes economic improvements through the development of successful businesses in these communities. The NMTC is available to investors over seven years and is subject to recapture if certain events occur during such period. The maximum exposure to loss in the CDEs is the amount of equity invested and credit extended by the Company. However, the Company has credit protection in the form of indemnification agreements, guarantees, and collateral arrangements. The Company has evaluated the variable interests held by the Company in each CDE (NMTC) investment and determined the Company does not individually meet the characteristics of a primary beneficiary; however, the related party group does meet the criteria as a group and substantially all of the activities of the CDEs either involve or are conducted on behalf of the Company. As a result, the Company is the primary beneficiary of the CDEs and their assets, liabilities, and results of operations are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The primary activities of the CDEs are recognized in commercial loans interest income and other borrowed funds interest expense on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and the federal income tax credit allocations from the investments are recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations as a component of income tax expense. Such related cash flows are recognized in loans originated, principal collected on loans and change in other borrowed funds.
The Bank is also the sole member of certain tax credit funds that make direct investments in qualified affordable housing projects (e.g., Low-Income Housing Tax Credit [“LIHTC”] partnerships). As such, the Company is the primary beneficiary of these tax credit funds and their assets, liabilities, and results of operations are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
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The following table summarizes the carrying amounts of the consolidated VIEs’ assets and liabilities included in the Company’s statements of financial condition and are adjusted for intercompany eliminations. All assets presented can be used only to settle obligations of the consolidated VIEs and all liabilities presented consist of liabilities for which creditors and other beneficial interest holders therein have no recourse to the general credit of the Company.
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | |||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||||
| Loans receivable | $ | 95,701 | 123,064 | ||||||||
| Other assets | 91,461 | 79,858 | |||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 187,162 | 202,922 | ||||||||
| Liabilities | |||||||||||
| Other borrowed funds | $ | 51,474 | 62,062 | ||||||||
| Accrued interest payable | 418 | 270 | |||||||||
| Other liabilities | 31,852 | 27,577 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities | $ | 83,744 | 89,909 | ||||||||
Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entities
The Company has equity investments in LIHTC partnerships, both directly and through tax credit funds, with carrying values of $216,650,000 and $203,124,000 as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The LIHTCs are indirect federal subsidies to finance low-income housing and are used in connection with both newly constructed and renovated residential rental buildings. Once a project is placed in service, it is generally eligible for the tax credit for ten years. To continue generating the tax credit and to avoid tax credit recapture, a LIHTC building must satisfy specific low-income housing compliance rules for a full fifteen years. The maximum exposure to loss in the VIEs is the amount of equity invested and credit extended by the Company. However, the Company has credit protection in the form of indemnification agreements, guarantees, and collateral arrangements. The Company has evaluated the variable interests held by the Company in each LIHTC investment and determined that the Company does not have controlling financial interests in such investments and is not the primary beneficiary. The Company reports the investments in the unconsolidated LIHTCs as other assets on the Company’s statements of financial condition and any unfunded equity commitments in other liabilities. There were no impairment losses on the Company’s LIHTC investments during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023. Future unfunded contingent equity commitments related to the Company’s LIHTC investments at December 31, 2025 are as follows:
| (Dollars in thousands) | Amount | ||||
| Years ending December 31, | |||||
| 2026 | $ | 53,488 | |||
| 2027 | 22,204 | ||||
| 2028 | 1,288 | ||||
| 2029 | 652 | ||||
| 2030 | 559 | ||||
| Thereafter | 2,118 | ||||
| Total | $ | 80,309 | |||
The Company has elected to use the proportional amortization method, and more specifically, the practical expedient method, for the amortization of all eligible LIHTC investments and amortization expense is recognized as a component of income tax expense. The following table summarizes the amortization expense and the amount of tax credits and other tax benefits recognized for qualified affordable housing project investments during the periods presented.
| Years ended | |||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||||
Amortization expense | $ | ||||||||||||||||
Tax credits and other tax benefits recognized | |||||||||||||||||
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The Company also owns trust subsidiaries, each of which issued trust preferred securities as capital instruments. The trust subsidiaries have no assets, operations, revenues or cash flows other than those related to the issuance, administration and repayment of the securities held by third parties. The trust subsidiaries are not included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements because the sole asset of each trust subsidiary is a receivable from the Company, even though the Company owns all of the voting equity shares of the trust subsidiaries, has fully guaranteed the obligations of the trust subsidiaries and may have the right to redeem the third party securities under certain circumstances. The Company reports the trust preferred securities issued to the trust subsidiaries as subordinated debentures on the Company’s statements of financial condition. For additional information on the Company’s investments in trust subsidiaries, see Note 11.
Note 9. Deposits
Time deposits that meet or exceed the FDIC limit of $250,000 at December 31, 2025 and 2024 were $1,615,554,000 and $1,266,371,000, respectively.
The scheduled maturities of time deposits are as follows and includes $0 of wholesale deposits as of December 31, 2025:
| (Dollars in thousands) | Amount | ||||
| Years ending December 31, | |||||
| 2026 | $ | 3,720,798 | |||
| 2027 | 110,488 | ||||
| 2028 | 31,641 | ||||
| 2029 | 15,129 | ||||
| 2030 | 50,144 | ||||
| Thereafter | 350 | ||||
| $ | 3,928,550 | ||||
The Company reclassified $11,393,000 and $11,694,000 of overdraft demand deposits to loans as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company has entered into deposit transactions with its executive officers, directors and their affiliates. The aggregate amount of deposits with such related parties at December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $35,948,000 and $30,403,000, respectively.
Note 10. Borrowings
The Company’s securities sold under agreements to repurchase totaled $2,084,113,000 and $1,777,475,000 at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and are secured by debt securities with carrying values of $2,432,683,000 and $2,184,627,000, respectively. Securities are pledged to customers at the time of the transaction in an amount at least equal to the outstanding balance and are held in custody accounts by third parties. The fair value of collateral is continually monitored and additional collateral is provided as deemed appropriate. The following tables summarize the carrying value of the Company’s repurchase agreements by remaining contractual maturity and category of collateral:
| December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||
| Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements | |||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Overnight and Continuous | ||||||||||
| U.S. government and federal agency | $ | 308,437 | — | ||||||||
| Residential mortgage-backed securities | 1,775,676 | 1,777,475 | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 2,084,113 | 1,777,475 | ||||||||
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FHLB advances are collateralized by specifically pledged loans and debt securities, FHLB stock owned by the Company, and a blanket assignment of the unpledged qualifying loans and investments. The scheduled maturities of FHLB advances consist of the following:
| December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Amount | Weighted Rate | Amount | Weighted Rate | |||||||||||||||||||
| Maturing within one year | $ | 440,000 | 4.61 | % | $ | 1,360,000 | 4.79 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Maturing one year through two years | — | — | % | 440,000 | 4.61 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Maturing two years through three years | — | — | % | — | — | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Maturing three years through four years | — | — | % | — | — | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Maturing four years through five years | — | — | % | — | — | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Thereafter | — | — | % | — | — | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 440,000 | 4.61 | % | $ | 1,800,000 | 4.75 | % | |||||||||||||||
The Company’s other borrowed funds consisted of finance lease liabilities and other debt obligations through consolidation of certain VIEs. At December 31, 2025, the Company had $530,000,000 in unsecured lines of credit which are typically renewed on an annual basis with various correspondent entities.
The Company has entered into borrowing transactions with its related parties in connection with the certain variable interest entities. The aggregate amount of borrowings with such related parties was $10,251,000 at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
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Note 11. Subordinated Debentures
The Company’s subordinated debentures are reflected in the table below. The amounts include fair value adjustments from acquisitions.
| December 31, 2025 | Rate Structure | Maturity Date | |||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Balance | Rate | |||||||||||||||||||||
Subordinated debentures owed to trust subsidiaries | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| First Company Statutory Trust 2001 | $ | 3,773 | 7.402 | % | 3 month CME Term SOFR plus 3.30% | 07/31/2031 | |||||||||||||||||
| First Company Statutory Trust 2003 | 2,767 | 7.200 | % | 3 month CME Term SOFR plus 3.25% | 03/26/2033 | ||||||||||||||||||
| FNB (UT) Statutory Trust I | 4,124 | 7.050 | % | 3 month CME Term SOFR plus 3.10% | 06/26/2033 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Glacier Capital Trust II | 46,393 | 6.916 | % | 3 month CME Term SOFR plus 2.75% | 04/07/2034 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Citizens (ID) Statutory Trust I | 5,155 | 6.616 | % | 3 month CME Term SOFR plus 2.65% | 06/17/2034 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Glacier Capital Trust III | 36,083 | 5.456 | % | 3 month CME Term SOFR plus 1.29% | 04/07/2036 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Glacier Capital Trust IV | 30,928 | 5.555 | % | 3 month CME Term SOFR plus 1.57% | 09/15/2036 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Guaranty (TX) Capital Trust III | 1,763 | 5.917 | % | 3 month CME Term SOFR plus 1.67% | 10/01/2036 | ||||||||||||||||||
| FNB (UT) Statutory Trust II | 1,861 | 5.705 | % | 3 month CME Term SOFR plus 1.72% | 12/15/2036 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Bank of the San Juans Bancorporation Trust I | 2,183 | 5.874 | % | 3 month CME Term SOFR plus 1.82% | 03/01/2037 | ||||||||||||||||||
| DCB Financial Trust I | 4,425 | 5.785 | % | 3 month CME Term SOFR plus 1.80% | 06/15/2037 | ||||||||||||||||||
Total subordinated debentures owed to trust subsidiaries | $ | 139,455 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Subordinated debentures | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bank of Idaho Holding Co 2021 | $ | 14,365 | 3.375 | % | Fixed | 09/30/2031 | |||||||||||||||||
| Stifel Nicolaus & Co 2022 | 33,672 | 3.625 | % | Fixed | 04/01/2032 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total subordinated debentures | $ | 187,492 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Subordinated Debentures Owed to Trust Subsidiaries
Trust preferred securities were issued by the Company’s trust subsidiaries, the common stock of which is wholly-owned by the Company, in conjunction with the Company issuing subordinated debentures to the trust subsidiaries. The terms of the subordinated debentures are the same as the terms of the trust preferred securities. The Company guaranteed the payment of distributions and payments for redemption or liquidation of the trust preferred securities to the extent of funds held by the trust subsidiaries. The obligations of the Company under the subordinated debentures together with the guarantee and other back-up obligations, in the aggregate, constitute a full and unconditional guarantee by the Company of the obligations of all trusts under the trust preferred securities.
The trust preferred securities are subject to mandatory redemption upon repayment of the subordinated debentures at their stated maturity date or the earlier redemption in an amount equal to their liquidation amount plus accumulated and unpaid distributions to the date of redemption. Interest distributions are typically payable quarterly, with one exception. The Company may defer the payment of interest at any time for a period not exceeding 20 consecutive quarters provided that the deferral period does not extend past the stated maturity. During any such deferral period, distributions on the trust preferred securities will also be deferred and the Company’s ability to pay dividends on its common shares will be restricted.
Subject to prior approval by the FRB, the trust preferred securities may be redeemed at par prior to maturity at the Company’s option on or after the redemption date. All of the Company’s trust preferred securities have reached the redemption date and could be redeemed at the Company’s option. The trust preferred securities may also be redeemed at any time in whole (but not in part) for the Trusts in the event of unfavorable changes in laws or regulations that result in 1) subsidiary trusts becoming subject to federal income
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tax on income received on the subordinated debentures; 2) interest payable by the Company on the subordinated debentures becoming non-deductible for federal tax purposes; 3) the requirement for the trusts to register under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended; or 4) loss of the ability to treat the trust preferred securities as Tier 1 capital under the FRB capital adequacy guidelines. As a result of the Company exceeding $15 billion in assets and in compliance with the Dodd-Frank Act, the trust preferred securities are excluded from Tier 1 capital.
For additional information on regulatory capital, see Note 13.
Note 12. Derivatives and Hedging Activities
The following table presents the derivatives that are recorded at fair value in other assets or other liabilities.
| December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Average Maturity | Notional Amount | Fair Value Asset (Liability) | Notional Amount | Fair Value Asset (Liability) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair value hedge designation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest rate swap agreements | 0.29 years | $ | 1,395,500 | 244 | 1,630,500 | 9,287 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest rate cap agreements | 4.62 years | 100,000 | 2,128 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash flow hedge designation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest rate cap agreements | — | — | — | 86,500 | 720 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-designated derivatives | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest rate lock commitments | 44,089 | 700 | 22,977 | 410 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| TBA commitments | 55,250 | (241) | 29,000 | 169 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
The Company has established objectives and strategies that include ongoing monitoring and management of interest rate risk. The Company monitors interest rate risk through simulation modeling to quantify the estimated exposure to net interest income to sustained interest rate changes. The goal of the asset/liability management is to maintain profitability within established risk parameters. In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into interest rate lock commitments with customers which exposes the Company to interest rate risk. To mitigate such risk the Company enters into TBA commitments to reduce the price fluctuations of the interest rate lock commitments. As part of the overall asset/liability strategy, the Company enters into certain fair value hedge and cash flow hedge agreements to manage a portion of the interest rate risk. The following provides additional information related to the Company’s hedging transactions. The fair value hedges and cash flow hedges were highly effective when initiated and on an on-going basis.
Cash Flow Hedges
Interest Rate Cap Agreements.
The Company had interest rate cap agreements designated as cash flow hedges on its variable rate subordinated debt, all of which matured prior to March 31, 2025. The interest rate caps required receipt of variable rate amounts from the counterparty when the interest rate rose above the strike price in the agreement.
The effect of cash flow hedge accounting on OCI for the years ended were as follows:
| Years ended | |||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||||
| Amount of (loss) gain recognized in OCI | $ | (657) | 777 | 2,006 | |||||||||||||
| Amount of gain reclassified from OCI to interest expense | 63 | 4,879 | 4,605 | ||||||||||||||
Fair Value Hedges
Interest Rate Swap Agreements
The Company entered into interest rate swap agreements that are designated as fair value hedges for a closed pool of fixed rate debt securities. The instruments are designated as fair value hedges as the changes in the fair value of the interest rate swap are expected to offset changes in the fair value of the hedged item attributable to changes in the compounded overnight SOFR rate, the designated benchmark interest rate. These derivative contracts involve the receipt of variable rate interest from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the contract, without the exchange of the underlying notional value.
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During 2024, the Company terminated several interest rate swap agreements for $19,825,000. This basis adjustment to the carrying cost of the closed pool will be amortized over the remaining life of the securities in the closed pool.
Interest Rate Cap Agreements
During 2025, the Company entered into forward start interest rate cap agreements that are designated as fair value hedges for specific fixed rate AFS debt securities. The forward start interest rate cap agreements will become effective in the second quarter of 2026. The instruments are designated as fair value hedges as the changes in the fair value of the interest rate cap are expected to offset a portion of the changes in the fair value of the hedged item when the variable rate is above the strike price. These derivative contracts involve the receipt of variable rate interest from a counterparty if the variable rate of the benchmark rate (SOFR) exceeds the strike price after the forward start date. The weighted-average strike rate for the interest rate caps was 3.26% at December 31, 2025.
The following amounts were recorded on the balance sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges for the respective periods:
| (Dollars in thousands) | Amortized cost of the Hedged Assets | Amortized Cost of Fair Value Hedging Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Line item on the balance sheet | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | 2,692,319 | 3,242,878 | (244) | (9,287) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 99,528 | — | (315) | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||
The effects of the fair value hedge relationships on the income statement during the years ended were as follows:
| Years ended | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Location of Gain (Loss) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||||||
| Interest rate swap | Interest income on investment securities | $ | 1,002 | 20,743 | (16,447) | |||||||||||||||
| Interest rate caps | Interest income on investment securities | (36) | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
| Available-for-sale debt securities | Interest income on investment securities | 9,043 | (7,451) | 17,988 | ||||||||||||||||
The effect of fair value hedge accounting on OCI for the interest rate cap agreements for the years ended were as follows:
| Years ended | |||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | ||||
| Amount of (loss) gain recognized in OCI | $ | (27) | |||
Note 13. Regulatory Capital
The Federal Reserve adopted capital adequacy guidelines that are used to assess the adequacy of capital in supervising a bank holding company. The guidelines require the Company to hold a 2.5 percent capital conservation buffer designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. The Company has elected to opt-out of the requirement to include accumulated other comprehensive income in Common Equity Tier 1 capital. As of December 31, 2025, management believes the Company and Bank meet all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject.
Prompt corrective action regulations provide the following classifications: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized and critically undercapitalized. If undercapitalized, capital distributions (including payment of a dividend) are generally restricted, as is paying management fees to its bank holding company. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements set forth in the table below can initiate certain mandatory and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company’s and Bank’s financial condition. The Company’s and Bank’s capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors.
At December 31, 2025 and 2024, the most recent regulatory notifications categorized the Company and Bank as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. To be well capitalized, the Bank must maintain minimum total capital, Tier 1
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capital, Common Tier 1 capital and Tier 1 Leverage ratios as set forth in the table below. There are no conditions or events since December 31, 2025 that management believes have changed the Company’s or Bank’s risk-based capital category.
Current guidance from the Federal Reserve provides, among other things, that dividends per share on the Company’s common stock generally should not exceed earnings per share, measured over the previous four fiscal quarters. In certain circumstances, Montana law also places limits or restrictions on a bank’s ability to declare and pay dividends.
The following tables illustrate the FRB’s adequacy guidelines and the Company’s and the Bank’s compliance with those guidelines:
| December 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Actual | Required for Capital Adequacy Purposes | To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Regulations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Amount | Ratio | Amount | Ratio | Amount | Ratio | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total capital (to risk-weighted assets) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated | $ | 3,401,511 | 14.76 | % | $ | 1,843,428 | 8.00 | % | N/A | N/A | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Glacier Bank | 3,201,454 | 13.91 | % | 1,841,635 | 8.00 | % | $ | 2,302,044 | 10.00 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated | 2,929,300 | 12.71 | % | 1,382,571 | 6.00 | % | N/A | N/A | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Glacier Bank | 2,916,743 | 12.67 | % | 1,381,226 | 6.00 | % | 1,841,635 | 8.00 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common Equity Tier 1 (to risk-weighted assets) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated | 2,929,300 | 12.71 | % | 1,036,928 | 4.50 | % | N/A | N/A | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Glacier Bank | 2,916,743 | 12.67 | % | 1,035,920 | 4.50 | % | 1,496,329 | 6.50 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tier 1 capital (to average assets) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated | 2,929,300 | 9.36 | % | 1,251,361 | 4.00 | % | N/A | N/A | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Glacier Bank | 2,916,743 | 9.33 | % | 1,250,510 | 4.00 | % | 1,563,137 | 5.00 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Actual | Required for Capital Adequacy Purposes | To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Regulations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Amount | Ratio | Amount | Ratio | Amount | Ratio | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total capital (to risk-weighted assets) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated | $ | 2,805,336 | 14.49 | % | $ | 1,548,647 | 8.00 | % | N/A | N/A | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Glacier Bank | 2,629,308 | 13.59 | % | 1,547,240 | 8.00 | % | $ | 1,934,050 | 10.00 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated | 2,456,084 | 12.69 | % | 1,161,486 | 6.00 | % | N/A | N/A | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Glacier Bank | 2,410,556 | 12.46 | % | 1,160,430 | 6.00 | % | 1,547,240 | 8.00 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common Equity Tier 1 (to risk-weighted assets) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated | 2,456,084 | 12.69 | % | 871,114 | 4.50 | % | N/A | N/A | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Glacier Bank | 2,410,556 | 12.46 | % | 870,323 | 4.50 | % | 1,257,133 | 6.50 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tier 1 capital (to average assets) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated | 2,456,084 | 8.93 | % | 1,099,921 | 4.00 | % | N/A | N/A | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Glacier Bank | 2,410,556 | 8.77 | % | 1,099,231 | 4.00 | % | 1,374,039 | 5.00 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
N/A - Not applicable
102
Note 14. Stock-based Compensation Plan
The Company has two stock-based compensation plans in effect at December 31, 2025. The 2015 Stock Incentive Plan expired in April 2025, but still has non-vested restricted stock awards at December 31, 2025. The 2025 Stock Incentive Plan provides incentives and awards to select employees and directors of the Company and permits the granting of stock options, share appreciation rights, restricted shares, restricted stock units, unrestricted shares and performance awards. At December 31, 2025, the number of shares available to award to employees and directors under the 2025 Stock Incentive Plan was 1,576,952. Only restricted stock units were issued for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023.
Restricted Stock Units
The Company has awarded restricted stock units to select employees and directors under the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan and 2025 Stock Incentive Plan. Common stock is issued as vesting restrictions lapse, and the restricted stock unit is settled, which may be immediately or according to the terms of a vesting schedule. The vesting is generally zero to three years. Restricted stock units may not be sold, pledged or otherwise transferred until restrictions have lapsed. The recipient does not have the right to vote or to receive dividends until the restricted stock unit has vested and settled, at which time shares are issued with voting rights and dividends accumulated since the date of grant are paid out. The fair value of the restricted stock unit is the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the award date.
Compensation expense related to restricted stock units for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $8,076,000, $7,919,000 and $7,895,000, respectively, and the recognized income tax benefit related to this expense was $2,002,000, $1,973,000 and $1,976,000, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, total unrecognized compensation expense of $8,262,000 related to restricted stock units is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.9 years.
The fair value of restricted stock units that vested during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $8,351,000, $7,989,000 and $7,410,000, respectively, and the income tax benefit related to these awards was $2,207,000, $1,602,000 and $1,691,000, respectively. Upon vesting of restricted stock units, the shares are issued from the Company’s authorized stock balance.
The following table summarizes the restricted stock unit activity for the year ended December 31, 2025:
| Restricted Stock Units | Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value | ||||||||||
| Non-vested at December 31, 2024 | 289,508 | $ | 43.70 | ||||||||
| Granted | 184,916 | 49.16 | |||||||||
| Vested | (167,849) | 46.35 | |||||||||
| Forfeited | (9,156) | 44.41 | |||||||||
| Non-vested at December 31, 2025 | 297,419 | 45.70 | |||||||||
The average remaining contractual term on non-vested restricted stock units at December 31, 2025 is 0.9 years. The aggregate intrinsic value of the non-vested restricted stock units at December 31, 2025 was $13,101,000.
Stock Options
During 2025, in connection with the Guaranty acquisition, the Company assumed stock options originally issued under Guaranty’s 2015 Equity Incentive Plan. All shares subject to stock options and per share exercise prices were adjusted as of the acquisition date. Upon exercise of the stock options, the shares are issued from the Company's authorized and unissued common stock. Prior to the Guaranty stock options being assumed, there were 2,365 stock options outstanding from the Company’s 2019 acquisition of Heritage Bank. There were no stock options granted during 2025, 2024, or 2023.
There was no compensation expense related to stock options for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023. As of December 31, 2025, there was total unrecognized compensation expense of zero related to stock options.
The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 was $607,000, $65,000, and $24,000, respectively, and the income tax benefit related to these exercises was $9,000 for the year ended December 31, 2025 and zero for both 2024 and 2023. Total cash received from options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $1,059,000 and $113,000, respectively.
103
Changes in shares granted for stock options for the year ended December 31, 2025 are summarized as follows:
| Stock Options | Weighted- Average Exercise Price | ||||||||||
| Outstanding at December 31, 2024 | 2,365 | $ | 21.35 | ||||||||
| Acquisitions | 321,027 | 39.52 | |||||||||
| Exercised | (37,934) | 27.90 | |||||||||
| Outstanding at December 31, 2025 | 285,458 | 29.05 | |||||||||
| Exercisable at December 31, 2025 | 285,458 | 29.05 | |||||||||
The average remaining contractual term on outstanding stock options at December 31, 2025 was 5.5 years. The aggregate intrinsic value of the outstanding stock options at December 31, 2025 was $4,281,000.
Note 15. Employee Benefit Plans
The Company provides its qualified employees with a comprehensive benefit program, including health, dental and vision insurance, life and accident insurance, short- and long-term disability coverage, paid time off, Profit Sharing and 401(k) Plan, stock-based compensation plan, deferred compensation plans, and supplemental executive retirement plan (“SERP”). The Company has elected to self-insure certain costs related to employee health, dental and vision benefit programs. Costs resulting from non-insured losses are expensed as incurred. The Company has purchased insurance that limits its exposure on an individual claim basis for the employee health benefit programs.
Profit Sharing and 401(k) Plan
The Company’s Profit Sharing and 401(k) Plan have safe harbor and employer discretionary components. To be eligible to participate in the plan, an employee must be at least 18 years of age and employed for a full three months. Employees are eligible to participate in the 401(k) plan the first day of the month once they have met the eligibility requirements. To be considered eligible for the employer discretionary contribution of the profit sharing plan, an employee must be 18 years of age, worked one full calendar quarter, worked 501 hours in the plan year and be employed as of the last day of the plan year. Participants are at all times fully vested in all contributions.
The profit sharing plan contributions consists of a 3 percent non-elective safe harbor contribution fully funded by the Company and an employer discretionary contribution. The employer discretionary contribution depends on the Company’s profitability. The total profit sharing plan expense for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 was $14,543,000, $10,644,000 and $13,409,000, respectively.
The 401(k) plan allows eligible employees under the age of 50 to contribute up to 80 percent, and those 50 and older to contribute up to 100 percent of their eligible annual compensation up to the limit set annually by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”). The Company matches an amount equal to 50 percent of the first 6 percent of an employee’s contribution. The Company’s contribution to the 401(k) plan for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $7,769,000, $6,794,000, and $6,074,000, respectively.
Deferred Compensation Plans
The Company has non-funded deferred compensation plans for directors, eligible employees and certain non-employee service providers. The plans provide for participants’ elective deferral of cash payments of up to 50 percent of a participants’ salary and 100 percent of bonuses and directors fees. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the liability related to the plans was $11,923,000 and $11,926,000, respectively, and was included in other liabilities. The total amount deferred for the plans was $1,793,000, $1,807,000, and $1,860,000, for the years ending December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively. The participant receives an earnings credit at a rate equal to 50 percent of the Company’s return on average equity. Total expense for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 for the plans was $382,000, $346,000 and $374,000, respectively.
In connection with several acquisitions, the Company assumed the obligations of deferred compensation plans for certain key employees. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the liability related to the acquired plans was $25,183,000 and $18,837,000, respectively, and was included in other liabilities. Total expense for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 for the acquired plans was $1,342,000, $1,069,000 and $1,062,000, respectively.
104
Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan
The Company has a SERP which is intended to supplement payments due to participants upon retirement under the Company’s other qualified plans. The Company credits the participant’s account on an annual basis for an amount equal to employer contributions that would have otherwise been allocated to the participant’s account under the tax-qualified plans were it not for limitations imposed by the IRS or the participation in the non-funded deferred compensation plan. Eligible employees include participants of the non-funded deferred compensation plan and employees whose benefits were limited as a result of IRS regulations. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the liability related to the SERP was $5,708,000 and $5,615,000, respectively, and was included in other liabilities. The Company’s required contribution to the SERP for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $456,000, $263,000, and $643,000, respectively. The participant receives an earnings credit at a rate equal to 50 percent of the Company’s return on average equity. Total expense for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 for the SERP was $175,000, $165,000, and $267,000, respectively.
Note 16. Other Expenses
Other expenses consists of the following:
| Years ended | |||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||||
| Consulting and outside services | $ | 21,083 | 22,890 | 16,947 | |||||||||||||
| Debit card expenses | 16,805 | 14,642 | 12,189 | ||||||||||||||
| Mergers and acquisition expenses | 16,595 | 9,916 | 1,300 | ||||||||||||||
| Loan expenses | 9,145 | 8,409 | 8,135 | ||||||||||||||
| Employee expenses | 7,813 | 6,391 | 6,227 | ||||||||||||||
| Business development | 6,245 | 5,805 | 5,630 | ||||||||||||||
| Variable interest entities amortization and other expenses | 6,086 | 7,381 | 7,333 | ||||||||||||||
| Telephone | 6,032 | 5,988 | 6,109 | ||||||||||||||
| Postage | 5,357 | 4,939 | 4,300 | ||||||||||||||
| Checking and operating expenses | 4,132 | 5,044 | 2,781 | ||||||||||||||
| Printing and supplies | 3,415 | 3,334 | 3,130 | ||||||||||||||
| Accounting and audit fees | 2,235 | 2,082 | 1,956 | ||||||||||||||
| Legal fees | 2,133 | 1,845 | 1,490 | ||||||||||||||
| Loss (gain) on dispositions of premises and equipment | 224 | (5,100) | 160 | ||||||||||||||
| Other | 13,200 | 10,754 | 9,301 | ||||||||||||||
| Total other expenses | $ | 120,500 | 104,320 | 86,988 | |||||||||||||
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Note 17. Federal and State Income Taxes
The following table is a summary of consolidated income tax expense:
| Years ended | |||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||||
| Current | |||||||||||||||||
| Federal | $ | 41,456 | 23,695 | 27,626 | |||||||||||||
| State | 13,830 | 9,857 | 16,548 | ||||||||||||||
| Total current income tax expense | 55,286 | 33,552 | 44,174 | ||||||||||||||
Deferred 1 | |||||||||||||||||
| Federal | (3,493) | 2,010 | 404 | ||||||||||||||
| State | (573) | 598 | 103 | ||||||||||||||
| Total deferred income tax (benefit) expense | (4,066) | 2,608 | 507 | ||||||||||||||
| Total income tax expense | $ | 51,220 | 36,160 | 44,681 | |||||||||||||
______________________________
1 Includes tax benefit of operating loss carryforwards of $359,000, $307,000, and $313,000 for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
Combined federal and state income tax expense differs from that computed at the federal statutory corporate income tax rate as follows:
| Years ended | |||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | ||||||||||
| Federal statutory rate | $ | 60,952 | 21.0 | % | |||||||
State taxes, net of federal income tax benefit 1 | 10,473 | 3.6 | % | ||||||||
| Tax credits | |||||||||||
| Low-income tax credits (net) | (6,646) | (2.3) | % | ||||||||
| New market tax credits | (5,797) | (2.0 | %) | ||||||||
| Other tax credits | (602) | (0.2 | %) | ||||||||
| Non-deductible and non-taxable items: | |||||||||||
| Tax-exempt interest income | (11,442) | (3.9 | %) | ||||||||
| Other, net | 4,282 | 1.4 | % | ||||||||
| Effective income tax | $ | 51,220 | 17.6 | % | |||||||
______________________________
1 State taxes in Montana made up the majority (greater than 50 percent) of the tax effect in this category.
Prior to the adoption of the guidance in ASU 2023-09, the combined federal and state income tax expense differed from that computed at the federal statutory corporate income tax rate as follows:
| Years ended | |||||||||||
| December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | ||||||||||
| Federal statutory rate | 21.0 | % | 21.0 | % | |||||||
| State taxes, net of federal income tax benefit | 3.6 | % | 4.9 | % | |||||||
| Tax-exempt interest income | (4.5 | %) | (4.3 | %) | |||||||
| Tax credits | (5.5 | %) | (5.6 | %) | |||||||
| Other, net | 1.4 | % | 0.7 | % | |||||||
| Effective income tax rate | 16.0 | % | 16.7 | % | |||||||
106
During the periods presented, the Company paid income taxes (net of refunds) to the following jurisdictions:
| Years ended | |||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | ||||
| Federal | $ | 18,036 | |||
| Montana | 7,748 | ||||
| Idaho | 2,060 | ||||
| Utah | 1,960 | ||||
| All other states | 2,356 | ||||
| Total taxes paid | $ | 32,160 | |||
The Company paid $15,604,000 and $27,932,000 for income taxes (net of refunds) for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
The tax effect of temporary differences which give rise to a significant portion of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are as follows:
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | |||||||||
| Deferred tax assets | |||||||||||
| Allowance for credit losses | $ | 70,730 | 56,430 | ||||||||
| Available-for-sale debt securities | 56,070 | 102,448 | |||||||||
| Acquisition fair market value adjustments | 21,927 | 5,471 | |||||||||
| Employee benefits | 15,470 | 12,234 | |||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities | 13,107 | 9,943 | |||||||||
| Deferred compensation | 10,668 | 9,144 | |||||||||
| Net operating loss carryforwards | 493 | 567 | |||||||||
| Derivatives | 165 | 2,356 | |||||||||
| Transferred debt securities | — | 395 | |||||||||
| Other | 3,260 | 3,951 | |||||||||
| Total gross deferred tax assets | 191,890 | 202,939 | |||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities | |||||||||||
| Depreciation of premises and equipment | (26,752) | (21,321) | |||||||||
| Intangibles | (21,145) | (7,854) | |||||||||
| Operating lease ROU assets | (15,625) | (9,042) | |||||||||
| Deferred loan costs | (10,520) | (10,043) | |||||||||
| Prepaid assets | (4,439) | (3,146) | |||||||||
| Mortgage servicing rights | (2,920) | (2,980) | |||||||||
| Transferred debt securities | (997) | — | |||||||||
| Derivatives | (156) | (2,356) | |||||||||
| Other | (7,999) | (7,242) | |||||||||
| Total gross deferred tax liabilities | (90,553) | (63,984) | |||||||||
| Net deferred tax asset | $ | 101,337 | 138,955 | ||||||||
The Company has federal net operating loss carryforwards of $1,354,000 expiring between 2025 and 2036. The Company has Colorado net operating loss carryforwards of $5,994,000 expiring between 2026 and 2037. The net operating loss carryforwards originated from acquisitions.
107
The Company and the Bank file consolidated income tax returns for the federal jurisdiction and several states that require consolidated income tax returns. Wyoming, Washington, Nevada and Texas do not impose a corporate income tax. All required income tax returns have been timely filed. The following schedule summarizes the years that remain subject to examination as of December 31, 2025:
| Years ended December 31, | |||||
| Federal | 2011, 2012, 2013, 2016, 2022, 2023, and 2024 | ||||
| Colorado | 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2021, 2022, 2023, and 2024 | ||||
| Arizona, California, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, Texas, & Wisconsin | 2021, 2022, 2023, and 2024 | ||||
| Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, & Virginia | 2022, 2023, and 2024 | ||||
The Company had no unrecognized income tax benefits as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. The Company recognizes interest related to unrecognized income tax benefits in interest expense and penalties are recognized in other expense. Interest expense and penalties recognized with respect to income tax liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 was not significant. The Company had no accrued liabilities for the payment of interest or penalties at December 31, 2025 and 2024.
The Company has assessed the need for a valuation allowance and determined that a valuation allowance was not necessary at December 31, 2025 and 2024. The Company believes that it is more-likely-than-not that the Company’s deferred tax assets will be realizable by offsetting future taxable income from reversing taxable temporary differences and anticipated future taxable income (exclusive of reversing temporary differences). In its assessment, the Company considered its strong earnings history, no history of income tax credit carryforwards expiring unused, and no expected future net operating losses (for tax purposes).
108
Note 18. Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income
The following table illustrates the activity within accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income by component, net of tax:
| (Dollars in thousands) | (Losses) Gains on Available-For-Sale and Transferred Debt Securities | (Losses) Gains on Derivatives Used for Cash Flow Hedges | (Losses) Gains on Derivatives Used for Fair Value Hedges | Total | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at January 1, 2023 | $ | (474,338) | 5,546 | — | (468,792) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications | 92,391 | 1,521 | — | 93,912 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Reclassification adjustments for losses and transfers included in net income | 24 | (3,452) | — | (3,428) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Reclassification adjustments for amortization included in net income for transferred securities | 4,195 | — | — | 4,195 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net current period other comprehensive income (loss) | 96,610 | (1,931) | — | 94,679 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | (377,728) | 3,615 | — | (374,113) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income before reclassifications | 64,386 | 588 | — | 64,974 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Reclassification adjustments for losses and transfers included in net income | (42) | (3,663) | — | (3,705) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Reclassification adjustments for amortization included in net income for transferred securities | 3,548 | — | — | 3,548 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net current period other comprehensive income (loss) | 67,892 | (3,075) | — | 64,817 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2024 | $ | (309,836) | 540 | — | (309,296) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | 138,550 | (493) | (27) | 138,030 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Reclassification adjustments for losses and transfers included in net income | — | (47) | — | (47) | |||||||||||||||||||
Reclassifications adjustments for amortization included in net income for transferred securities | 4,203 | — | — | 4,203 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net current period other comprehensive income (loss) | 142,753 | (540) | (27) | 142,186 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2025 | $ | (167,083) | — | (27) | (167,110) | ||||||||||||||||||
109
Note 19. Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period presented. Diluted earnings per share is computed by including the net increase in shares as if dilutive outstanding restricted stock units were vested and stock options were exercised, using the treasury stock method.
Basic and diluted earnings per share has been computed based on the following:
| Years ended | |||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands, except per share data) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||||
| Net income available to common stockholders, basic and diluted | $ | 239,028 | 190,144 | 222,927 | |||||||||||||
| Average outstanding shares - basic | 119,753,227 | 113,170,157 | 110,864,501 | ||||||||||||||
| Add: dilutive restricted stock units and stock options | 181,829 | 73,270 | 25,946 | ||||||||||||||
| Average outstanding shares - diluted | 119,935,056 | 113,243,427 | 110,890,447 | ||||||||||||||
| Basic earnings per share | $ | 2.00 | 1.68 | 2.01 | |||||||||||||
| Diluted earnings per share | $ | 1.99 | 1.68 | 2.01 | |||||||||||||
Restricted stock units and stock options excluded from the diluted average outstanding share calculation 1 | 3,666 | 461 | 223,626 | ||||||||||||||
______________________________
1 Anti-dilution occurs when the unrecognized compensation cost per share of a restricted stock unit or the exercise price of a stock option exceeds the market price of the Company’s stock.
Note 20. Parent Holding Company Information (Condensed)
The following condensed financial information was the unconsolidated information for the parent holding company:
Condensed Statements of Financial Condition
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | |||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||||
| Cash on hand and in banks | $ | 3,706 | 11,099 | ||||||||
| Interest bearing cash deposits | 186,759 | 162,208 | |||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | 190,465 | 173,307 | |||||||||
| Other assets | 22,404 | 16,871 | |||||||||
| Investment in subsidiaries | 4,199,764 | 3,177,785 | |||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 4,412,633 | 3,367,963 | ||||||||
| Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity | |||||||||||
| Dividends payable | $ | 596 | 613 | ||||||||
| Subordinated debentures | 187,492 | 133,105 | |||||||||
| Other liabilities | 10,724 | 10,391 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities | 198,812 | 144,109 | |||||||||
| Common stock | 1,300 | 1,134 | |||||||||
| Paid-in capital | 3,220,064 | 2,448,758 | |||||||||
| Retained earnings | 1,159,567 | 1,083,258 | |||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (167,110) | (309,296) | |||||||||
| Total stockholders’ equity | 4,213,821 | 3,223,854 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 4,412,633 | 3,367,963 | ||||||||
110
Condensed Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income
| Years ended | |||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||||
| Income | |||||||||||||||||
| Dividends from subsidiaries | $ | 205,000 | 235,000 | 175,000 | |||||||||||||
| Intercompany charges for services | 3,469 | 3,251 | 2,271 | ||||||||||||||
| Other income | 3,847 | 3,032 | 1,444 | ||||||||||||||
| Total income | 212,316 | 241,283 | 178,715 | ||||||||||||||
| Expenses | |||||||||||||||||
| Compensation and employee benefits | 9,264 | 8,142 | 6,552 | ||||||||||||||
| Other operating expenses | 24,383 | 13,536 | 11,167 | ||||||||||||||
| Total expenses | 33,647 | 21,678 | 17,719 | ||||||||||||||
Income before income tax benefit and equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries | 178,669 | 219,605 | 160,996 | ||||||||||||||
| Income tax benefit | 3,941 | 3,177 | 3,096 | ||||||||||||||
Income before equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries | 182,610 | 222,782 | 164,092 | ||||||||||||||
| Equity in undistributed (distributed) net income of subsidiaries | 56,418 | (32,638) | 58,835 | ||||||||||||||
| Net Income | $ | 239,028 | 190,144 | 222,927 | |||||||||||||
| Comprehensive Income | $ | 381,214 | 254,961 | 317,606 | |||||||||||||
Condensed Statements of Cash Flows
| Years ended | |||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||||
| Operating Activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 239,028 | 190,144 | 222,927 | |||||||||||||
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Subsidiary income (in excess of) less than dividends distributed | (56,418) | 32,638 | (58,835) | ||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation, net of tax benefits | 2,149 | 1,762 | 1,742 | ||||||||||||||
| Net change in other assets and other liabilities | 124 | 200 | 7,788 | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | 184,883 | 224,744 | 173,622 | ||||||||||||||
| Investing Activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Net additions of premises and equipment | (120) | (5) | (3) | ||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from sale of marketable equity securities | 183 | 107 | — | ||||||||||||||
| Equity contributed to subsidiaries | 6,516 | (698) | — | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 6,579 | (596) | (3) | ||||||||||||||
| Financing Activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Net decrease in other borrowed funds | (10,000) | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Cash dividends paid | (162,736) | (150,034) | (146,690) | ||||||||||||||
| Tax withholding payments for stock-based compensation | (2,627) | (1,738) | (1,870) | ||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from stock option exercises | 1,059 | 113 | 75 | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash (used in) financing activities | (174,304) | (151,659) | (148,485) | ||||||||||||||
| Net increase in cash, cash equivalents | 17,158 | 72,489 | 25,134 | ||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents at beginning of period | 173,307 | 100,818 | 75,684 | ||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 190,465 | 173,307 | 100,818 | |||||||||||||
111
Note 21. Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. There is a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value are as follows:
Level 1 Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
Level 2 Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities
Level 3 Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities
Transfers in and out of Level 1 (quoted prices in active markets), Level 2 (significant other observable inputs) and Level 3 (significant unobservable inputs) are recognized on the actual transfer date. There were no transfers between fair value hierarchy levels during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023.
Recurring Measurements
The following is a description of the inputs and valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as well as the general classification of such assets and liabilities pursuant to the valuation hierarchy. There have been no significant changes in the valuation techniques during the period ended December 31, 2025.
Debt securities, available-for-sale. The fair value for AFS debt securities is estimated by obtaining quoted market prices for identical assets, where available. If such prices are not available, fair value is based on independent asset pricing services and models, the inputs of which are market-based or independently sourced market parameters, including but not limited to, yield curves, interest rates, volatilities, market spreads, prepayments, defaults, recoveries, cumulative loss projections, and cash flows. Such securities are classified in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. Where Level 1 or Level 2 inputs are not available, such securities are classified as Level 3 within the hierarchy.
Fair value determinations of AFS debt securities are the responsibility of the Company’s corporate accounting and treasury departments. The Company obtains fair value estimates from independent third party vendors on a monthly basis. The vendors’ pricing system methodologies, procedures and system controls are reviewed to ensure they are appropriately designed and operating effectively. The Company reviews the vendors’ inputs for fair value estimates and the recommended assignments of levels within the fair value hierarchy. The review includes the extent to which markets for debt securities are determined to have limited or no activity, or are judged to be active markets. The Company reviews the extent to which observable and unobservable inputs are used as well as the appropriateness of the underlying assumptions about risk that a market participant would use in active markets, with adjustments for limited or inactive markets. In considering the inputs to the fair value estimates, the Company places less reliance on quotes that are judged to not reflect orderly transactions, or are non-binding indications. In assessing credit risk, the Company reviews payment performance, collateral adequacy, third party research and analyses, credit rating histories and issuers’ financial statements. For those markets determined to be inactive or limited, the valuation techniques used are models for which management has verified that discount rates are appropriately adjusted to reflect illiquidity and credit risk.
Loans held for sale, at fair value. Loans held for sale measured at fair value, for which an active secondary market and readily available market prices exist, are initially valued at the transaction price and are subsequently valued by using quoted prices for similar assets, adjusted for specific attributes of that loan or other observable market data, such as outstanding commitments from third party investors. Loans held for sale measured at fair value are classified within Level 2. Included in gain on sale of loans were net gains of $450,000, net gains of $551,000 and net gains of $264,000 for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively, from the changes in fair value of loans held for sale measured at fair value. Electing to measure loans held for sale at fair value reduces certain timing differences and better matches changes in fair value of these assets with changes in the value of the derivative instruments used to economically hedge them without the burden of complying with the requirements for hedge accounting.
Loan interest rate lock commitments. Fair value estimates for loan interest rate lock commitments were based upon the estimated sales price, origination fees, direct costs, interest rate changes, etc. and were obtained from an independent third party. The components of the valuation were observable or could be corroborated by observable market data and, therefore, were classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.
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Forward commitments to sell TBA securities. Forward commitments to sell TBA securities are used to economically hedge the interest rate risk associated with certain loan commitments. The fair value estimates for the TBA commitments were based upon the estimated sale of the TBA hedge obtained from an independent third party. The components of the valuation were observable or could be corroborated by observable market data and, therefore, were classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.
Interest rate cap derivative financial instruments. Fair value estimates for interest rate cap derivative financial instruments were based upon the discounted cash flows of known payments plus the option value of each cap which incorporates market rate forecasts and implied market volatilities. The components of the valuation were observable or could be corroborated by observable market data and, therefore, were classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. The Company also obtained and compared the reasonableness of the pricing from independent third party valuations.
Interest rate swap derivative financial instruments. Fair value estimates for interest rate swap derivative financial instruments were based upon the estimated amounts to settle the contracts considering current interest rates and were calculated using discounted cash flows. The inputs used to determine fair value included the compounded overnight SOFR rate to estimate variable rate cash inflows and the overnight SOFR swap rate to estimate the discount rate. The estimated variable rate cash inflows were compared to the fixed rate outflows and such difference was discounted to a present value to estimate the fair value of the interest rate swaps. The components of the valuation were observable or could be corroborated by observable market data and, therefore, were classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. The Company also obtained and compared the reasonableness of the pricing from independent third party valuations.
The following tables disclose the fair value measurement of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
| Fair Value Measurements At the End of the Reporting Period Using | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Fair Value December 31, 2025 | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Debt securities, available-for-sale | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government and federal agency | $ | 255,930 | — | 255,930 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government sponsored enterprises | 312,488 | — | 312,488 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| State and local governments | 164,084 | — | 164,084 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate bonds | 33,949 | — | 33,949 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Residential mortgage-backed securities | 2,215,119 | — | 2,215,119 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 1,025,942 | — | 1,025,942 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Loans held for sale, at fair value | 39,186 | — | 39,186 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Interest rate caps | 2,128 | — | 2,128 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Interest rate swap | 244 | — | 244 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Interest rate locks | 700 | — | 700 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
Total assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis | $ | 4,049,770 | — | 4,049,770 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
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| Fair Value Measurements At the End of the Reporting Period Using | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Fair Value December 31, 2024 | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Debt securities, available-for-sale | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government and federal agency | $ | 468,433 | — | 468,433 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government sponsored enterprises | 310,154 | — | 310,154 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| State and local governments | 68,680 | — | 68,680 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate bonds | 14,503 | — | 14,503 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Residential mortgage-backed securities | 2,355,516 | — | 2,355,516 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 1,027,919 | — | 1,027,919 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Loans held for sale, at fair value | 33,060 | — | 33,060 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Interest rate caps | 720 | — | 720 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Interest rate swap | 9,287 | — | 9,287 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Interest rate locks | 410 | — | 410 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
Total assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis | $ | 4,288,682 | — | 4,288,682 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Non-recurring Measurements
The following is a description of the inputs and valuation methodologies used for assets recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis, as well as the general classification of such assets pursuant to the valuation hierarchy. There have been no significant changes in the valuation techniques during the period ended December 31, 2025.
Other real estate owned. OREO is initially recorded at fair value less estimated cost to sell, establishing a new cost basis. OREO is subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated cost to sell. Estimated fair value of OREO is based on appraisals or evaluations (new or updated). OREO is classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
Collateral-dependent loans, net of ACL. Fair value estimates of collateral-dependent loans that are individually reviewed are based on the fair value of the collateral, less estimated cost to sell. Collateral-dependent individually reviewed loans are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
The Company’s credit department reviews appraisals for OREO and collateral-dependent loans, giving consideration to the highest and best use of the collateral. The appraisal or evaluation (new or updated) is considered the starting point for determining fair value. The valuation techniques used in preparing appraisals or evaluations (new or updated) include the cost approach, income approach, sales comparison approach, or a combination of the preceding valuation techniques. The key inputs used to determine the fair value of the collateral-dependent loans and OREO include selling costs, discounted cash flow rate or capitalization rate, and adjustment to comparables. Valuations and significant inputs obtained by independent sources are reviewed by the Company for accuracy and reasonableness. The Company also considers other factors and events in the environment that may affect the fair value. The appraisals or evaluations (new or updated) are reviewed at least quarterly and more frequently based on current market conditions, including deterioration in a borrower’s financial condition and when property values may be subject to significant volatility. After review and acceptance of the collateral appraisal or evaluation (new or updated), adjustments to the impaired loan or OREO may occur. The Company generally obtains appraisals or evaluations (new or updated) annually.
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The following tables disclose the fair value measurement of assets with a recorded change during the period resulting from re-measuring the assets at fair value on a non-recurring basis:
| Fair Value Measurements At the End of the Reporting Period Using | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Fair Value December 31, 2025 | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Collateral-dependent impaired loans, net of ACL | $ | 1,887 | — | — | 1,887 | ||||||||||||||||||
Total assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis | $ | 1,887 | — | — | 1,887 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Fair Value Measurements At the End of the Reporting Period Using | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Fair Value December 31, 2024 | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Collateral-dependent impaired loans, net of ACL | $ | 2,052 | — | — | 2,052 | ||||||||||||||||||
Total assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis | $ | 2,052 | — | — | 2,052 | ||||||||||||||||||
Non-recurring Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
The following tables present additional quantitative information about assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis and for which the Company has utilized Level 3 inputs to determine fair value:
| Fair Value | Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | Valuation Technique | Unobservable Input | Range (Weighted- Average) 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Collateral-dependent impaired loans, net of ACL | $ | 1,381 | Cost approach | Selling costs | 10.0% - 20.0% (10.3%) | ||||||||||||||||||
| 506 | Sales comparison approach | Selling costs | 10.0% - 20.0% (10.1%) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | 1,887 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair Value | Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2024 | Valuation Technique | Unobservable Input | Range (Weighted- Average) 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Collateral-dependent impaired loans, net of ACL | $ | 1,605 | Cost approach | Selling costs | 10.0% - 10.0% (10.0%) | ||||||||||||||||||
| 192 | Sales comparison approach | Selling costs | 10.0% - 20.0% (15.9%) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 255 | Combined approach | Selling costs | 10.0% - 10.0% (10.0%) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | 2,052 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
______________________________
1 The range for selling cost inputs represents reductions to the fair value of the assets.
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Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The following tables present the carrying amounts, estimated fair values and the level within the fair value hierarchy of the Company’s financial instruments not carried at fair value. Receivables and payables due in one year or less, equity securities without readily determinable fair values and deposits with no defined or contractual maturities are excluded from the table. There have been no significant changes in the valuation techniques during the period ended December 31, 2025.
Cash and cash equivalents: fair value is estimated at book value.
Debt securities, held-to-maturity: fair value for HTM debt securities is estimated in the same manner as AFS debt securities, which is described above.
Loans receivable, net of ACL: The loans were fair valued on an individual basis, with consideration given to the loans' underlying characteristics, including account types, remaining terms and balance, interest rates, past delinquencies, current market rates, etc. The model utilizes a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of the loans using various assumptions such as prepayment speeds, projected default probabilities, losses given defaults, etc. The discounted cash flow approach models the credit losses directly in the projected cash flows. The model applies various assumptions regarding credit, interest, and prepayment risks for the loans based on loan types, payment types and fixed or variable classifications.
Term Deposits: fair value of term deposits is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using rates of similar deposits with similar maturities. The market rates used were obtained from an independent third party based on current rates offered by the Company’s regional competitors.
FHLB advances: fair value of advances is estimated based on borrowing rates currently available to the Company for advances with similar terms and maturities.
FRB borrowing: fair value of borrowings through the FRB is estimated based on borrowing rates currently available to the Company through the FRB Bank Term Funding facility with similar terms and maturities
Repurchase agreements and other borrowed funds: fair value of term repurchase agreements and other term borrowings is estimated based on current repurchase rates and borrowing rates currently available to the Company for repurchases and borrowings with similar terms and maturities. The estimated fair value for overnight repurchase agreements and other borrowings is book value.
Subordinated debentures: fair value of the subordinated debt is estimated by discounting the estimated future cash flows using current estimated market rates obtained from an independent third party.
Off-balance sheet financial instruments: unused lines of credit and letters of credit represent the principal categories of off-balance sheet financial instruments. The fair value of commitments is based on fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining terms of the agreements and the counterparties’ credit standing. The fair value of unused lines of credit and letters of credit is not material; therefore, such commitments are not included in the following tables.
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| Fair Value Measurements At the End of the Reporting Period Using | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Carrying Amount December 31, 2025 | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Financial assets | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,235,261 | 1,235,261 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| Debt securities, held-to-maturity | 3,110,216 | — | 2,880,116 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Loans receivable, net of ACL | 20,672,477 | — | — | 20,779,943 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total financial assets | $ | 25,017,954 | 1,235,261 | 2,880,116 | 20,779,943 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Financial liabilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Term deposits | $ | 3,928,550 | — | 3,967,087 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| FHLB advances | 440,000 | — | 440,175 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
Repurchase agreements and other borrowed funds | 2,135,586 | — | 2,135,586 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Subordinated debentures | 187,492 | — | 175,069 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total financial liabilities | $ | 6,691,628 | — | 6,717,917 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| Fair Value Measurements At the End of the Reporting Period Using | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | Carrying Amount December 31, 2024 | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Financial assets | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 848,408 | 848,408 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| Debt securities, held-to-maturity | 3,294,847 | — | 2,968,570 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Loans receivable, net of ACL | 17,055,808 | — | — | 17,017,298 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total financial assets | $ | 21,199,063 | 848,408 | 2,968,570 | 17,017,298 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Financial liabilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Term deposits | $ | 3,139,821 | — | 3,176,722 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| FHLB advances | 1,800,000 | — | 1,797,310 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
Repurchase agreements and other borrowed funds | 1,839,537 | — | 1,839,537 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Subordinated debentures | 133,105 | — | 122,785 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total financial liabilities | $ | 6,912,463 | — | 6,936,354 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
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Note 22. Commitments and Contingent Liabilities
The Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and letters of credit, and involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk. The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The Company uses the same credit policies in making off-balance sheet commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments.
The Company had the following outstanding commitments:
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | |||||||||
| Unused lines of credit | $ | 5,077,570 | 4,190,238 | ||||||||
| Letters of credit | 107,054 | 97,830 | |||||||||
| Total outstanding commitments | $ | 5,184,624 | 4,288,068 | ||||||||
The Company is a defendant in legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business. In the opinion of management, the disposition of pending litigation will not have a material affect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or liquidity.
Note 23. Mergers & Acquisitions
The Company has completed the following acquisitions determined to be business combinations during the last two years:
•Guaranty Bancshares, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Guaranty Bank & Trust, N.A.
•Bank of Idaho Holding Co. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Bank of Idaho
•Community Financial Group, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Wheatland Bank
•Rocky Mountain Bank branches from HTLF Bank
The assets and liabilities of Guaranty, BOID, Wheatland and RMB were recorded on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition at their estimated fair values as of the respective acquisition dates and the results of operations have been included in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations since those dates. In many cases, the determination of these fair values require management to make estimates about discount rates, future expected cash flows, market conditions and other future events that are subjective in nature and subject to change, and actual results could differ materially.
The following table discloses the fair value estimates, preliminary for current year acquisitions, of the consideration transferred, the total identifiable net assets acquired and the resulting goodwill arising from the acquisitions.
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| (Dollars in thousands) | Guaranty October 1, 2025 | BOID April 30, 2025 | RMB Branches July 19, 2024 | Wheatland January 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Fair value of consideration transferred | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair value of Company shares issued | $ | 559,977 | 204,986 | — | 92,385 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Cash consideration or deposit premium paid | 1 | 2 | 25,238 | 771 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total fair value of consideration transferred | 559,978 | 204,988 | 25,238 | 93,156 | |||||||||||||||||||
Recognized amounts of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Identifiable assets acquired | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | 178,885 | 26,127 | 102,019 | 31,674 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Debt securities | 607,276 | 139,974 | — | 187,183 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Loans receivable, net of ACL | 2,102,258 | 1,075,197 | 271,569 | 452,737 | |||||||||||||||||||
Core deposit intangible 1 | 47,813 | 19,758 | 11,808 | 16,936 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Accrued income and other assets | 162,184 | 34,284 | 15,114 | 51,029 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total identifiable assets acquired | 3,098,416 | 1,295,340 | 400,510 | 739,559 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Liabilities assumed | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deposits | 2,706,741 | 1,078,377 | 396,690 | 616,955 | |||||||||||||||||||
Borrowings | 60,466 | 71,932 | 4,305 | 58,500 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Accrued expenses and other liabilities | 29,451 | 8,788 | 2,057 | 9,094 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total liabilities assumed | 2,796,658 | 1,159,097 | 403,052 | 684,549 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total identifiable net assets (liabilities) | 301,758 | 136,243 | (2,542) | 55,010 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Goodwill recognized | $ | 258,220 | 68,745 | 27,780 | 38,146 | ||||||||||||||||||
1 The core deposit intangible for each of the acquisitions were determined to have an estimated life of 10 years.
2025 Acquisitions
On April 30, 2025, the Company acquired 100 percent of the outstanding common stock of Bank of Idaho Holding Co. (“BOID”) and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Bank of Idaho (“BOI”), a community bank based in Idaho Falls, Idaho. BOI provides banking services to individuals and businesses throughout Idaho and Eastern Washington. Upon the core system conversion in the third quarter of 2025, the BOID operations joined three existing Bank divisions. The preliminary value of the BOI acquisition was $204,988,000 and as part of the transaction, the Company issued 5,029,102 shares of its common stock and paid $2,000 in cash in exchange for all of BOID’s outstanding shares of common stock and options to purchase common stock. The fair value of the Company shares issued was determined on the basis of the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the April 30, 2025 acquisition date. The excess of the preliminary fair value of consideration transferred over total identifiable net assets was recorded as goodwill.
On October 1, 2025, the Company acquired 100 percent of the outstanding common stock of Guaranty Bancshares, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Guaranty Bank & Trust, N.A. (collectively “Guaranty”), a community bank based in Mount Pleasant, Texas. The acquisition established the Company’s presence in the state of Texas and sets the stage for future growth. The former branches of Guaranty will operate as a new division of the Bank under the Name “Guaranty Bank & Trust, division of Glacier Bank.” The preliminary value for the Guaranty acquisition was $559,978,000, and as part of the transaction, the Company issued 11,375,648 shares and paid $1,000 in cash in exchange for all of Guaranty’s outstanding shares of common stock and options to purchase common stock. The fair value of the Company shares issued was determined on the basis of the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the October 1, 2025 acquisition date. The excess of the preliminary fair value of consideration transferred over total identifiable net assets was recorded as goodwill.
The goodwill arising from the acquisitions consists largely of the synergies and economies of scale expected from combining the operations of the Company with the former operations of BOID and Guaranty, respectively. None of the goodwill is deductible for income tax purposes as the acquisitions were accounted for as tax-free exchanges.
The preliminary fair values of the BOID and Guaranty assets acquired include loans with fair values of $1,075,197,000 and $2,102,258,000, respectively. The gross principal and contractual interest due under the BOID and Guaranty loans acquired were $1,080,765,000 and $2,110,493,000, respectively. The Company evaluated the loans at acquisition date and determined there were PCD loans from BOID and Guaranty of $8,726,000 and $17,772,000, with an ACL of $35,000 and $119,000, respectively. \
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The Company incurred $10,311,000 and $5,993,000 of expenses in connection with the BOID and Guaranty acquisitions, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2025. Mergers and acquisition expenses are included in other expense in the Company's consolidated statements of operations and consist of third-party costs and employee severance expenses.
Total income consisting of net interest income and non-interest income of the acquired operations of BOID was approximately $39,104,000 and net loss was approximately $6,907,000 from April 30, 2025 to December 31, 2025. Total income consisting of net interest income and non-interest income of the acquired operations of Guaranty was approximately $30,379,000 and net loss was approximately $14,455,000 from October 1, 2025 to December 31, 2025. The following unaudited pro forma summary presents consolidated information of the Company as if the BOID and Guaranty acquisitions had occurred on January 1, 2024:
| Year ended | |||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | |||||||||
| Net interest income and non-interest income | $ | 1,149,736 | 1,008,933 | ||||||||
| Net income | 257,399 | 235,311 | |||||||||
2024 Acquisitions
On January 31, 2024, the Company acquired 100 percent of the outstanding common stock of Community Financial Group, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Wheatland Bank (“Wheatland”), a community bank based in Spokane, Washington. Wheatland provides banking services to individuals and businesses in Washington with locations in Chelan, Wenatchee, Ellensburg, Yakima, Quincy, Moses Lake, Pasco, Odessa, Davenport, Ritzville, and Spokane. Wheatland merged into the Bank and became a new bank division headquartered in Spokane and the Bank’s existing Washington-based division, North Cascades Bank, combined with the new Wheatland division. The value of the Wheatland acquisition was $93,156,000 and as part of the transaction, the Company issued 2,389,684 shares of its common stock and paid $771,000 in cash in exchange for all of Wheatland’s outstanding shares of common stock and options to purchase common stock. The fair value of the Company shares issued was determined on the basis of the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the January 31, 2024 acquisition date. The excess of the fair value of consideration transferred over total identifiable net assets was recorded as goodwill. The goodwill arising from the acquisition consists largely of the synergies and economies of scale expected from combining the operations of the Bank and Wheatland. None of the goodwill is deductible for income tax purposes as the acquisition was accounted for as a tax-free exchange.
On July 19, 2024, the Bank completed its acquisition of six Montana branch banking offices of Rocky Mountain Bank (“RMB”) from HTLF Bank (”HTLF”). The RMB branches are located in Billings, Bozeman, Plentywood, Stevensville, and Whitehall. The RMB branches have joined Glacier Bank divisions operating in Montana. The Bank paid a premium of $25,238,000 for deposit relationships with balances of $396,690,000 and loans with balances of $271,569,000, and received cash of $102,019,000 from HTLF. The excess of the fair value of consideration transferred over total identified net assets was recorded as goodwill. The goodwill arising from the acquisition consist largely of the synergies and economies of scale expected from combining the operations of the Company and the acquired branches. The goodwill is deductible for income tax purposes because the acquisition was accounted for as a purchase of assets and assumption of liabilities for tax purposes.
The fair values of the Wheatland and the RMB branch assets acquired include loans with fair values of $452,737,000 and $271,569,000, respectively. The gross principal and contractual interest due under the loans acquired in Wheatland and RMB transactions were $468,882,000 and $288,920,000, respectively. The Company evaluated the loans at each respective acquisition date and determined there were PCD loans of $1,655,000 with an ACL of $3,000 related to the Wheatland acquisition, and no PCD loans from the RMB branch acquisition.
The Company incurred $7,722,000 and $1,889,000 of expenses in connection with the Wheatland and RMB branch acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2024, respectively. Mergers and acquisition expenses are included in other expense in the Company's consolidated statements of operations and consist of third-party costs and employee severance expenses.
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Total income consisting of net interest income and non-interest income of the acquired operations of Wheatland was approximately $30,402,000 and net loss was approximately $6,205,000 from January 31, 2024 to December 31, 2024. Total income consisting of net interest income and non-interest income of the acquired branches of RMB was approximately $6,740,000 and net income was approximately $831,000 from July 19, 2024 to December 31, 2024. The following unaudited pro forma summary presents consolidated information of the Company as if the Wheatland and RMB branch acquisitions had occurred on January 1, 2023:
| Year ended | |||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2023 | |||||||||
| Net interest income and non-interest income | $ | 841,031 | 852,055 | ||||||||
| Net income | 193,161 | 239,301 | |||||||||
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
There have been no changes or disagreements with accountants on accounting and financial disclosure.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
An evaluation was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the CEO and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), of the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO have concluded that as of the end of the period covered by this report, the disclosure controls and procedures are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that are filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 are recorded, processed, summarized and timely reported as provided in the SEC’s rules and forms. As a result of this evaluation, there were no significant changes in the internal control over financial reporting during the year ended December 31, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonable likely to materially affect, the internal control over financial reporting.
The Company acquired Guaranty during the fourth quarter of 2025. Management excluded from its assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, Guaranty’s internal control over financial reporting associated with total assets of $2.8 billion, or 9% of the Company’s total consolidated assets, and net interest income of $25.9 million, or 3% of the Company’s total consolidated net interest income.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting as it relates to its financial statements presented in conformity with GAAP. The Company’s internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to the Company’s management and Board of Directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements in accordance with GAAP. Internal control over financial reporting includes self-monitoring mechanisms and actions are taken to correct deficiencies as they are identified.
There are inherent limitations in any internal control, no matter how well designed, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected, including the possibility of circumvention or overriding of controls. Accordingly, even an effective internal control system can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation. Further, because of changes in conditions, the effectiveness of an internal control system may vary over time.
Management assessed its internal control structure over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025. This assessment was based on criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting described in the “2013 Internal Control – Integrated Framework” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, management asserts that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as it relates to its financial statements presented in conformity with GAAP.
Forvis Mazars, LLP, Denver, Colorado, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2025, has issued an audit report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Such audit report expresses an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025 and is included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
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Item 9B. Other Information
None
Item 9C. Disclosures Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
None
PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
Information regarding “Directors and Executive Officers” is set forth under the headings “Election of Directors” and “Management – Named Executive Officers Who Are Not Directors” of the Company’s 2026 Annual Meeting Proxy Statement (“2026 Proxy Statement”) and is incorporated herein by reference.
Information regarding the Company’s Corporate Governance, including the Audit Committee, is set forth under the headings of “Corporate Governance” and “Report of Audit Committee” in the Company’s 2026 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
The Company has adopted a Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers, a Director Code of Ethics and a Code of Ethics and Conduct applicable to all employees. Each of the codes is available electronically by visiting the Company’s website at www.glacierbancorp.com and clicking on “Governance Documents” or by writing to: Glacier Bancorp, Inc., Corporate Secretary, 49 Commons Loop, Kalispell, Montana 59901. Waivers of the applicable code for directors or executive officers are required to be approved by the Company’s Board of Directors. Information regarding any such waivers will be disclosed on a current report on Form 8-K within four business days after the waiver is approved.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
Information regarding “Executive Compensation” is set forth under the headings “Compensation of Directors,” “Compensation Discussion and Analysis” and “Executive Compensation Tables” of the Company’s 2026 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference, other than the subheading “Pay Versus Performance.”
Information regarding the “Compensation and Human Capital Committee Report” is set forth under the heading “Report of Compensation and Human Capital Committee” of the Company’s 2026 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
Information regarding “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters” is set forth under the headings “Voting Securities and Principal Holders Thereof,” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information” of the Company’s 2026 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
Information regarding “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence” is set forth under the headings “Transactions with Management” and “Corporate Governance – Director Independence” of the Company’s 2026 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
The Company’s independent registered public accounting firm is Forvis Mazars, LLP, (U.S. PCAOB Auditor Firm ID 686). Information regarding “Principal Accounting Fees and Services” is set forth under the heading “Auditors – Fees Paid to Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” of the Company’s 2026 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
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PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules
List of Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedules
(a) The following documents are filed as a part of this report:
(1) Financial Statements and
(2) Financial Statement schedules required to be filed by Item 8 of this report.
(3) The following exhibits are required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K and are included as part of this Form 10-K:
| Exhibit No. | Description | |||||||
3(a) 1 | ||||||||
3(b) 1 | ||||||||
4(a) 1 | ||||||||
10(a) 1,2 | ||||||||
10(b) 1,2 | ||||||||
10(c) 1,2 | ||||||||
10(d) 1,2 | ||||||||
10(e) 1,2 | ||||||||
10(f) 1,2 | ||||||||
10(g) 1,2 | ||||||||
10(h) 1,2 | ||||||||
10(i) 1,2 | ||||||||
10(j) 1,2 | ||||||||
10(k) 1,2 | ||||||||
10(l) 12 | ||||||||
10(m) 1,2 | ||||||||
10(n) 1,2 | ||||||||
10(o) 1,2 | ||||||||
10(p) 1,2 | ||||||||
10(q) 1,2 | ||||||||
| 19 | ||||||||
| 21 | Subsidiaries of the Company (See Item 1. Business, “General”) | |||||||
23 3 | ||||||||
31.1 3 | ||||||||
31.2 3 | ||||||||
32 3 | ||||||||
| 97.1 | ||||||||
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| Exhibit No. | Description | |||||||
101.INS 3 | XBRL Instance Document - The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document. | |||||||
101.SCH 3 | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document | |||||||
101.CAL 3 | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document | |||||||
101.DEF 3 | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document | |||||||
101.LAB 3 | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document | |||||||
101.PRE 3 | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document | |||||||
104 3 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) | |||||||
______________________________
1 Exhibit has been previously filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission and is incorporated herein as an exhibit by reference to the prior filing.
2 Compensatory Plan or Arrangement
3 Exhibit omitted from the 2026 Annual Report to Shareholders.
All other financial statement schedules required by Regulation S-X are omitted because they are not applicable, not material or because the information is included in the consolidated financial statements or related notes.
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
None
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on February 25, 2026.
| GLACIER BANCORP, INC. | |||||||||||
| By: /s/ Randall M. Chesler | |||||||||||
| Randall M. Chesler | |||||||||||
| President and CEO | |||||||||||
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below on February 25, 2026, by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated.
| /s/ Randall M. Chesler | President, CEO, and Director | |||||||
| Randall M. Chesler | (Principal Executive Officer) | |||||||
| /s/ Ron J. Copher | Executive Vice President and CFO | |||||||
| Ron J. Copher | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) | |||||||
| Board of Directors | ||||||||
| /s/ Craig A. Langel | Chairman | |||||||
| Craig A. Langel | ||||||||
| /s/ David C. Boyles | Director | |||||||
| David C. Boyles | ||||||||
| /s/ Robert A. Cashell, Jr. | Director | |||||||
| Robert A. Cashell, Jr. | ||||||||
| /s/ Jesus T. Espinoza | Director | |||||||
| Jesus T. Espinoza | ||||||||
| /s/ Annie M. Goodwin | Director | |||||||
| Annie M. Goodwin | ||||||||
| /s/ Kristen L. Heck | Director | |||||||
| Kristen L. Heck | ||||||||
| /s/ Michael B. Hormaechea | Director | |||||||
| Michael B. Hormaechea | ||||||||
| /s/ Douglas J. McBride | Director | |||||||
| Douglas J. McBride | ||||||||
| /s/ Beth Noymer Levine | Director | |||||||
| Beth Noymer Levine | ||||||||
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