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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
QUARTERLY REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
(Mark One)
☒QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 27, 2025
OR
☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from ______________ to ______________                    
Commission file number 1-4171
Kellanova.jpg
Kellanova
State of Incorporation—Delaware  IRS Employer Identification No.38-0710690
412 N. Wells Street, Chicago , IL 60654
Registrant’s telephone number: 269-961-2000
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $.25 par value per shareKNew York Stock Exchange
0.500% Senior Notes due 2029K 29New York Stock Exchange
3.750% Senior Notes due 2034K 34New York Stock Exchange
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes  ☒    No  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes  ☒    No  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer☒Accelerated filer☐Non-accelerated filer☐Smaller reporting company☐Emerging growth company☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes  ☐    No  ☒
Common Stock outstanding as of September 27, 2025 — 347,932,629 shares

Table of Contents

KELLANOVA
INDEX
 
 Page
Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Controls and Procedures
Risk Factors
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Exhibits

Table of Contents

Part I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.
Kellanova and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share data)
(Unaudited)
September 27,
2025		December 28,
2024
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents$240 $694 
Accounts receivable, net1,707 1,522 
Inventories1,199 1,165 
Other current assets319 373 
Total current assets3,465 3,754 
Property, net3,526 3,234 
Operating lease right-of-use assets578 601 
Goodwill5,056 5,003 
Other intangibles, net1,808 1,760 
Investments in unconsolidated entities112 99 
Other assets1,100 1,177 
Total assets$15,645 $15,628 
Current liabilities
Current maturities of long-term debt$759 $632 
Notes payable526 113 
Accounts payable2,114 2,236 
Current operating lease liabilities150 134 
Accrued advertising and promotion626 611 
Accrued salaries and wages182 259 
Other current liabilities753 675 
Total current liabilities5,110 4,660 
Long-term debt4,341 4,998 
Operating lease liabilities424 465 
Deferred income taxes558 541 
Pension liability432 599 
Other liabilities485 483 
Commitments and contingencies
Equity
Common stock, $.25 par value
105 105 
Capital in excess of par value1,007 1,121 
Retained earnings9,696 9,358 
Treasury stock, at cost(4,369)(4,533)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)(2,236)(2,276)
Total Kellanova equity4,203 3,775 
Noncontrolling interests92 107 
Total equity4,295 3,882 
Total liabilities and equity$15,645 $15,628 
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.


3
Table of Contents

Kellanova and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF INCOME
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share data)
(Unaudited)
 Quarter endedYear-to-date period ended
September 27,
2025		September 28,
2024		September 27,
2025		September 28,
2024
Net sales$3,260 $3,233 $9,546 $9,625 
Cost of goods sold2,176 2,057 6,313 6,257 
Selling, general and administrative expense632 720 1,913 2,026 
Operating profit452 456 1,320 1,342 
Interest expense60 75 186 241 
Other income (expense), net8 21 28 97 
Income before income taxes400 402 1,162 1,198 
Income taxes89 34 245 213 
Earnings (loss) from unconsolidated entities3 2 8 3 
Net income (loss)314 370 925 988 
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests5 3 13 10 
Net income attributable to Kellanova$309 $367 $912 $978 
Per share amounts:
Basic earnings$0.89 $1.07 $2.63 $2.86 
Diluted earnings$0.88 $1.05 $2.61 $2.83 
Average shares outstanding:
Basic348 343 347 342 
Diluted350 347 350 345 
Actual shares outstanding at period end348 345 348 345 
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.


4
Table of Contents

Kellanova and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(in millions of U.S. dollars) (Unaudited)
Quarter endedYear-to-date period ended
September 27, 2025September 27, 2025
Pre-tax
amount		Tax (expense)
benefit		After-tax
amount		Pre-tax
amount		Tax (expense)
benefit		After-tax
amount
Net income$314 $925 
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustments:
Foreign currency translation adjustments during period$(22)$(1)(23)$287 $(2)285 
Net investment hedges:
Net investment hedges gain (loss)5 (1)4 (322)82 (240)
Cash flow hedges:
Reclassification to net income(1)— (1)(4)1 (3)
Postretirement and postemployment benefits:
Reclassification to net income:
   Net experience (gain) loss(1)— (1)(1)— (1)
Prior service cost1 — 1 1 — 1 
Other comprehensive income (loss) $(18)$(2)$(20)$(39)$81 $42 
Comprehensive income$294 $967 
Net Income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests5 13 
Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests(2)2 
Comprehensive income attributable to Kellanova$291 $952 
Quarter endedYear-to-date period ended
 September 28, 2024September 28, 2024
Pre-tax
amount		Tax (expense)
benefit		After-tax
amount		Pre-tax
amount		Tax (expense)
benefit		After-tax
amount
Net income$370 $988 
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustments:
Foreign currency translation adjustments during period$94 $— 94 $(256)$— (256)
Net investment hedges:
Net investment hedges gain (loss)(133)34 (99)(34)9 (25)
Cash flow hedges:
Net deferred gain (loss) on cash flow hedges— — — 39 (10)29 
Reclassification to net income— — — 3 (1)2 
Postretirement and postemployment benefits:
Amount arising during the period:
Prior service cost1 — 1 2 — 2 
Reclassification to net income:
Net experience (gain) loss(1)— (1)(2)— (2)
Other comprehensive income (loss)$(39)$34 $(5)$(248)$(2)$(250)
Comprehensive income$365 $738 
Net Income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests3 10 
Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests(15)(93)
Comprehensive income attributable to Kellanova$377 $821 
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

5

Kellanova and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF EQUITY
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share data)
(Unaudited) 
Quarter ended September 27, 2025
 
 
Common
stock
Capital in
excess of
par value		Retained
earnings
 
Treasury
stock
Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss)		Total Kellanova
equity		Non-controlling
interests		Total
equity
sharesamountsharesamount
Balance, June 28, 2025421 $105 $1,016 $9,590 74 $(4,384)$(2,218)$4,109 $101 $4,210 
Net income309 309 5 314 
Disposition of noncontrolling interest— — — 
Dividends declared ($0.58 per share)
(203)(203)(203)
Distributions to noncontrolling interest— (12)(12)
Other comprehensive income (loss)(18)(18)(2)(20)
Stock compensation(5)(5)(5)
Stock options exercised, issuance of other stock awards and other(4)— (1)15 11 11 
Balance, September 27, 2025421 $105 $1,007 $9,696 73 $(4,369)$(2,236)$4,203 $92 $4,295 
Year-to-date period ended September 27, 2025
 
 
Common
stock
Capital in
excess of
par value		Retained
earnings
 
Treasury
stock
Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss)		Total Kellanova
equity		Non-controlling
interests		Total
equity
sharesamountsharesamount
Balance, December 28, 2024421 $105 $1,121 $9,358 76 $(4,533)$(2,276)$3,775 $107 $3,882 
Net income912 912 13 925 
Disposition of noncontrolling interest— (4)(4)
Dividends declared ($1.72 per share)
(598)(598)(598)
Distributions to noncontrolling interest— (26)(26)
Other comprehensive income (loss)40 40 2 42 
Stock compensation31 31 31 
Stock options exercised, issuance of other stock awards and other(145)24 (3)164 43 43 
Balance, September 27, 2025421 $105 $1,007 $9,696 73 $(4,369)$(2,236)$4,203 $92 $4,295 
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.


6

Quarter ended September 28, 2024
 
 
Common
stock
Capital in
excess of
par value		Retained
earnings
 
Treasury
stock
Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss)		Total 
Kellanova
equity		Non-controlling
interests		Total
equity
sharesamountsharesamount
Balance, June 29, 2024421 $105 $1,082 $9,027 79 $(4,699)$(2,208)$3,307 $120 $3,427 
Net income367 367 3 370 
Dividends declared ($0.57 per share)
(197)(197)(197)
Distributions to noncontrolling interest— — — 
Other comprehensive income10 10 (15)(5)
Stock compensation25 25 25 
Stock options exercised and other(2)(2)(2)142 138 138 
Balance, September 28, 2024421 $105 $1,105 $9,195 77 $(4,557)$(2,198)$3,650 $108 $3,758 
Year-to-date period ended September 28, 2024
 
 
Common
stock
Capital in
excess of
par value		Retained
earnings
 
Treasury
stock
Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss)		Total
 Kellanova
equity		Non-controlling
interests		Total
equity
sharesamountsharesamount
Balance, December 30, 2023421 $105 $1,101 $8,804 81 $(4,794)$(2,041)$3,175 $194 $3,369 
Net income978 978 10 988 
Dividends declared ($1.69 per share)
(580)(580)(580)
Distributions to noncontrolling interest— (3)(3)
Other comprehensive income(157)(157)(93)(250)
Stock compensation66 66 66 
Stock options exercised and other(62)(7)(4)237 168 168 
Balance, September 28, 2024421 $105 $1,105 $9,195 77 $(4,557)$(2,198)$3,650 $108 $3,758 
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

7
Kellanova and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
(Unaudited)
 Year-to-date period ended
September 27,
2025		September 28,
2024
Operating activities
Net income$925 $988 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to operating cash flows:
Depreciation and amortization277 273 
Impairment of property— 60 
Postretirement benefit plan expense (benefit)(17)(32)
Deferred income taxes101 (13)
Stock compensation31 66 
Other(43)19 
Postretirement benefit plan distributions— 175 
Postretirement benefit plan contributions(157)(55)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:
Trade receivables(101)(191)
Inventories15 (16)
Accounts payable(150)144 
All other current assets and liabilities(93)(125)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities788 1,293 
Investing activities
Additions to properties(468)(440)
Purchases of marketable securities(74)(301)
Sales of marketable securities112 145 
Settlement of net investment hedges(55)(7)
Other7 14 
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities(478)(589)
Financing activities
Net issuances (reductions) of notes payable420 12 
Issuances of long-term debt— 619 
Reductions of long-term debt(632)(654)
Net issuances of common stock102 190 
Cash dividends(598)(580)
Other(28)(4)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities(736)(417)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents(28)8 
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents(454)295 
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period694 274 
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$240 $569 
Supplemental cash flow disclosures of non-cash investing activities:
   Additions to properties included in accounts payable$79 $94 
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

8
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
for the quarter ended September 27, 2025 (unaudited)
NOTE 1 ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of presentation
The unaudited interim financial information of Kellanova (the Company), included in this report reflects all adjustments, all of which are of a normal and recurring nature, that management believes are necessary for a fair statement of the results of operations, comprehensive income, financial position, equity and cash flows for the periods presented. This interim information should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and accompanying footnotes within the Company’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed with the SEC on February 21, 2025.
The balance sheet information at December 28, 2024 was derived from audited financial statements, but does not include all disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The results of operations for the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 27, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for other interim periods or the full year.
Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform with current period presentation.
Proposed Merger
On August 13, 2024, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) with Acquiror 10VB8, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Acquiror”), Merger Sub 10VB8, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and a wholly owned subsidiary of Acquiror (“Merger Sub”), and, solely for the limited purposes specified in the Merger Agreement, Mars, Incorporated, a Delaware corporation (“Mars”).

The Merger Agreement provides that, subject to the terms and conditions set forth therein, at the effective time of the Merger (the “Effective Time”), (1) Merger Sub will be merged with and into the Company (the “Merger”), with the Company continuing as the surviving corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of Acquiror, and (2) each share of public common stock, par value $0.25 per share, of the Company issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time (other than shares owned by (i) the Company or its subsidiaries or Mars or its subsidiaries (including Acquiror and its subsidiaries) or (ii) shareowners who have properly exercised and perfected appraisal rights under Delaware law) will be automatically cancelled and converted into the right to receive $83.50 per share in cash, without interest. Completion of the Merger is subject to customary closing conditions, including the receipt of antitrust approval from the European Commission (the "EC"). All other regulatory approvals and clearances required to complete the Merger have been obtained.

The Merger Agreement contains certain termination rights, including the right of either the Company or Acquiror to terminate the Merger Agreement if the Merger is not consummated by February 13, 2026 (subject to an automatic six month extension if all of the conditions to the closing, other than the conditions related to obtaining regulatory approvals, have been satisfied). The Merger Agreement also provides for certain termination rights for each of the Company and Acquiror, and provides that, upon termination of the Merger Agreement under certain specified circumstances related to the failure to obtain regulatory approvals, Acquiror would be required to pay a termination fee of $1.25 billion to the Company, and under other specified circumstances, including if the Company terminates the Merger Agreement to enter into a superior proposal or Acquiror terminates the Merger Agreement due to a change of recommendation by the Board, the Company would be required to pay to Acquiror a termination fee of $800 million.
Accounts payable - Supplier Finance Programs
The Company establishes competitive market-based terms with our suppliers, regardless of whether they participate in supplier finance programs, which generally range from 0 to 150 days dependent on their respective industry and geography.
The Company has agreements with third parties to provide accounts payable tracking systems which facilitate participating suppliers’ ability to monitor and, if elected, sell payment obligations from the Company to designated third-party financial institutions. Participating suppliers may, at their sole discretion, make offers to sell one or more payment obligations of the Company prior to their scheduled due dates at a discounted price to participating financial institutions. The Company has no economic interest in the sale of these suppliers’ receivables and no direct financial relationship with the financial institutions concerning these services. The Company’s obligations to its suppliers, including amounts due and scheduled payment dates, are not impacted by suppliers’ decisions to sell

9
amounts under the arrangements. However, the Company’s right to offset balances due from suppliers against payment obligations is restricted by the agreements for those payment obligations that have been sold by suppliers. The payment of these obligations by the Company is included in cash used in operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. As of September 27, 2025, $772 million of the Company’s outstanding payment obligations had been placed in the accounts payable tracking system. As of December 28, 2024, $855 million of the Company’s outstanding payment obligations had been placed in the accounts payable tracking system.
Accounting standards to be adopted in future periods
Income Taxes: Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09 to expand the disclosure requirements for income taxes, specifically related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. It will take effect for public entities fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently assessing the impact of any incremental disclosures required by this ASU and will adopt for year-end 2025.
Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses: In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03 to expand the disclosure requirements to include additional disaggregated information about income statement expenses that are commonly presented within existing expense captions. It will take effect for public entities fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods with fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently assessing the impact of any incremental disclosures required by this ASU and the planned timing of adoption.
NOTE 2 SEPARATION TRANSACTION
During the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company completed the separation of its North America cereal business resulting in two independent companies, Kellanova and WK Kellogg Co ("WKKC").
In connection with the separation, WKKC entered into several agreements with Kellanova that govern the relationship of the parties following the spin-off including a Separation and Distribution Agreement, a Manufacturing and Supply Agreement (“Supply Agreement”), a Tax Matters Agreement, Employee Matters Agreement, Transition Services Agreement (“TSA”), and various lease agreements.
Pursuant to the TSA, both Kellanova and WKKC agreed to provide certain services to each other, on an interim, transitional basis from and after the separation and the distribution for up to 2 years following the spin-off. The TSA covers various services such as supply chain, IT, commercial, sales, Finance, HR, R&D and other Corporate. The remuneration to be paid for such services is generally intended to allow the company providing the services to recover all of its costs and expenses of providing such services. Cost reimbursements recorded during the quarter ended September 27, 2025 were not material and as of September 27, 2025, the provision of services under the TSA had concluded. Kellanova recorded approximately $18 million of cost reimbursements related to the TSA for the year-to-date period ended September 27, 2025, of which $8 million is recognized in cost of goods sold (COGS) and $10 million in selling, general, and administrative expense (SGA) in the Consolidated Statement of Income. For the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 28, 2024, cost reimbursements related to the TSA were $37 million and $128 million, respectively, of which $22 million and $84 million is recognized in COGS, respectively, and $15 million and $44 million in SGA, respectively, in the Consolidated Statement of Income. These reimbursements are a direct offset within the Consolidated Statement of Income to the costs incurred related to providing services under the TSA.
Pursuant to the Supply Agreement, Kellanova will continue to supply certain inventory to WKKC for a period of up to 3 years following the spin-off. During the quarter and year-to-date period ended September 27, 2025, the Company recognized net sales to WKKC of $7 million and $25 million, respectively, and cost of sales of $6 million and $22 million, respectively. During the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 28, 2024, the Company recognized net sales to WKKC of $9 million and $35 million, respectively, and cost of sales of $7 million and $30 million, respectively.

10
NOTE 3 SALE OF ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
The Company has a program in which a discrete group of customers are allowed to extend their payment terms in exchange for the elimination of early payment discounts (Extended Terms Program).
The Company has two Receivable Sales Agreements (Monetization Programs) described below, which are intended to directly offset the impact the Extended Terms Program would have on the days-sales-outstanding (DSO) metric that is critical to the effective management of the Company's accounts receivable balance and overall working capital. The Monetization Programs sell, on a revolving basis, certain trade accounts receivable invoices to third party financial institutions. Transfers under these agreements are accounted for as sales of receivables resulting in the receivables being de-recognized from the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Monetization Programs provide for the continuing sale of certain receivables on a revolving basis until terminated by either party; however, the maximum receivables that may be sold at any time is approximately $975 million.
The Company has no retained interest in the receivables sold, however the Company does have collection and administrative responsibilities for the sold receivables. The Company has not recorded any servicing assets or liabilities as of September 27, 2025 and December 28, 2024 for these agreements as the fair value of these servicing arrangements as well as the fees earned were not material to the financial statements.
Accounts receivable sold of $762 million and $653 million remained outstanding under these arrangements as of September 27, 2025 and December 28, 2024, respectively. The proceeds from these sales of receivables are included in cash from operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows in the period of sale. The recorded net loss on sale of receivables was $9 million and $10 million for the quarter periods ended September 27, 2025 and September 28, 2024, respectively. The recorded net loss on sale of receivables was $28 million and $32 million for the year-to-date periods ended September 27, 2025 and September 28, 2024, respectively. The recorded loss is included in Other income (expense), net.
Other programs
Additionally, from time to time certain of the Company's foreign subsidiaries will transfer, without recourse, accounts receivable invoices of certain customers to financial institutions. These transactions are accounted for as sales of the receivables resulting in the receivables being de-recognized from the Consolidated Balance Sheet. As of September 27, 2025, accounts receivable sold were not material. Accounts receivable sold of $15 million remained outstanding under these programs as of December 28, 2024. The proceeds from these sales of receivables are included in cash from operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows in the period of sale. The recorded net loss on the sale of these receivables is included in Other income (expense), net, and is not material for the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 27, 2025 and September 28, 2024, respectively.
NOTE 4 RESTRUCTURING
The Company views its restructuring programs as part of its operating principles to provide greater visibility in achieving its long-term profit growth and margin targets. Initiatives undertaken are generally expected to recover cash implementation costs within a 1 to 5-year period subsequent to completion. Completion (or as each major stage is completed in the case of multi-year programs) is when the project begins to deliver cash savings and/or reduced depreciation.
In the first quarter of 2024, the Company announced a reconfiguration of the North America frozen supply chain network, designed to drive increased productivity. The project is now complete as of the quarter ended September 27, 2025. The overall project resulted in cumulative pretax charges of approximately $65 million, which include employee-related costs of $7 million, other cash costs of $15 million, and non-cash costs, primarily consisting of asset impairment, accelerated depreciation, and asset disposals of $43 million. Charges incurred related to this restructuring program were immaterial during the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 27, 2025, respectively. Charges incurred related to this restructuring program were $7 million and $47 million during the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 28, 2024, respectively. These charges primarily related to severance costs and asset impairment and were recorded in COGS.

11
In the first quarter of 2024, the Company proposed a reconfiguration of the European cereal supply chain network and completed collective bargaining obligations and consultation with impacted employees during the quarter ended June 29, 2024. The project, designed to drive efficiencies, is expected to be substantially completed by late 2026, with resulting efficiencies expected to begin contributing to gross margin improvements in late 2026. The overall project is expected to result in cumulative pretax charges of approximately $120 million, which include employee-related costs of $50 million, other cash costs of $30 million, and non-cash costs, primarily consisting of asset impairment, accelerated depreciation, and asset disposals of $40 million. Charges incurred related to this restructuring program were $8 million and $22 million during the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 27, 2025, respectively. Charges incurred related to this restructuring program were $5 million and $74 million during the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 28, 2024, respectively. These charges primarily related to severance costs and asset impairment and were recorded in COGS.

The tables below provide the details for charges incurred during the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 27, 2025 and September 28, 2024.
 Quarter endedYear-to-date period endedProgram costs to date
(millions)September 27, 2025September 28, 2024September 27, 2025September 28, 2024September 27, 2025
Employee related costs$3 $4 $10 $41 $55 
Asset related costs4 1 8 9 31 
Asset impairment— — — 60 60 
Other costs— 7 4 11 19 
Total$7 $12 $22 $121 $165 
 Quarter endedYear-to-date period endedProgram costs to date
(millions)September 27, 2025September 28, 2024September 27, 2025September 28, 2024September 27, 2025
North America$(1)$7 $— $47 $65 
Europe8 5 22 74 100 
Total$7 12 $22 $121 $165 
All other restructuring projects were immaterial during the periods presented.
At September 27, 2025, total project reserves were $41 million for the European reorganization, recorded in Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, and immaterial for the North American reorganization. The reserves are related to severance payments and other costs of which a substantial portion will not be paid during the current year. The following table provides details for exit cost reserves related to the European reorganization described above.
Employee
Related
Costs 		Asset
Related
Costs		Other
Costs		Total
Liability as of December 28, 2024$37 $— $— $37 
2025 restructuring charges10 8 4 22 
Cash payments(2)— (4)(6)
Non-cash charges and other(4)(8)— (12)
Liability as of September 27, 2025$41 $— $— $41 

12
NOTE 5 DIVESTITURES
Egypt
In September 2024, the Company entered into an agreement to sell a foreign subsidiary in Egypt. In conjunction with the agreement, the Company reclassified related assets and liabilities to held-for-sale and recognized an immaterial impairment charge in the AMEA reportable segment in OIE. Additionally, in 2024 the Company recognized a domestic tax benefit of $41 million for the excess of tax basis over book on the Company's investment in the subsidiary. The sale of the subsidiary was completed in the second quarter of 2025. The business in Egypt represented less than 1% of consolidated Kellanova net sales.

NOTE 6 EQUITY
Earnings per share
Basic earnings per share is determined by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is similarly determined, except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if all dilutive potential common shares had been issued. Dilutive potential common shares consist principally of employee stock options issued by the Company, restricted stock units, and certain contingently issuable performance shares. Anti-dilutive potential common shares consist principally of employee stock options issued by the Company. There were no anti-dilutive potential common shares excluded from the calculation for the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 27, 2025. There were less than 1 million and approximately 3 million anti-dilutive potential common shares excluded from the calculation for the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 28, 2024, respectively. Please refer to the Consolidated Statement of Income for basic and diluted earnings per share for the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 27, 2025 and September 28, 2024.
Share repurchases
In December 2022, the Board of Directors approved an authorization to repurchase up to $1.5 billion of our common stock through December 2025. As of September 27, 2025, $1.3 billion remains available under the authorization.
During the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 27, 2025 and September 28, 2024, the Company did not repurchase any shares of common stock.
Comprehensive income
Comprehensive income includes net income and all other changes in equity during a period except those resulting from investments by or distributions to shareholders. Other comprehensive income consists of foreign currency translation adjustments, fair value adjustments associated with cash flow hedges, which are recorded in interest expense within the statement of income, upon reclassification from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI), adjustments for net experience gains (losses), prior service credit (costs) related to employee benefit plans and adjustments for unrealized (gains) losses on available-for-sale securities, which are recorded in other income (expense) within the statement of income, upon reclassification from AOCI. The related tax effects of these items are recorded in income tax expense within the Consolidated Statement of Income, upon reclassification from AOCI.
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, as of September 27, 2025 and December 28, 2024 consisted of the following:
(millions)September 27,
2025		December 28,
2024
Foreign currency translation adjustments$(2,438)$(2,721)
Net investment hedges gain (loss)78 318 
Cash flow hedges — net deferred gain (loss)171 174 
Postretirement and postemployment benefits:
Net experience gain (loss)(5)(4)
Prior service credit (cost)(42)(43)
Total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)$(2,236)$(2,276)

13
NOTE 7 NOTES PAYABLE AND LONG-TERM DEBT
The following table presents the components of Notes payable at September 27, 2025 and December 28, 2024:
 September 27, 2025December 28, 2024
(millions)Principal
amount		Effective
interest rate 		Principal
amount		Effective
interest rate
U.S. commercial paper$381 4.55 %$— — %
Bank borrowings145 113 
Total$526 $113 
In March 2025, the Company repaid its €600 million ten-year 1.250% Euro Notes due 2025 with U.S. commercial paper and cash flow from operations.
During the second quarter of 2024, the Company issued $300 million of thirty-year 5.75% Notes due 2054, resulting in net proceeds after discount and underwriting commissions of $296 million. In connection with the debt issuance, the Company recorded gains totaling $161 million, including approximately a $11 million gain realized in the second quarter of 2024, on forward starting swaps with a notional value of $300 million. These gains were recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income and will be amortized to interest expense over the term of the Notes. The average effective interest rate over the term of the Notes, reflecting issuance discount and hedge settlement is 4.0%.

Additionally, during the second quarter of 2024, the Company issued €300 million of ten-year 3.75% Notes due 2034, resulting in net proceeds after discount and underwriting commissions of €297 million. In connection with the debt issuance, the Company recorded gains totaling €51 million (approximately $55 million), including approximately a €5 million (approximately $5 million) loss realized in the second quarter of 2024, on forward starting swaps with a notional value of €250 million. These gains and (losses) were recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income and will be amortized to interest expense over the term of the Notes. The average effective interest rate over the term of the Notes, reflecting issuance discount and hedge settlement is 2.2%.

The proceeds from these notes were used for repayment of a portion of the €600 million 1.0% Notes when they matured on May 17, 2024. including the payment of offering related fees and expenses. The Notes contain customary covenants that limit the ability of the Company and its restricted subsidiaries (as defined) to incur certain liens or enter into certain sale and lease-back transactions, as well as a change of control provision.

NOTE 8 EMPLOYEE BENEFITS
The Company sponsors a number of U.S. and foreign pension plans as well as other nonpension postretirement and postemployment plans to provide various benefits for its employees. These plans are described within the footnotes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Components of Company benefit plan (income) expense for the periods presented are included in the tables below. Excluding the service cost component, these amounts are included within Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Income.
Pension
 Quarter endedYear-to-date period ended
(millions)September 27, 2025September 28, 2024September 27, 2025September 28, 2024
Service cost$4 $4 $11 $12 
Interest cost35 35 105 105 
Expected return on plan assets(41)(42)(121)(124)
Amortization of unrecognized prior service cost2 2 5 6 
Recognized net loss (gain)— — 1 — 
Total pension (income) expense$— $(1)$1 $(1)

14
Other nonpension postretirement
 Quarter endedYear-to-date period ended
(millions)September 27, 2025September 28, 2024September 27, 2025September 28, 2024
Service cost$1 $1 $2 $2 
Interest cost3 4 10 11 
Expected return on plan assets(8)(9)(26)(27)
Amortization of unrecognized prior service credit(1)(1)(4)(4)
Recognized net (gain) loss— — — (13)
Total postretirement benefit (income) expense$(5)$(5)$(18)$(31)
The Company contributes to voluntary employee benefit association (VEBA) trusts to fund certain U.S. retiree health and welfare benefit obligations. During the first quarter of 2024, the Company amended the plan to create a sub-trust to permit the payment of certain benefits for active union employees using a surplus totaling $175 million from the retiree plan, which represents a portion of the plan's total surplus. This amount was converted to cash and treated as a one-time transfer to a sub-trust that was then invested in marketable securities and will be used to pay for these active union employee benefits. As a result of its designation for this purpose, the transferred amount is no longer considered an asset of the retiree plan and the Company's investment in marketable securities is included in Other current assets and Other assets dependent on the expected holding period on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 27, 2025. The one-time transfer of cash from the VEBA trust to the sub-trust was treated as a distribution from the plan in operating activities on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows and the investment in marketable securities to fund the active union employee benefits was treated as an investing activity in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.

For the year-to-date period ended September 28, 2024, the Company recognized a gain of $13 million related to the remeasurement of other postretirement benefit plans. These remeasurements were the result of the transfer of assets noted above. The remeasurements recognized were due primarily to the increase in discount rates versus the prior year-end and higher than expected return on plan assets.
Postemployment benefit plan expense for the quarters ended September 27, 2025 and September 28, 2024 were not material.
Exclusive of the negative contribution discussed above, Company contributions to employee benefit plans are summarized as follows:
(millions)PensionNonpension postretirementTotal
Quarter ended:
September 27, 2025$12 $— $12 
September 28, 2024$23 $— $23 
Year-to-date period ended:
September 27, 2025$157 $— $157 
September 28, 2024$51 $4 $55 
Full year:
Fiscal year 2025 (projected)$183 $4 $187 
Fiscal year 2024 (actual)$51 $3 $54 
Plan funding strategies may be modified in response to management's evaluation of tax deductibility, market conditions, and competing investment alternatives.
NOTE 9 INCOME TAXES
The consolidated effective tax rate for the quarters ended September 27, 2025 and September 28, 2024 was 22% and 9%, respectively. The effective tax rate for the year-to-date periods ended September 27, 2025 and September 28, 2024 was 21% and 18%, respectively. The increase in the consolidated effective tax rate from the prior year quarter and year-to-date period is due to the recognition of a $41 million domestic tax benefit during the third quarter of 2024 for the excess of tax basis over book on the Company's investment in a subsidiary.

15
The Company’s total gross unrecognized tax benefits as of September 27, 2025 was $36 million. Of this balance, $31 million represents the amount that, if recognized, would affect the Company’s effective income tax rate in future periods.
On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the “Act”) was enacted. The Act provides for several corporate tax changes including, but not limited to, restoring full expensing of domestic research and development costs, restoring immediate deductibility of certain capital expenditures, and changes in the computations of U.S. taxation on international earnings. The Company does not expect the new provisions of the Act to have a material impact to tax expense and cash flows for 2025.
NOTE 10 DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND FAIR VALUE
The Company is exposed to certain market risks such as changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, and commodity prices, which exist as a part of its ongoing business operations. Management uses derivative and nonderivative financial and commodity instruments, including futures, options, and swaps, where appropriate, to manage these risks. Instruments used as hedges must be effective at reducing the risk associated with the exposure being hedged.
The Company designates derivatives and nonderivative hedging instruments as cash flow hedges, fair value hedges, net investment hedges, and uses other contracts to reduce volatility in interest rates, foreign currency and commodities. As a matter of policy, the Company does not engage in trading or speculative hedging transactions.
Derivative instruments are classified on the Consolidated Balance Sheet based on the contractual maturity of the instrument or the timing of the underlying cash flows of the instrument for derivatives with contractual maturities beyond one year. Any collateral associated with derivative instruments is classified as other assets or other current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet depending on whether the counterparty collateral is in an asset or liability position. Margin deposits related to exchange-traded commodities are recorded in accounts receivable, net on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. On the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows, cash flows associated with derivative instruments are classified according to the nature of the underlying hedged item. Cash flows associated with collateral and margin deposits on exchange-traded commodities are classified as investing cash flows when the collateral account is in an asset position and as financing cash flows when the collateral account is in a liability position.
Total notional amounts of the Company’s derivative instruments as of September 27, 2025 and December 28, 2024 were as follows:
(millions)September 27,
2025		December 28,
2024
Foreign currency exchange contracts$3,890 $3,243 
Cross-currency contracts2,915 2,030 
Interest rate contracts1,050 1,050 
Commodity contracts333 285 
Total$8,188 $6,608 
Following is a description of each category in the fair value hierarchy and the financial assets and liabilities of the Company that were included in each category at September 27, 2025 and December 28, 2024, measured on a recurring basis.
Level 1 – Financial assets and liabilities whose values are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market. For the Company, Level 1 financial assets and liabilities consist primarily of commodity derivative contracts.
Level 2 – Financial assets and liabilities whose values are based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or model inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly for substantially the full term of the asset or liability. For the Company, Level 2 financial assets and liabilities consist of interest rate swaps, cross-currency swaps and over-the-counter commodity and currency contracts.

16
The Company’s calculation of the fair value of interest rate swaps is derived from a discounted cash flow analysis based on the terms of the contract and the interest rate curve. Foreign currency contracts are valued using an income approach based on forward rates less the contract rate multiplied by the notional amount. Cross-currency contracts are valued based on changes in the spot rate at the time of valuation compared to the spot rate at the time of execution, as well as the change in the interest differential between the two currencies. The Company’s calculation of the fair value of level 2 financial assets and liabilities takes into consideration the risk of nonperformance, including counterparty credit risk.
Level 3 – Financial assets and liabilities whose values are based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. These inputs reflect management’s own assumptions about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the asset or liability. The Company did not have any Level 3 financial assets or liabilities as of September 27, 2025 or December 28, 2024.
The following table presents assets and liabilities that were measured at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheet on a recurring basis as of September 27, 2025 and December 28, 2024:
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
 September 27, 2025December 28, 2024
(millions)Level 1Level 2TotalLevel 1Level 2Total
Assets:
Cross-currency contracts:
Other current assets$— $10 $10 $— $47 $47 
Other assets— — — — 51 51 
Total assets$— $10 $10 $— $98 $98 
Liabilities:
Cross-currency contracts:
Other current liabilities$— $(91)$(91)$— $(2)$(2)
   Other liabilities— (21)(21)— (9)(9)
Interest rate contracts(a):
Other current liabilities— — — — — — 
Other liabilities— (24)(24)— (41)(41)
Total liabilities$— $(136)$(136)$— $(52)$(52)
(a) The fair value of the related hedged portion of the Company's long-term debt, a Level 2 liability, was $0.5 billion and $0.4 billion as of September 27, 2025 and December 28, 2024, respectively.

17
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
 September 27, 2025December 28, 2024
(millions)Level 1Level 2TotalLevel 1Level 2Total
Assets:
Foreign currency exchange contracts:
Other current assets$— $43 $43 $— $65 $65 
Other assets— 1 1 — 2 2 
Interest rate contracts:
Other current assets— 6 6 — 6 6 
Other assets— 1 1 — 1 1 
Commodity contracts:
Other current assets5 — 5 4 — 4 
Total assets$5 $51 $56 $4 $74 $78 
Liabilities:
Foreign currency exchange contracts:
Other current liabilities$— $(44)$(44)$— $(33)$(33)
Other liabilities— — — — (1)(1)
Interest rate contracts:
Other current liabilities— (8)(8)— (8)(8)
Other liabilities— — — — (1)(1)
Commodity contracts:
Other current liabilities(7)— (7)(7)— (7)
Total liabilities$(7)$(52)$(59)$(7)$(43)$(50)
The Company has designated its outstanding foreign currency denominated debt as a net investment hedge of a portion of the Company’s investment in its subsidiaries’ foreign currency denominated net assets. The carrying value of this debt, including current and long-term, was approximately $0.7 billion and $1.2 billion as of September 27, 2025 and December 28, 2024, respectively.
The following amounts were recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for existing fair value hedges as of September 27, 2025 and December 28, 2024.
(millions)Line Item in the Consolidated Balance Sheet in which the hedged item is includedCarrying amount of the hedged liabilitiesCumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustment included in the carrying amount of the hedged liabilities (a)
September 27,
2025		December 28,
2024		September 27,
2025		December 28,
2024
Interest rate contractsCurrent maturities of long-term debt$599 $627 $(1)$1 
Interest rate contractsLong-term debt$424 $1,005 $(24)$(43)
(a) The fair value adjustment related to current maturities of long-term debt includes $(1) million and $1 million from discontinued hedging relationships as of September 27, 2025 and December 28, 2024, respectively. The fair value adjustment related to long-term debt includes $(1) million from discontinued hedging relationships as of December 28, 2024.

18
The Company has elected to not offset the fair values of derivative assets and liabilities executed with the same counterparty that are generally subject to enforceable netting agreements. However, if the Company were to offset and record the asset and liability balances of derivatives on a net basis, the amounts presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 27, 2025 and December 28, 2024 would be adjusted as detailed in the following table:
    
As of September 27, 2025:
  
Gross Amounts Not Offset in the
Consolidated Balance Sheet
  
  
Amounts
Presented in the
Consolidated
Balance Sheet		Financial
Instruments		Cash Collateral
Received/
Posted		Net
Amount
Total asset derivatives$66 $(63)$— $3 
Total liability derivatives$(195)$63 $97 $(35)

 
As of December 28, 2024:
  
Gross Amounts Not Offset in the
Consolidated Balance Sheet
  
  
Amounts
Presented in the
Consolidated
Balance Sheet		Financial
Instruments		Cash Collateral
Received/
Posted		Net
Amount
Total asset derivatives$176 $(88)$61 $149 
Total liability derivatives$(102)$88 $14 $— 

During the year-to-date period ended September 28, 2024, the Company settled certain interest rate contracts resulting in a net realized gain of approximately $11 million. These derivatives were accounted for as cash flow hedges and the related net gains were recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income and will be amortized to interest expense over the term of the related U.S. dollar fixed rate debt.
During the year-to-date period ended September 28, 2024, the Company settled certain interest rate contracts resulting in a net realized loss of approximately €5 million. These derivatives were accounted for as cash flow hedges and the related net losses were recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income and will be amortized to interest expense over the term of the related Euro fixed rate debt.
During the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 27, 2025, the Company settled certain cross currency swaps resulting in a net realized loss of approximately $21 million and $55 million, respectively. During the year-to-date period ended September 28, 2024, the Company settled certain cross currency swaps resulting in a net realized gain of approximately $7 million. These cross currency swaps were accounted for as net investment hedges and the related net gain (loss) was recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income.
The effect of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the quarters ended September 27, 2025 and September 28, 2024 was as follows:
Derivatives and non-derivatives in net investment hedging relationships
(millions)Gain (loss)
recognized in
AOCI		Gain (loss) excluded from assessment of hedge effectivenessLocation of gain (loss) in income of excluded component
 September 27,
2025		September 28,
2024		September 27,
2025		September 28,
2024
Foreign currency denominated long-term debt$4 $(60)$— $— 
Cross-currency contracts1 (73)12 16 Interest expense
Total$5 $(133)$12 $16 





19
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
(millions)Location of gain
(loss) recognized
in income		Gain (loss)
recognized in
income
  September 27,
2025		September 28,
2024
Foreign currency exchange contractsCOGS$9 $2 
Foreign currency exchange contractsOther income (expense), net(6)24 
Foreign currency exchange contractsSG&A(1)(2)
Interest rate contractsInterest expense1 — 
Commodity contractsCOGS(12)(4)
Total$(9)$20 
The effect of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the year-to-date periods ended September 27, 2025 and September 28, 2024 was as follows:

Derivatives and non-derivatives in net investment hedging relationships
(millions)Gain (loss)
recognized in
AOCI		Gain (loss) excluded from assessment of hedge effectivenessLocation of gain (loss) in income of excluded component
 September 27,
2025		September 28,
2024		September 27,
2025		September 28,
2024
Foreign currency denominated long-term debt$(78)$(9)$— $— 
Cross-currency contracts(244)(25)35 30 Interest expense
Total$(322)$(34)$35 $30 
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
(millions)Location of gain
(loss) recognized
in income		Gain (loss)
recognized in
income
  September 27,
2025		September 28,
2024
Foreign currency exchange contractsCOGS$(21)$15 
Foreign currency exchange contractsOther income (expense), net17 30 
Foreign currency exchange contractsSG&A6 9 
Interest rate contractsInterest expense2 — 
Commodity contractsCOGS2 (53)
Total$6 $1 

20
The effect of fair value and cash flow hedge accounting on the Consolidated Income Statement for the quarters ended September 27, 2025 and September 28, 2024:
September 27, 2025September 28, 2024
(millions)Interest ExpenseInterest Expense
Total amounts of income and expense line items presented in the Consolidated Income Statement in which the effects of fair value or cash flow hedges are recorded$60 $75 
Gain (loss) on fair value hedging relationships:
Interest contracts:
Hedged items(3)(16)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments4 17 
Gain (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest contracts:
Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income1 — 
The effect of fair value and cash flow hedge accounting on the Consolidated Income Statement for the year-to-date periods ended September 27, 2025 and September 28, 2024:
September 27, 2025September 28, 2024
(millions)Interest ExpenseInterest Expense
Total amounts of income and expense line items presented in the Consolidated Income Statement in which the effects of fair value or cash flow hedges are recorded$186 $241 
Gain (loss) on fair value hedging relationships:
Interest contracts:
Hedged items(17)(19)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments17 24 
Gain (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest contracts:
Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income4 (3)
During the next 12 months, the Company expects $10 million of net deferred gains reported in AOCI at September 27, 2025 to be reclassified to income, assuming market rates remain constant through contract maturities.
Other fair value measurements
Fair value measurements on a nonrecurring basis
During the first quarter of 2024, the Company announced the reconfiguration of the North America frozen supply chain network and the reconfiguration of the European cereal supply chain network. The North America frozen supply chain actions have since been fully implemented, while the European cereal supply chain program remains in process. As part of these programs, the Company is consolidating the usage of and disposing certain long-lived assets, including manufacturing facilities. See Note 4 for more information regarding these restructuring programs.
During the first quarter of 2024, long-lived assets of $62 million related to a frozen foods manufacturing facility in the Company's North America reportable segment, were written down to an estimated fair value of approximately $41 million resulting in an impairment charge of $21 million recorded in COGS.
During the first quarter of 2024, long-lived assets of $99 million related to a cereal manufacturing facility in the Company's Europe reportable segment, were written down to an estimated fair value of $60 million resulting in an impairment charge of $39 million recorded in COGS.

21
The Company's calculation of the fair value of these long-lived assets is based on Level 3 inputs, including market comparables, market trends and the condition of the assets.
Marketable securities
During the first quarter of 2024, the Company amended the U.S. retiree health and welfare plan to create a sub-trust to permit the payment of certain benefits for active union employees using a surplus totaling $175 million from the retiree plan, which represents a portion of the plan's total surplus. During the quarter ended March 30, 2024, the Company invested the $175 million in a short-term investment fund that primarily holds short-term debt instruments. The marketable securities portfolio is designated to be used to pay for active union employee benefits.
During the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 27, 2025, the Company received proceeds from marketable securities of approximately $14 million and $112 million, respectively. A portion of the proceeds were used to pay for certain benefits of active union employees. During the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 27, 2025, the company purchased approximately $1 million and $74 million of marketable securities, respectively. The portfolio's fair value at September 27, 2025 and December 28, 2024 was approximately $103 million and $141 million, respectively. The classification of these marketable securities as current or noncurrent depends on our intended holding period and the securities are measured at Level 1 quoted market prices.

During the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 28, 2024, the Company sold approximately $132 million and $145 million of investments in the short-term investment fund, respectively. A portion of the proceeds were used to pay for certain benefits of active union employees. During the quarter and year-to-date period ended September 28, 2024, the company purchased approximately $124 million and $301 million of short-term U.S. Treasury securities, respectively.
Equity investments
We hold equity investments in certain companies that we do not have the ability to exercise significant influence. Equity investments without a readily determinable fair value are recorded at original cost. Investments with a readily determinable fair value, which are Level 2 investments, are measured at fair value based on observable market price changes, with gains and losses recorded through net earnings. Equity investments were approximately $40 million as of September 27, 2025 and December 28, 2024. Additionally, these investments were recorded within Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Financial instruments
The carrying values of the Company’s short-term items, including cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, notes payable and current maturities of long-term debt approximate fair value. The fair value of the Company’s long-term debt, which are Level 2 liabilities, is calculated based on broker quotes. The fair value and carrying value of the Company's long-term debt was $4.3 billion, as of September 27, 2025. The fair value and carrying value of the Company's long-term debt was $4.9 billion and $5.0 billion, respectively, as of December 28, 2024.
Counterparty credit risk concentration and collateral requirements
The Company is exposed to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by counterparties on derivative financial and commodity contracts. Management believes a concentration of credit risk with respect to derivative counterparties is limited due to the credit ratings and use of master netting and reciprocal collateralization agreements with the counterparties and the use of exchange-traded commodity contracts.
Master netting agreements apply in situations where the Company executes multiple contracts with the same counterparty. Certain counterparties represent a concentration of credit risk to the Company. If those counterparties fail to perform according to the terms of derivative contracts, this would result in a loss to the Company, net of collateral already received from those counterparties. As of September 27, 2025, the concentration of credit risk to the Company was immaterial.
For certain derivative contracts, reciprocal collateralization agreements with counterparties call for the posting of collateral in the form of cash, treasury securities or letters of credit if a fair value loss position to the Company or its counterparties exceeds a certain amount. In addition, the Company is required to maintain cash margin accounts in connection with its open positions for exchange-traded commodity derivative instruments executed with the counterparty that are subject to enforceable netting agreements. As of September 27, 2025, the Company posted $77 million related to reciprocal collateralization agreements. As of September 27, 2025, the Company posted $20 million in margin deposits for exchange-traded commodity derivative instruments, which was reflected as an increase in Accounts receivable, net on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

22
Certain of the Company’s derivative instruments contain provisions requiring the Company to post incremental collateral on those derivative instruments that are in a liability position if the Company’s credit rating falls below BB+ (S&P), or Baa1 (Moody’s). The fair value of all derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features in a liability position on September 27, 2025 was $132 million. If the credit-risk-related contingent features were triggered as of September 27, 2025, the company would be required to post additional collateral up to $55 million. In addition, certain derivative instruments contain provisions that would be triggered in the event the Company defaults on its debt agreements. There were no collateral posting requirements as of September 27, 2025 triggered by credit-risk-related contingent features.

Management believes concentrations of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable is limited due to the generally high credit quality of the Company’s major customers, as well as the large number and geographic dispersion of smaller customers.
NOTE 11 REPORTABLE SEGMENTS
Kellanova is the world's second largest producer of crackers and a leading producer of cereal, savory snacks, and frozen foods. Additional product offerings include toaster pastries, cereal bars, veggie foods and noodles. Kellanova products are manufactured and marketed globally. Principal markets for these products include the United States, United Kingdom, France, Nigeria, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, and Australia.
The Company manages its operations through four operating segments that are based on geographic location – North America which includes U.S. businesses and Canada; Europe which consists of European countries; Latin America which consists of Central and South America and includes Mexico; and AMEA (Asia Middle East Africa) which consists of Africa, Middle East, Australia and other Asian and Pacific markets. These operating segments also represent our reportable segments. Each reportable segment derives its revenues primarily from the production and distribution of a mix of food products including snacks, cereal, frozen foods, noodles and other foods. Corporate includes corporate administration and initiatives as well as share-based compensation.
The Chairman and Chief Executive Officer is the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM) of the Company. The CODM uses operating profit as the reportable segment profitability measure to assess performance and allocate resources. This measure is utilized during our budgeting and forecasting process to assess profitability and enable decision making regarding strategic initiatives and capital investments across all reportable segments. Reportable segment operating profit is consistent with the presentation of operating profit in the Consolidated Statement of Income. The accounting policies of each reportable segment are consistent with those described in the summary of significant accounting policies in Note 1 included in the Company's 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Inter-segment sales are not included in the segment profitability measure used by the CODM to assess performance of the reportable segments.
Reportable segment results including details of the significant expense categories provided to the CODM for the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 27, 2025 and September 28, 2024 were as follows:
Quarter ended September 27, 2025
Reportable segments
(millions)North AmericaEuropeLatin AmericaAMEACorporateConsolidated
Net sales$1,627 $653 $308 $672 $— $3,260 
Cost of goods sold1,018 448 219 498 (7)2,176 
Selling, general, and administrative expense268 132 74 105 53 632 
Operating profit$341 $73 $15 $69 $(46)$452 
Year-to-date period ended September 27, 2025
Reportable segments
(millionsNorth AmericaEuropeLatin AmericaAMEACorporateConsolidated
Net sales$4,840 $1,883 $883 $1,940 $— $9,546 
Cost of goods sold$3,002 $1,264 $609 $1,427 $11 $6,313 
Selling, general, and administrative expense$857 $363 $204 $308 $181 $1,913 
Operating profit$981 $256 $70 $205 $(192)$1,320 


23
Quarter ended September 28, 2024
Reportable segments
(millions)North AmericaEuropeLatin AmericaAMEACorporateConsolidated
Net sales$1,673 $660 $311 $590 $(1)$3,233 
Cost of goods sold1,074 416 209 420 (62)2,057 
Selling, general, and administrative expense302 143 73 105 97 720 
Operating profit$297 $101 $29 $65 $(36)$456 
Year-to-date period ended September 28, 2024
Reportable segments
(millions)North AmericaEuropeLatin AmericaAMEACorporateConsolidated
Net Sales$5,019 $1,898 $958 $1,754 $(4)$9,625 
Cost of goods sold$3,146 $1,282 $643 $1,244 $(58)$6,257 
Selling, general, and administrative expense$902 $376 $213 $310 $225 $2,026 
Operating profit$971 $240 $102 $200 $(171)$1,342 
Certain items such as interest expense and income taxes, while not included in the measure of reportable segment operating results, are regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker (CODM) for the Company's internationally based reportable segments as shown below.
 Quarter endedYear-to-date period ended
(millions)September 27,
2025		September 28,
2024		September 27,
2025		September 28,
2024
Depreciation and amortization
North America (a)$40 $42 $125 $153 
Europe (a)27 23 73 108 
Latin America10 8 30 25 
AMEA15 16 43 41 
Total Reportable Segments92 89 271 327 
Corporate2 3 6 6 
Consolidated$94 $92 $277 $333 
Interest expense
North America$— $1 $— $5 
Europe7 17 23 52 
Latin America2 2 4 5 
AMEA2 5 12 15 
Corporate49 50 147 164 
Consolidated$60 $75 $186 $241 
Income taxes
Europe$10 $9 $30 $26 
Latin America4 7 $13 $32 
AMEA14 12 $43 $37 
Corporate & North America61 6 $159 $118 
Consolidated$89 $34 $245 $213 
(a) Year-to-date period ended September 28, 2024, includes asset impairment charges as discussed in Note 10.

24
Assets are reviewed by the CODM on a consolidated basis and therefore are not presented by reportable segment. The CODM does review additions to property by reportable segment.
Quarter endedYear-to-date period ended
(millions)September 27, 2025September 28, 2024September 27, 2025September 28, 2024
Additions to property
North America$57 $55 $162 $175 
Europe43 35 140 104 
Latin America10 24 59 74 
AMEA28 24 92 75 
Corporate6 5 15 12 
Consolidated$144 $143 $468 $440 
Supplemental product information is provided below for net sales to external customers:
Quarter endedYear-to-date period ended
(millions)September 27,
2025		September 28,
2024		September 27,
2025		September 28,
2024
Snacks$2,027 $2,069 $5,932 $6,153 
Cereal678 690 1,995 2,066 
Frozen275 276 821 828 
Noodles and other280 198 798 578 
Consolidated$3,260 $3,233 $9,546 $9,625 
NOTE 12 SUPPLEMENTAL FINANCIAL STATEMENT DATA
Consolidated Balance Sheet
(millions)September 27, 2025December 28, 2024
Trade receivables$1,438 $1,268 
Allowance for credit losses(15)(17)
Refundable income taxes26 58 
Other receivables258 213 
Accounts receivable, net$1,707 $1,522 
Raw materials and supplies$326 $303 
Finished goods and materials in process873 862 
Inventories$1,199 $1,165 
Intangible assets not subject to amortization$1,699 $1,651 
Intangible assets subject to amortization, net109 109 
Other intangibles, net$1,808 $1,760 

25
KELLANOVA
PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Business overview
The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) is intended to help the reader understand Kellanova, our operations and our present business environment. MD&A is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, our Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying notes thereto contained in Item 1 of this report. Our MD&A references consumption and net sales in discussing our sales trends for certain categories and brands.  We record net sales upon delivery of shipments to our customers.  Consumption and share data noted within is based on Nielsen x-AOC or other comparable source, for the applicable period. Consumption refers to consumer purchases of our products from our customers. Unless otherwise noted, consumption and shipment trends are materially consistent.
Consumers count on Kellanova for great-tasting, high-quality and nutritious foods. Currently, these foods include snacks, such as crackers, savory snacks, toaster pastries, cereal bars and bites; and convenience foods, such as, ready-to-eat cereals, frozen waffles, veggie foods and noodles. Kellanova products are manufactured and marketed globally.
Proposed merger
On August 13, 2024, the Company entered into the Merger Agreement, pursuant to which (and subject to the terms and conditions in the Merger Agreement) Merger Sub will be merged with and into the Company, with the Company continuing as the surviving corporation. Each share of public common stock, par value $0.25 per share, of the Company issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time (other than shares owned by (i) the Company or its subsidiaries or Parent or its subsidiaries (including Acquiror and its subsidiaries) or (ii) stockholders who have properly exercised and perfected appraisal rights under Delaware law) will be automatically cancelled and converted into the right to receive $83.50 per share in cash, without interest.
Completion of the Merger is subject to customary closing conditions, including the receipt of antitrust approval from the EC. Shareowner approval of the Merger Agreement, and all other regulatory approvals required to complete the Merger have been obtained. Based on the expected timeline of the EC’s ongoing investigation into the Merger, the Company expects the Merger to close towards the end of 2025; however, the exact timing of the completion of the Merger, if at all, cannot be predicted with any certainty.

For further discussion about the Merger, see Note 1 Accounting Policies - Proposed Merger, our Current Reports on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 14, 2024, June 25, 2025 and June 26, 2025, and our definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A filed with the SEC on September 26, 2024. See the section titled, “Risk Factors” included under Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 28, 2024 filed with the SEC on February 21, 2025 for more information regarding risks associated with the Merger.
Segments
We manage our operations through four operating segments that are based primarily on geographic location – North America which includes the U.S. businesses and Canada; Europe which consists principally of European countries; Latin America which consists of Central and South America and includes Mexico; and AMEA (Asia Middle East Africa) which consists of Africa, Middle East, Australia and other Asian and Pacific markets. These operating segments also represent our reportable segments.
Non-GAAP financial measures
This filing includes non-GAAP financial measures that we provide to management and investors that exclude certain items that we do not consider part of on-going operations. Items excluded from our non-GAAP financial measures are discussed in the "Significant items impacting comparability" section of this filing. Our management team consistently utilizes a combination of GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate business results, to make decisions regarding the future direction of our business, and for resource allocation decisions, including incentive compensation. As a result, we believe the presentation of both GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures provides investors with increased transparency into financial measures used by our management team and improves investors’ understanding of our underlying operating performance and in their analysis of ongoing operating trends. All historic non-GAAP financial measures have been reconciled with the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures.

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Non-GAAP financial measures used for evaluation of performance include currency-neutral and organic net sales, adjusted and currency-neutral adjusted operating profit, adjusted and currency-neutral adjusted diluted earnings per share (EPS), currency-neutral adjusted gross profit, currency neutral adjusted gross margin, adjusted effective tax rate, net debt, and free cash flow. We determine currency-neutral results by dividing or multiplying, as appropriate, the current-period local currency operating results by the currency exchange rates used to translate our financial statements in the comparable prior-year period to determine what the current period U.S. dollar operating results would have been if the currency exchange rate had not changed from the comparable prior-year period. These non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to similar measures used by other companies.
•Currency-neutral net sales and organic net sales: We adjust the GAAP financial measure to exclude the impact of foreign currency, resulting in currency-neutral net sales. In addition, we exclude the impact of acquisitions, divestitures, and foreign currency, resulting in organic net sales. We excluded the items which we believe may obscure trends in our underlying net sales performance. By providing these non-GAAP net sales measures, management intends to provide investors with a meaningful, consistent comparison of net sales performance for the Company and each of our reportable segments for the periods presented. Management uses these non-GAAP measures to evaluate the effectiveness of initiatives behind net sales growth, pricing realization, and the impact of mix on our business results. These non-GAAP measures are also used to make decisions regarding the future direction of our business, and for resource allocation decisions.
•Adjusted: gross profit, gross margin, operating profit, operating margin, and diluted EPS: We adjust the GAAP financial measures to exclude the effect of restructuring programs, costs of the separation transaction, mark-to-market adjustments for pension plans (service cost, interest cost, expected return on plan assets, and other net periodic pension costs are not excluded), commodity contracts, certain equity investments and certain foreign currency contracts, and other costs impacting comparability resulting in adjusted. We excluded the items which we believe may obscure trends in our underlying profitability. By providing these non-GAAP profitability measures, management intends to provide investors with a meaningful, consistent comparison of the Company's profitability measures for the periods presented. Management uses these non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate the effectiveness of initiatives intended to improve profitability, as well as to evaluate the impacts of inflationary pressures and decisions to invest in new initiatives within each of our segments.
•Currency-neutral adjusted: gross profit, gross margin, operating profit, operating margin, and diluted EPS: We adjust the GAAP financial measures to exclude the effect of restructuring programs, costs of the separation transaction, mark-to-market adjustments for pension plans (service cost, interest cost, expected return on plan assets, and other net periodic pension costs are not excluded), commodity contracts, certain equity investments and certain foreign currency contracts, other costs impacting comparability, and foreign currency, resulting in currency-neutral adjusted. We excluded the items which we believe may obscure trends in our underlying profitability. By providing these non-GAAP profitability measures, management intends to provide investors with a meaningful, consistent comparison of the Company's profitability measures for the periods presented. Management uses these non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate the effectiveness of initiatives intended to improve profitability, as well as to evaluate the impacts of inflationary pressures and decisions to invest in new initiatives within each of our segments.
•Adjusted effective income tax rate: We adjust the GAAP financial measures to exclude the effect of restructuring programs, costs of the separation transaction, mark-to-market adjustments for pension plans (service cost, interest cost, expected return on plan assets, and other net periodic pension costs are not excluded), commodity contracts, certain equity investments and certain foreign currency contracts, and other costs impacting comparability. We excluded the items which we believe may obscure trends in our pre-tax income and the related tax effect of those items on our adjusted effective income tax rate, and other impacts to tax expense. By providing this non-GAAP measure, management intends to provide investors with a meaningful, consistent comparison of the Company's effective tax rate, excluding the pre-tax income and tax effect of the items noted above, for the periods presented. Management uses this non-GAAP measure to monitor the effectiveness of initiatives in place to optimize our global tax rate.
•Net debt: Defined as the sum of long-term debt, current maturities of long-term debt and notes payable, less cash and cash equivalents. With respect to net debt, cash and cash equivalents are subtracted from the GAAP measure, total debt liabilities, because they could be used to reduce the Company’s debt obligations. Company management and investors use this non-GAAP measure to evaluate changes to the Company's capital structure and credit quality assessment.

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•Free cash flow: Defined as net cash provided by operating activities reduced by expenditures for property additions. Free cash flow does not represent the residual cash flow available for discretionary expenditures. We use this non-GAAP financial measure of cash flow to focus management and investors on the amount of cash available for debt repayment, dividend distributions, acquisition opportunities, and share repurchases once all of the Company’s business needs and obligations are met. Additionally, certain performance-based compensation includes a component of this non-GAAP measure.
These measures have not been calculated in accordance with GAAP and should not be viewed as a substitute for GAAP reporting measures.
Significant items impacting comparability
Mark-to-market
We recognize mark-to-market adjustments for pension and postretirement benefit plans, commodity contracts, and certain foreign currency contracts as incurred. Actuarial gains/losses for pension plans are recognized in the year they occur. Mark-to-market gains/losses for certain equity investments are recorded based on observable price changes. Changes between contract and market prices for commodity contracts and certain foreign currency contracts result in gains/losses that are recognized in the quarter they occur. We recorded a pre-tax mark-to-market gain of $7 million and loss of $10 million for the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 27, 2025, respectively. We recorded a pre-tax mark-to-market gain of $60 million and $82 million for the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 28, 2024, respectively.

Separation costs
The Company successfully completed the separation transaction on October 2, 2023. We incurred pre-tax charges related to the separation of $2 million and $11 million for the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 27, 2025, respectively. We incurred pre-tax charges of $10 million and $29 million for the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 28, 2024, respectively.

Network optimization
Costs related to reorganizations to increase the productivity and efficiency of the Company's supply chain. As a result, we incurred pre-tax charges, primarily related to severance and asset impairment, of $8 million and $22 million for the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 27, 2025, respectively. We recorded pre-tax charges of $12 million and $121 million for the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 28, 2024, respectively.

Proposed merger costs
In August 2024, the Company entered into a definitive agreement under which Mars has agreed to acquire Kellanova, subject to customary closing conditions, including the receipt of required regulatory approvals. In conjunction with the agreement, we incurred pre-tax charges, primarily related to legal and consulting costs, of $16 million and $28 million for the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 27, 2025, respectively. We recorded pre-tax charges of $22 million for the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 28, 2024.

Business and portfolio realignment
Costs related to reorganizations in support of our Deploy for Growth priorities and a reshaped portfolio; investments in enhancing capabilities prioritized by our Deploy for Growth strategy; and prospective divestitures and acquisitions. As a result, we recorded pre-tax charges, primarily related to reorganizations, of $2 million and $3 million for the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 27, 2025, respectively. We recorded $2 million and $6 million for the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 28, 2024.


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Domestic tax benefit
In September 2024, the Company entered into an agreement to sell a foreign subsidiary in Egypt. In conjunction with the agreement, we recognized a tax benefit of $41 million for the quarter and year-to-date period ended September 28, 2024, related to the excess of tax basis over book on our investment in the subsidiary. The sale of the subsidiary was completed in the second quarter of 2025.
Foreign currency translation
We evaluate the operating results of our business on a currency-neutral basis. We determine currency-neutral operating results by dividing or multiplying, as appropriate, the current-period local currency operating results by the currency exchange rates used to translate our financial statements in the comparable prior-year period to determine what the current period U.S. dollar operating results would have been if the currency exchange rate had not changed from the comparable prior-year period.

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Financial results
For the quarter ended September 27, 2025, our reported net sales increased slightly year on year, on growth momentum in noodles in Africa and positive foreign currency translation, partially offset by category softness elsewhere and a related shift in business mix. Organic net sales decreased slightly from the prior year excluding foreign currency.
Third quarter reported operating profit decreased 1% year on year, due to a significantly lower mark-to-market benefit than the prior year, the gross profit impacts of lower net sales outside Africa, and higher costs, partially offset by lower incentive compensation. Currency-neutral adjusted operating profit increased 6.6%, after excluding the impact of mark-to-market, costs of the proposed merger, network optimization costs, separation costs, business and portfolio realignment, and foreign currency.
Reported diluted EPS of $0.88 for the quarter decreased 16% compared to the prior year quarter of $1.05, reflecting the lower mark-to-market benefit, a higher effective tax rate, including the lapping of a prior-year tax benefit, the gross profit impacts of lower net sales outside Africa, and higher costs. Currency-neutral adjusted diluted EPS of $0.93 for the quarter increased 2.2% from the prior year quarter after excluding mark-to-market, costs of the proposed merger, network optimization costs, separation costs, business and portfolio realignment, domestic tax benefit, and foreign currency.
Reconciliation of certain non-GAAP Financial Measures
 Quarter endedYear-to-date period ended
Consolidated results
(dollars in millions, except per share data)		September 27,
2025		September 28,
2024		September 27,
2025		September 28,
2024
Reported net income$309 $367 $912 $978 
Mark-to-market (pre-tax)7 60 (10)82 
Separation costs (pre-tax)(2)(10)(11)(29)
Network optimization (pre-tax)(8)(12)(22)(121)
Proposed merger costs (pre-tax)(16)(22)(28)(22)
Business and portfolio realignment (pre-tax)(2)(2)(3)(6)
Income tax impact applicable to adjustments, net*1 (5)10 20 
Domestic tax benefit— 41 — 41 
Adjusted net income$329 $317 $975 $1,013 
Foreign currency impact2 — (2)— 
Currency-neutral adjusted net income$327 $317 $977 $1,013 
Reported diluted EPS$0.88 $1.05 $2.61 $2.83 
Mark-to-market (pre-tax)0.02 0.17 (0.03)0.24 
Separation costs (pre-tax)— (0.03)(0.03)(0.08)
Network optimization (pre-tax)(0.02)(0.03)(0.06)(0.35)
Proposed merger costs (pre-tax)(0.04)(0.06)(0.08)(0.06)
Business and portfolio realignment (pre-tax)(0.01)(0.01)(0.01)(0.03)
Income tax impact applicable to adjustments, net*— (0.02)0.03 0.06 
Domestic tax benefit— 0.12 — 0.12 
Adjusted diluted EPS$0.94 $0.91 $2.79 $2.93 
Foreign currency impact0.01 — — — 
Currency-neutral adjusted diluted EPS$0.93 $0.91 $2.79 $2.93 
Currency-neutral adjusted diluted EPS growth2.2 %(4.8)%
Note: Tables may not foot due to rounding.
For more information on the reconciling items in the table above, please refer to the Significant items impacting comparability section.
*Represents the estimated income tax effect on the reconciling items, using weighted-average statutory tax rates, depending upon the applicable jurisdiction.

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Net sales and operating profit
The following tables provide an analysis of net sales and operating profit performance for the third quarter of 2025 versus 2024: 
Quarter ended September 27, 2025
(millions)North
America		EuropeLatin
America		AMEACorporateKellanova
Consolidated
Reported net sales$1,627 $653 $308 $672 $— $3,260 
Foreign currency impact(1)27 5 13 — 43 
Organic net sales$1,628 $627 $303 $658 $— $3,217 
Quarter ended September 28, 2024
(millions)
Reported net sales$1,673 $660 $311 $590 $(1)$3,233 
Divestiture— — — — — — 
Organic net sales$1,673 $660 $311 $590 $(1)$3,233 
% change - 2025 vs. 2024:
Reported growth(2.7)%(0.9)%(0.8)%13.7 %n/m0.9 %
Foreign currency impact(0.1)%4.1 %1.5 %2.2 %n/m1.4 %
Currency-neutral growth(2.6)%(5.0)%(2.3)%11.5 %n/m(0.5)%
Divestiture— %— %— %— %n/m— %
Organic growth(2.6)%(5.0)%(2.3)%11.5 %n/m(0.5)%
Volume (tonnage)(1.7)%(2.1)%(7.3)%1.1 %n/m(1.4)%
Pricing/mix(0.9)%(2.9)%5.0 %10.4 %n/m0.9 %
Note: Tables may not foot due to rounding.
For more information on the reconciling items in the table above, please refer to the Significant items impacting comparability section.



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Quarter ended September 27, 2025
(millions)North
America		EuropeLatin
America		AMEACorporateKellanova
Consolidated
Reported operating profit$341 $73 $15 $69 $(46)$452 
Mark-to-market— — (2)— 9 7 
Separation costs(2)— — — — (2)
Network optimization1 (9)— — — (8)
Proposed merger costs— — — — (16)(16)
Business and portfolio realignment— — (2)— — (2)
Adjusted operating profit$342 $82 $20 $69 $(39)$473 
Foreign currency impact— 3 — — — 3 
Currency-neutral adjusted operating profit$342 $79 $20 $69 $(40)$470 
Quarter ended September 28, 2024
(millions)
Reported operating profit$297 $101 $29 $65 $(36)$456 
Mark-to-market— — (2)— 62 60 
Separation costs(9)— — — (1)(10)
Network optimization(7)(5)— — — (12)
Proposed merger costs— — — — (22)(22)
Business and portfolio realignment— — — (1)(1)(2)
Adjusted operating profit$312 $106 $31 $66 $(74)$441 
% change - 2025 vs. 2024:
Reported growth15.1 %(27.3)%(47.4)%4.5 %(23.9)%(0.6)%
Mark-to-market— %— %(3.4)%— %(68.2)%(13.3)%
Separation costs2.8 %— %0.6 %— %0.8 %2.5 %
Network optimization2.7 %(4.9)%— %— %— %1.2 %
Proposed merger costs— %— %— %— %(4.5)%1.8 %
Business and portfolio realignment— %— %(7.4)%0.9 %0.6 %(0.1)%
Adjusted growth9.6 %(22.4)%(37.2)%3.6 %47.4 %7.3 %
Foreign currency impact(0.1)%2.7 %0.7 %— %0.3 %0.7 %
Currency-neutral adjusted growth9.7 %(25.1)%(37.9)%3.6 %47.1 %6.6 %
Note: Tables may not foot due to rounding.
For more information on the reconciling items in the table above, please refer to the Significant items impacting comparability section.


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North America
Reported net sales for the third quarter decreased 2.7% from the prior year, as volume declined amidst continued softness in snacking and frozen categories. Organic net sales declined 2.6%.
North America operating profit increased 15% year on year, reflecting discipline on operating expenses and lower incentive compensation, as well as decreased restructuring charges. Currency-neutral adjusted operating profit increased 10%, after excluding the impact of network optimization costs, and separation costs.
Net sales % change - third quarter 2025 vs. 2024:
North AmericaReported net salesForeign currencyCurrency-neutral net salesDivestitureOrganic net sales
Snacks(3.2)%(0.1)%(3.1)%— %(3.1)%
Frozen(0.2)%(0.1)%(0.1)%— %(0.1)%
North America snacks and frozen net sales declined during the quarter reflecting category softness.
Europe
Reported net sales decreased 0.9% in the third quarter due to lower volume and price/mix related to prolonged demand softness in snacks and cereal categories, as well as disruption of orders from specific customers, partially offset by positive foreign currency translation. Organic net sales decreased 5.0% after excluding the impact of foreign currency.
Reported operating profit decreased 27% year on year in the quarter, reflecting the gross profit impacts of lower net sales and higher costs, as well as increased up-front charges for network optimization. Currency-neutral adjusted operating profit was down 25% after excluding the impact of network optimization costs and foreign currency.
Net sales % change - third quarter 2025 vs. 2024:
EuropeReported net salesForeign currencyCurrency-neutral net salesDivestitureOrganic net sales
Snacks(1.1)%4.2 %(5.3)%— %(5.3)%
Cereal(0.6)%3.9 %(4.5)%— %(4.5)%
Snacks and cereal net sales decreased slightly, as category softness more than offset by favorable foreign currency translation.
Latin America
Reported net sales decreased 0.8% year on year, due to volume declines related to softened categories, notably cereal in Mexico, partially offset by price realization and positive foreign currency translation. Organic net sales decreased 2.3%, after excluding the impact of foreign currency.
Reported operating profit in the quarter decreased 47% year on year, due to the gross profit impacts of lower net sales and higher costs, as well as higher restructuring charges. Currency-neutral adjusted operating profit decreased 38% after excluding the impact of mark-to-market, business and portfolio realignment, and foreign currency.
Net sales % change - third quarter 2025 vs. 2024:
Latin AmericaReported net salesForeign currencyCurrency-neutral net salesDivestitureOrganic net sales
Snacks4.8 %1.2 %3.6 %— %3.6 %
Cereal(4.8)%1.7 %(6.5)%— %(6.5)%
Snacks net sales increased on price realization and favorable foreign currency translation.

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Cereal net sales decreased due to lower volume, notably in Mexico, partially offset by favorable foreign currency translation.
AMEA
Reported net sales increased 14% year on year in the third quarter, led by both volume growth and last year's currency-influenced price increases in our Africa noodles business, along with broad-based cereal volume and net sales growth. Organic net sales increased 12% after excluding the impact of foreign currency.
Reported operating profit increased 4.5% year on year, due to the profit impact of higher net sales. Currency-neutral adjusted operating profit increased 3.6%, after excluding the impact of business and portfolio realignment.
Net sales % change - third quarter 2025 vs. 2024:
AMEAReported net salesForeign currencyCurrency-neutral net salesDivestitureOrganic net sales
Snacks(0.2)%(1.0)%0.8 %— %0.8 %
Cereal1.4 %(2.7)%4.1 %— %4.1 %
Noodles and other39.0 %10.3 %28.7 %— %28.7 %
Snacks net sales decreased slightly due to unfavorable foreign currency translation and lower volume, partially offset by price/mix growth.
Cereal net sales increased due to broad-based growth across most of the region, most notably Africa and India, partially offset by unfavorable foreign currency translation.
Noodles and other net sales increased due to volume growth, price realization, and favorable foreign currency translation.
Corporate
Reported operating profit decreased $10 million versus the comparable prior year quarter due primarily to less favorable year over year mark-to-market impacts, partially offset by lower incentive compensation. Currency-neutral adjusted operating profit increased $34 million from the prior year after excluding costs of the proposed merger and mark-to-market.



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The following tables provide an analysis of net sales and operating profit performance for the year-to-date periods ended September 27, 2025 versus September 28, 2024:
Year-to-date period ended September 27, 2025
(millions)North
America		EuropeLatin
America		AMEACorporateKellanova
Consolidated
Reported net sales$4,840 $1,883 $883 $1,940 $— $9,546 
Foreign currency impact(6)62 (61)(89)— (94)
Organic net sales$4,846 $1,821 $943 $2,029 $— $9,640 
Year-to-date period ended September 28, 2024
(millions)
Reported net sales$5,019 $1,898 $958 $1,754 $(4)$9,625 
Divestiture— — — — — — 
Organic net sales$5,019 $1,898 $958 $1,754 $(4)$9,625 
% change - 2025 vs. 2024:
Reported growth(3.6)%(0.8)%(7.8)%10.6 %n/m(0.8)%
Foreign currency impact(0.2)%3.2 %(6.3)%(5.1)%n/m(1.0)%
Currency-neutral growth(3.4)%(4.0)%(1.5)%15.7 %n/m0.2 %
Divestitures— %— %— %— %n/m— %
Organic growth(3.4)%(4.0)%(1.5)%15.7 %n/m0.2 %
Volume (tonnage)(2.8)%(3.9)%(6.0)%6.4 %n/m(0.3)%
Pricing/mix(0.6)%(0.1)%4.5 %9.3 %n/m0.5 %
Note: Tables may not foot due to rounding.
For more information on the reconciling items in the table above, please refer to the Significant items impacting comparability section.

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Year-to-date period ended September 27, 2025
(millions)North
America		EuropeLatin
America		AMEACorporateKellanova
Consolidated
Reported operating profit$981 $256 $70 $205 $(192)$1,320 
Mark-to-market— — (8)— 1 (7)
Separation costs(8)— — — (2)(11)
Network optimization— (23)— — — (22)
Proposed merger costs— — — — (28)(28)
Business and portfolio realignment— — (2)— (1)(3)
Adjusted operating profit$989 $279 $80 $205 $(162)$1,391 
Foreign currency impact(1)9 (7)(10)2 (7)
Currency-neutral adjusted operating profit$990 $270 $87 $215 $(164)$1,398 
Year-to-date period ended September 28, 2024
(millions)
Reported operating profit$971 $240 $102 $200 $(171)$1,342 
Mark-to-market— — 3 — 66 69 
Separation costs(24)— — — (5)(29)
Network optimization(47)(74)— — — (121)
Proposed merger costs— — — — (22)(22)
Business and portfolio realignment(4)— — (1)(1)(6)
Adjusted operating profit$1,046 $314 $99 $201 $(209)$1,451 
% change - 2025 vs. 2024
Reported growth1.1 %6.8 %(31.6)%2.4 %(11.9)%(1.6)%
Mark-to-market— %— %(10.4)%— %(30.4)%(5.9)%
Separation costs1.6 %— %0.1 %— %0.7 %1.5 %
Network optimization4.5 %18.0 %— %— %— %7.1 %
Proposed merger costs— %(0.1)%(0.1)%(0.1)%(4.8)%(0.5)%
Business and portfolio realignment0.4 %— %(2.1)%0.3 %0.3 %0.3 %
Adjusted growth(5.4)%(11.1)%(19.1)%2.2 %22.3 %(4.1)%
Foreign currency impact(0.1)%2.9 %(7.3)%(4.8)%0.8 %(0.5)%
Currency-neutral adjusted growth(5.3)%(14.0)%(11.8)%7.0 %21.5 %(3.6)%
Note: Tables may not foot due to rounding.
For more information on the reconciling items in the table above, please refer to the Significant items impacting comparability section.

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North America
Reported net sales for the year-to-date period decreased 3.6%, on broad-based softness in category demand. Organic net sales decreased 3.4% after excluding the impact of foreign currency.
North America reported operating profit increased 1.1% year on year due to a decrease in restructuring charges, which more than offset by the gross profit impact of lower net sales. Currency-neutral adjusted operating profit decreased 5%, after excluding the impact of network optimization costs, separation costs, and business and portfolio realignment.
Net sales % change - third quarter YTD 2025 vs. 2024:
North AmericaReported net salesForeign currencyCurrency-neutral net salesDivestitureOrganic net sales
Snacks(4.1)%(0.1)%(4.0)%— %(4.0)%
Frozen(0.8)%(0.2)%(0.6)%— %(0.6)%
North America snacks and frozen net sales declined during the year-to-date period due to category softness.
Europe
Reported net sales decreased 0.8%, as lower volume amidst widespread category softness and order disruptions from certain customers more than offset positive foreign currency translation. Organic net sales decreased 4.0% after excluding the impact of foreign currency.
Reported operating profit increased 7% year on year, as lower up-front charges for network optimization more than offset the gross profit impacts of lower net sales and higher costs. Currency-neutral adjusted operating profit decreased 14.0% after excluding the impact of network optimization and foreign currency.
Net sales % change - third quarter YTD 2025 vs. 2024:
EuropeReported net salesForeign currencyCurrency-neutral net salesDivestitureOrganic net sales
Snacks(2.1)%3.4 %(5.5)%— %(5.5)%
Cereal1.0 %3.2 %(2.2)%— %(2.2)%
Snacks net sales decreased due to category softness, partially offset by favorable foreign currency translation.
Cereal net sales increased slightly from the prior year period due to favorable foreign currency translation, which was partially offset by category softness.
Latin America
Reported net sales decreased 8%, reflecting negative foreign currency translation and lower volume related primarily to soft cereal category demand in Mexico. Organic net sales decreased 1.5%, after excluding the impact of foreign currency.
Reported operating profit decreased 32% year on year, due to a negative swing in mark-to-market impacts, significantly negative foreign currency translation, and the gross profit impacts of lower net sales and higher costs. Currency-neutral adjusted operating profit decreased 11.8% after excluding the impact of mark-to-market, business and portfolio realignment costs, and foreign currency.
Net sales % change - third quarter YTD 2025 vs. 2024:
Latin AmericaReported net salesForeign currencyCurrency-neutral net salesDivestitureOrganic net sales
Snacks0.2 %(5.2)%5.4 %— %5.4 %
Cereal(12.7)%(7.1)%(5.6)%— %(5.6)%

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Snacks net sales increased slightly due to price/mix growth, partially offset by unfavorable foreign currency and lower volume related to soft category demand.
Cereal net sales decreased due to unfavorable foreign currency and lower volume, notably in Mexico.
AMEA
Reported net sales increased 11% year on year, as sustained volume growth and last year's currency-influenced price increases in our Africa noodles businesses more than offset negative foreign currency translation and general demand softness in snacking categories within the region. Organic net sales increased 16%.
Reported operating profit increased 2.4%, as the impact of increased net sales more than offset negative foreign currency translation. Currency-neutral adjusted operating profit increased 7%, after excluding the impact of business and portfolio realignment and foreign currency.
Net sales % change - third quarter YTD 2025 vs. 2024:
AMEAReported net salesForeign currencyCurrency-neutral net salesDivestitureOrganic net sales
Snacks(5.9)%(1.3)%(4.6)%— %(4.6)%
Cereal0.4 %(2.4)%2.8 %— %2.8 %
Noodles and other36.3 %(11.5)%47.8 %— %47.8 %
Snacks net sales decreased due primarily to lower volume amidst soft category demand, and unfavorable foreign currency translation.
Cereal net sales increased slightly due to price/mix growth, partially offset by unfavorable foreign currency and lower volume related to soft category demand.
Noodles and other net sales increased due to volume growth and price realization that more than offset unfavorable foreign currency.
Corporate
Reported operating profit decreased $21 million versus the comparable prior year period due primarily to costs of the proposed merger and unfavorable year over year mark-to-market impacts, partially offset by lower incentive compensation. Currency-neutral adjusted operating profit increased $45 million from the prior year after excluding the impact of mark-to-market and merger costs.
Margin performance
Our currency-neutral adjusted gross profit and gross profit margin performance for the quarter ended September 27, 2025 and September 28, 2024 are reconciled to the directly comparable GAAP measures as follows:
Quarter endedSeptember 27, 2025September 28, 2024GM change vs. prior
year (pts.)
(dollars in millions)Gross Profit (a)Gross Margin (b)Gross Profit (a)Gross Margin (b)
Reported$1,085 33.3 %$1,176 36.4 %(3.1)
Mark-to-market7 0.2 %61 1.9 %(1.7)
Separation costs— — %(6)(0.2)%0.2 
Network optimization(8)(0.2)%(12)(0.3)%0.1 
Business and portfolio realignment(2)(0.1)%— — %(0.1)
Adjusted1,089 33.4 %1,133 35.0 %(1.6)
Foreign currency impact11 (0.1)%— — %(0.1)
Currency-neutral adjusted$1,078 33.5 %$1,133 35.0 %(1.5)
Note: Tables may not foot due to rounding.
For more information on the reconciling items in the table above, please refer to the Significant items impacting comparability section.
(a) Gross profit is equal to net sales less cost of goods sold.
(b) Gross profit as a percentage of net sales.

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Reported gross margin for the quarter decreased 310 basis points versus the prior year due primarily to less favorable year-over-year mark-to-market impacts and the gross profit impact of lower net sales outside Africa. Currency-neutral adjusted gross margin decreased 150 basis points compared to the prior year quarter after excluding the impact of mark-to-market, network optimization costs, separation costs, and foreign currency.
Our currency-neutral adjusted gross profit and gross profit margin performance for the year-to-date periods ended September 27, 2025 and September 28, 2024 are reconciled to the directly comparable GAAP measures as follows:
Year-to-date period endedSeptember 27, 2025September 28, 2024GM change vs. prior
year (pts.)
(dollars in millions)Gross Profit (a)Gross Margin (b)Gross Profit (a)Gross Margin (b)
Reported$3,234 33.9 %$3,367 35.0 %(1.1)
Mark-to-market(18)(0.2)%58 0.6 %(0.8)
Separation costs(3)— %(9)(0.1)%0.1 
Network optimization(22)(0.2)%(121)(1.2)%1.0 
Business and portfolio realignment(2)— %— — %— 
Adjusted3,279 34.3 %3,439 35.7 %(1.4)
Foreign currency impact(20)0.1 %— — %0.1 
Currency-neutral adjusted$3,299 34.2 %$3,439 35.7 %(1.5)
Note: Tables may not foot due to rounding.
For more information on the reconciling items in the table above, please refer to the Significant items impacting comparability section.
(a) Gross profit is equal to net sales less cost of goods sold.
(b) Gross profit as a percentage of net sales.
Reported gross margin for the year-to-date period decreased 110 basis points versus the prior year period due primarily to unfavorable year over year mark-to-market impacts and the gross profit impact on lower net sales outside Africa partially offset by lapping network optimization costs in the prior year period. Currency-neutral adjusted gross margin decreased 150 basis points compared to prior year period after eliminating the impact of mark-to-market, network optimization, separation costs and foreign currency.
Restructuring Programs
We view our restructuring programs as part of our operating principles to provide greater visibility in achieving our long-term profit growth and margin targets. Initiatives undertaken are generally expected to recover cash implementation costs within a 1 to 5-year period subsequent to completion. Completion (or as each major stage is completed in the case of multi-year programs) is when the project begins to deliver cash savings and/or reduced depreciation.
In the first quarter of 2024, the Company announced a reconfiguration of the North America frozen supply chain network, designed to drive increased productivity. The project is now complete as of the quarter ended September 27, 2025. The overall project resulted in cumulative pretax charges of approximately $65 million, which include employee-related costs of $7 million, other cash costs of $15 million, and non-cash costs, primarily consisting of asset impairment, accelerated depreciation, and asset disposals of $43 million. Charges incurred related to this restructuring program were immaterial during the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 27, 2025, respectively. Charges incurred related to this restructuring program were $7 million and $40 million during the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 28, 2024, respectively. These charges primarily related to severance costs and asset impairment and were recorded in COGS.

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In the first quarter of 2024, the Company proposed a reconfiguration of the European cereal supply chain network and completed collective bargaining obligations and consultation with impacted employees during the quarter ended June 29, 2024. The project, designed to drive efficiencies, is expected to be substantially completed by late 2026, with resulting efficiencies expected to begin contributing to gross margin improvements in late 2026. The overall project is expected to result in cumulative pretax charges of approximately $120 million, which include employee-related costs of $50 million, other cash costs of $30 million, and non-cash costs, primarily consisting of asset impairment, accelerated depreciation, and asset disposals of $40 million. Charges incurred related to this restructuring program were $8 million and $22 million during the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 27, 2025, respectively. Charges incurred related to this restructuring program were $5 million and $74 million during the quarter and year-to-date periods ended September 28, 2024, respectively. These charges primarily related to severance costs and asset impairment and were recorded in COGS.
All other restructuring projects were immaterial during the periods presented.
Foreign currency translation
The reporting currency for our financial statements is the U.S. dollar. Certain of our assets, liabilities, expenses and revenues are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, primarily in the euro, British pound, Australian dollar, Canadian dollar, Mexican peso, Brazilian real, Nigerian naira, Polish zloty, and Egyptian pound. To prepare our consolidated financial statements, we must translate those assets, liabilities, expenses and revenues into U.S. dollars at the applicable exchange rates. As a result, increases and decreases in the value of the U.S. dollar against these other currencies will affect the amount of these items in our consolidated financial statements, even if their value has not changed in their original currency. This could have significant impact on our results if such increase or decrease in the value of the U.S. dollar is substantial.
Interest expense
For the quarters ended September 27, 2025 and September 28, 2024, interest expense was $60 million and $75 million, respectively. For the year-to-date periods ended September 27, 2025 and September 28, 2024, interest expense was $186 million and $241 million, respectively. The decrease from the prior year is due primarily to lower average debt outstanding and lower interest rates on commercial paper and floating rate debt versus the prior year.
Income Taxes
Our reported effective tax rate for the quarters ended September 27, 2025 and September 28, 2024 was 22% and 9%, respectively. The effective tax rate for the year-to-date periods ended September 27, 2025 and September 28, 2024 was 21% and 18%, respectively. The increase in the consolidated effective tax rate from the prior year quarter and year-to-date period is due to the recognition of a $41 million domestic tax benefit during the third quarter of 2024 for the excess of tax basis over book on the Company's investment in a subsidiary. The adjusted effective income tax rate for the quarters ended September 27, 2025 and September 28, 2024 was 21% and 18%, respectively. The effective tax rate for both year-to-date periods ended September 27, 2025 and September 28, 2024 was 21%.
Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could impact the expected effective income tax rate as it is dependent upon U.S. dollar earnings of foreign subsidiaries doing business in various countries with differing statutory rates. Additionally, the rate could be impacted by tax legislation and if pending uncertain tax matters, including tax positions that could be affected by planning initiatives, are resolved more or less favorably than we currently expect.
On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the “Act”) was enacted. The Act provides for several corporate tax changes including, but not limited to, restoring full expensing of domestic research and development costs, restoring immediate deductibility of certain capital expenditures, and changes in the computations of U.S. taxation on international earnings. We do not expect the new provisions of the Act to have a material impact to tax expense and cash flows for 2025.

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 Quarter endedYear-to-date period ended
Consolidated results (dollars in millions)September 27,
2025		September 28,
2024		September 27,
2025		September 28,
2024
Reported income taxes$89 $34 $245 $213 
Mark-to-market2 15 (3)21 
Separation costs— (2)(1)(6)
Network Optimization(2)(3)(5)(29)
Proposed merger costs— (5)(2)(5)
Business and portfolio realignment— — 1 (1)
Domestic tax benefit— (41)— (41)
Adjusted income taxes$90 $70 $255 $274 
Reported effective income tax rate22.3 %8.6 %21.1 %17.8 %
Mark-to-market0.1 %3.0 %— %0.6 %
Separation costs— %(0.1)%0.1 %— %
Network optimization— %(0.2)%— %(0.3)%
Proposed merger costs0.8 %(0.3)%0.3 %— %
Business and portfolio realignment— %0.2 %0.1 %— %
Domestic tax benefit— %(12.1)%— %(3.7)%
Adjusted effective income tax rate21.4 %18.1 %20.6 %21.2 %
Note: Tables may not foot due to rounding.
For more information on the reconciling items in the table above, please refer to the Significant items impacting comparability section.

Liquidity and capital resources
We anticipate current cash and marketable security balances, operating cash flows, together with our credit facilities and other financing sources including commercial paper, credit and bond markets, will be adequate to meet our operating, investing and financing needs. We currently have $2.5 billion of ongoing unused revolving credit agreements, including $1.5 billion effective through 2026 and $1.0 billion effective through December 2025, as well as continued access to the commercial paper markets. We are currently in compliance with all debt covenants and do not have material uncertainty about our ability to maintain compliance in future periods.
Our principal source of liquidity is operating cash flows supplemented by borrowings for major acquisitions and other significant transactions. Our cash-generating capability is one of our fundamental strengths and provides us with substantial financial flexibility in meeting operating and investing needs. Our liquidity and operating cash flows may also be impacted by the timing and closing of the Merger, including as a result of the payment of any termination fee if the Merger Agreement is terminated by the Company under certain circumstances permitted thereby.
We have historically reported negative working capital primarily as the result of our focus to improve core working capital by reducing our levels of trade receivables and inventory while optimizing the timing of payment of our trade payables. The impacts of the extended customer terms program and the monetization programs on core working capital are largely offsetting.
We periodically monitor our supplier payment terms to assess whether our terms are competitive and in line with local market terms. To the extent that such assessment indicates that our supplier payment terms are not aligned with local market terms, we may seek to adjust our terms, including extending or shortening our payment due dates as appropriate. Supplier payment term modifications did not have a material impact on our cash flows during 2024, and are not expected to have a material impact in 2025.
We have a substantial amount of indebtedness which results in current maturities of long-term debt and notes payable which can have a significant impact on working capital as a result of the timing of these required payments. These factors, coupled with the use of our ongoing cash flows from operations to service our debt obligations, pay dividends, fund acquisition opportunities, and repurchase our common stock, reduce our working capital amounts. We had negative working capital of $1.6 billion and $0.9 billion as of September 27, 2025 and December 28, 2024, respectively.

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The following table reflects net debt amounts:
(millions)September 27, 2025December 28, 2024
Notes payable$526 $113 
Current maturities of long-term debt759 632 
Long-term debt4,341 4,998 
Total debt liabilities$5,626 $5,743 
Less:
Cash and cash equivalents240 694 
Net debt$5,386 $5,049 
The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows:
 Year-to-date period ended
(millions)September 27, 2025September 28, 2024
Net cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities$788 $1,293 
Investing activities(478)(589)
Financing activities(736)(417)
Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents(28)8 
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents$(454)$295 
Operating activities
The principal source of our operating cash flow is net earnings, meaning cash receipts from the sale of our products, net of costs to manufacture, distribute, and market our products.
Net cash provided by our operating activities for the year-to-date period ended September 27, 2025, totaled $788 million compared to $1,293 million in the prior year period. The decrease is due primarily current year pension contributions totaling $157 million as well as lapping the distribution from the Company's postretirement benefit plan of $175 million during the first quarter of 2024.
We measure free cash flow as net cash provided by operating activities reduced by expenditures for property additions. We use this non-GAAP financial measure of cash flow to focus management and investors on the amount of cash available for debt repayment, dividend distributions, acquisition opportunities, and share repurchases. Our free cash flow metric is reconciled to the most comparable GAAP measure, as follows:
 Year-to-date period ended
(millions)September 27, 2025September 28, 2024
Net cash provided by operating activities$788 $1,293 
Additions to properties(468)(440)
Free cash flow$320 $853 
Our non-GAAP measure for free cash flow decreased to $320 million in the year-to-date period ended September 27, 2025, from $853 million in the prior year. The decrease is due primarily to current year pension contributions totaling $157 million as well as lapping of the distribution from the Company's postretirement benefit plan of $175 million during the first quarter of 2024 and by higher capital expenditures. Additionally, cash flow from core working capital declined versus the prior year period.
Investing activities
Our net cash used in investing activities totaled $478 million for the year-to-date period ended September 27, 2025 compared to $589 million in the comparable prior year period due primarily to the purchase of marketable securities in conjunction with the distribution from the postretirement healthcare plan in the prior year quarter partially offset by higher capital expenditures.

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Financing activities
Our net cash used in financing activities for the year-to-date period ended September 27, 2025 totaled $736 million compared to cash used of $417 million during the comparable prior year period as certain long-term debt was repaid and replaced with the issuance of commercial paper.
In March 2025, the Company repaid its €600 million ten-year 1.250% Euro Notes due 2025 financed primarily with the issuance of U.S. commercial paper.
During the second quarter of 2024, Kellanova issued $300 million of thirty-year 5.75% Notes due 2054, resulting in net proceeds after discount and underwriting commissions of $296 million. Additionally, during the second quarter of 2024, Kellanova issued €300 million of ten-year 3.75% Notes due 2034, resulting in net proceeds after discount and underwriting commissions of €297 million. The proceeds from these notes were used for general corporate purposes, including the payment of offering related fees and expenses, repayment of a portion of the €600 million 1.00% Notes when they matured on May 17, 2024.
In December 2022, the Board of Directors approved an authorization to repurchase up to $1.5 billion of the Company's common stock through December 2025. This authorization is intended to allow the Company to repurchase shares for general corporate purposes and to offset issuances for employee benefit programs. As of September 27, 2025, $1.3 billion remains available under the authorization.
The Company did not repurchase shares during the year-to-date periods ended September 27, 2025 and September 28, 2024.
We paid cash dividends of $598 million during the year-to-date period ended September 27, 2025, compared to $580 million during the comparable prior year period. In October 2025, the Board of Directors declared a dividend of $.58 per common share, payable on December 15, 2025 to shareholders of record at the close of business on December 1, 2025.
We continue to maintain both a Five-Year and a 364-Day Credit Agreement, which had no outstanding borrowings as of September 27, 2025, and contain customary covenants and warranties, including specified restrictions on indebtedness, liens and a specified interest expense coverage ratio. If an event of default occurs, then, to the extent permitted, the administrative agents may terminate the commitments under the credit facilities, accelerate any outstanding loans under the agreements, and demand the deposit of cash collateral equal to the lender's letter of credit exposure plus interest.
Our Notes contain customary covenants that limit the ability of the Company and its restricted subsidiaries (as defined) to incur certain liens or enter into certain sale and lease-back transactions and also contain a change of control provision. There are no significant restrictions on the payment of dividends. We were in compliance with all covenants as of September 27, 2025.
The Notes do not contain acceleration of maturity clauses that are dependent on credit ratings. A change in our credit ratings could limit our access to the U.S. short-term debt market and/or increase the cost of refinancing long-term debt in the future. However, even under these circumstances, we would continue to have access to our 364-Day Credit Facility, which expires in December 2025, as well as our Five-Year Credit Agreement, which expires in December 2026. This source of liquidity is unused and available on an unsecured basis, although we do not currently plan to use it.

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Monetization and Supplier Finance Programs
We have a program in which customers could extend their payment terms in exchange for the elimination of early payment discounts (Extended Terms Program). In order to mitigate the net working capital impact of the Extended Terms Program for discrete customers, we entered into agreements to sell, on a revolving basis, certain trade accounts receivable balances to third party financial institutions (Monetization Programs). Transfers under the Monetization Programs are accounted for as sales of receivables resulting in the receivables being de-recognized from our Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Monetization Programs provide for the continuing sale of certain receivables on a revolving basis until terminated by either party; however the maximum funding from receivables that may be sold at any time is currently approximately $975 million, but may be increased or decreased as customers move in or out of the Extended Terms Program and as additional financial institutions move in or out of the Monetization Programs. Accounts receivable sold of $762 million and $653 million remained outstanding under this arrangement as of September 27, 2025 and December 28, 2024, respectively.
The Monetization Programs are designed to directly offset the impact the Extended Terms Program would have on the days-sales-outstanding (DSO) metric that is critical to the effective management of the Company's accounts receivable balance and overall working capital. Current DSO levels within North America are consistent with DSO levels prior to the execution of the Extended Term Program and Monetization Programs.
Refer to Note 3 within Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information related to the sale of accounts receivable.
We periodically monitor our supplier payment terms to assess whether our terms are competitive and in line with local market terms. To the extent that such assessment indicates that our supplier payment terms are not aligned with local market terms, we may seek to adjust our terms, including extending or shortening our payment due dates as appropriate, however, we do not expect supplier payment term modifications to have a material impact on our cash flows during 2025.
The Company establishes competitive market-based terms with our suppliers, regardless of whether they participate in supplier finance programs, which generally range from 0 to 150 days dependent on their respective industry and geography. We have agreements with third parties (Supplier Finance Programs) to provide accounts payable tracking systems which facilitate participating suppliers’ ability to monitor and, if elected, sell our payment obligations to designated third-party financial institutions. Participating suppliers may, at their sole discretion, make offers to sell one or more of our payment obligations prior to their scheduled due dates at a discounted price to participating financial institutions. We have no economic interest in the sale of these suppliers’ receivables and no direct financial relationship with the financial institutions concerning these services. Our obligations to our suppliers, including amounts due and scheduled payment dates, are not impacted by suppliers’ decisions to sell amounts under the arrangements. However, our right to offset balances due from suppliers against payment obligations is restricted by the agreements for those payment obligations that have been sold by suppliers.
Refer to Note 1 within Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information related to accounts payable.
If financial institutions were to terminate their participation in the Monetization Programs and we are not able to modify related customer payment terms, working capital could be negatively impacted. Additionally, working capital could be negatively impacted if we shorten our supplier payment terms as a result of supplier negotiations. For suppliers participating in the Supplier Finance Programs, financial institutions may terminate their participation or we could experience a downgrade in our credit rating that could result in higher costs to suppliers. If working capital is negatively impacted as a result of these events and we were unable to secure alternative programs, we may have to utilize our various financing arrangements for short-term liquidity or increase our long-term borrowings.

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Critical accounting estimates
Goodwill and other intangible assets
We review our operating segment and reporting unit structure annually or as significant changes in the organization occur and assess goodwill impairment risk throughout the year by performing a qualitative review of entity-specific, industry, market and general economic factors affecting our reporting units with goodwill. Similarly, we assess indefinite-life intangible assets impairment risk throughout the year by performing a qualitative review and assessing events and circumstances that could affect the fair value or carrying value of these intangible assets. No interim triggering events requiring further impairment assessments of goodwill or indefinite-life intangibles have been noted during 2025. Annually during the fourth quarter, in conjunction with our annual budgeting process, we perform qualitative or quantitative testing, depending on factors such as prior-year test results, current year developments, current risk evaluations and other practical considerations. Refer to our Critical Accounting Estimates in our 2024 Form 10-K for further details on the methodologies used for evaluating goodwill and intangible assets.
The annual testing for goodwill and intangible asset impairment is currently underway and will be reported on in the 2025 Form 10-K. Fair value determinations used in the annual testing require considerable judgment and are sensitive to changes in underlying assumptions, estimates, and market factors. Estimating the fair value of individual reporting units or indefinite-lived intangible assets requires making assumptions and estimates regarding the Company’s future plans, as well as industry, economic, and regulatory conditions. If current expectations of future growth rates and margins are not met, if market factors outside of the Company’s control, such as market comparables, rising discount rates, income tax rates, foreign currency exchange rate volatility, or inflation, change, or if management’s expectations or plans otherwise change, then one or more of our reporting units or indefinite-lived assets could become impaired in the future.
Forward-looking statements
This Report contains “forward-looking statements” with projections and expectations concerning, among other things, the Company’s restructuring programs; the timing, completion and other effects of the Merger; the integration of acquired businesses; our strategy, financial principles, and plans; initiatives, improvements and growth; sales, margins, advertising, promotion, merchandising, brand building, operating profit, and earnings per share; innovation; investments; capital expenditures; asset write-offs and expenditures and costs related to productivity or efficiency initiatives; the impact of accounting changes and significant accounting estimates; our ability to meet interest and debt principal repayment obligations; minimum contractual obligations; future common stock repurchases or debt reduction; effective income tax rate; cash flow and core working capital improvements; interest expense; commodity and energy prices; ESG performance; and employee benefit plan costs and funding. Forward-looking statements include predictions of future results or activities and may contain the words “expect,” “believe,” “will,” “can,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “project,” “should,” or words or phrases of similar meaning. For example, forward-looking statements are found in this Item 1 and in several sections of Management’s Discussion and Analysis. Our actual results or activities may differ materially from these predictions.
Our future results could be affected by a variety of other factors, including the timing to consummate the Merger and the risk that the Merger may not be completed at all or the occurrence of any event, change, or other circumstances that could give rise to the termination of the Merger Agreement, including circumstances requiring a party to pay the other party a termination fee pursuant to the Merger Agreement; the risk that the conditions to closing of the Merger may not be satisfied or waived; the risk that a governmental or regulatory approval that may be required for the Merger is not obtained or is obtained subject to conditions that are not anticipated; potential litigation relating to, or other unexpected costs resulting from, the Merger; legislative, regulatory, and economic developments; risks that the proposed Merger disrupts the Company's current plans and operations; the risk that certain restrictions during the pendency of the Merger may impact the Company's ability to pursue certain business opportunities or strategic transactions; the diversion of management's time on transaction-related issues; continued availability of capital and financing and rating agency actions; the risk that any announcements relating to the Merger could have adverse effects on the market price of the Company's common stock, credit ratings or operating results; the risk that the Merger and its announcement could have an adverse effect on the ability to retain and hire key personnel, to retain customers and to maintain relationships with business partners, suppliers and customers; the impact of macroeconomic conditions; business disruptions; consumers' and other stakeholders' perceptions of our brands; the ability to implement restructurings as planned, whether the expected amount of costs associated with restructurings will differ from forecasts, whether the Company will be able to realize the anticipated benefits from restructurings in the amounts and times expected; the ability to realize the anticipated benefits and synergies from business acquisitions in the amounts and at the times expected; the impact of competitive conditions; the ability to realize the

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intended benefits of the separation of WK Kellogg Co (the "separation"); the possibility of disruption from the separation, including changes to existing business relationships, disputes, litigation or unanticipated costs; uncertainty of the expected financial performance of the Company following completion of the separation; the effectiveness of pricing, advertising, and promotional programs; the success of innovation, renovation and new product introductions; the success of our Better Days and sustainability programs; the recoverability of the carrying value of goodwill and other intangibles; the success of productivity improvements and business transitions; commodity and energy prices, transportation costs, labor costs, disruptions or inefficiencies in supply chain; the availability of and interest rates on short-term and long-term financing; actual market performance of benefit plan trust investments; the levels of spending on systems initiatives, properties, business opportunities; integration of acquired businesses; other general and administrative costs; changes in consumer behavior and preferences; the effect of U.S. and foreign economic conditions on items such as interest rates; statutory tax rates; currency conversion and availability; legal and regulatory factors including changes in food safety, advertising and labeling laws and regulations, the ultimate impact of product recalls; business disruption or other losses from war, terrorist acts or political unrest; and the risks and uncertainties described in Item 1A below. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they were made, and we undertake no obligation to publicly update them.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Our Company is exposed to certain market risks, which exist as a part of our ongoing business operations. We use derivative financial and commodity instruments, where appropriate, to manage these risks. Refer to Note 10 within Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on our derivative financial and commodity instruments.
Refer to disclosures contained within Item 7A of our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Other than changes noted here, there have been no material changes in the Company’s market risk as of September 27, 2025.
Volatile market conditions arising from geopolitical events may result in significant changes in foreign exchange rates, and in particular a weakening of foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar may negatively affect the translation of foreign currency denominated earnings to U.S. dollars. Additionally the Company operates in certain emerging markets that may be subject to hyperinflationary economic conditions. Primary currency exposures include the U.S. dollar versus the euro, British pound, Australian dollar, Canadian dollar, Mexican peso, Brazilian real, Nigerian naira, Polish zloty and Egyptian pound, and in the case of inter-subsidiary transactions, the British pound versus the euro.
The impact of possible currency devaluations in countries experiencing high inflation rates or significant exchange fluctuations, including Nigeria and Egypt, can impact our results. Effective the fourth quarter of 2024, we have accounted for Nigeria and Egypt as highly inflationary economies, as the three-year cumulative inflation rate exceeded 100%. Accordingly, our Nigeria and Egypt subsidiaries use the U.S. dollar as their functional currency. Highly inflationary accounting requires monetary assets and liabilities, such as cash, receivables and payables, to be remeasured in U.S. dollars at the current exchange rate at the end of each period with the impact of any changes in exchange rates being recorded in income. Our Nigerian subsidiaries had a net monetary liability balance of approximately $147 million as of September 27, 2025. Net monetary assets denominated in Egyptian pound are not material as of September 27, 2025. Non-monetary assets and liabilities, such as inventory, property, plant and equipment and intangible assets are carried forward at their historical dollar cost, which is calculated using the exchange rate at the date which hyperinflationary accounting is implemented. The impact of highly inflationary accounting in 2024 and though September 27, 2025, was not material to the Company financials.
In addition to our consolidated Nigerian business, the Company also has an investment in an unconsolidated entity, Tolaram Africa Foods PTE LTD (TAF), that holds an investment in a Nigerian food manufacturer. This investment is accounted for under the equity method of accounting and is evaluated for indicators of other than temporary impairment.
We have interest rate contracts with notional amounts totaling $1.1 billion representing a net settlement obligation of $25 million as of September 27, 2025. We had interest rate contracts with notional amounts totaling $1.1 billion representing a net settlement obligation of $43 million as of December 28, 2024.

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During the year-to-date period ended September 27, 2025, we settled cross currency swaps with notional amounts totaling approximately €1.1 billion, resulting in a net realized loss of approximately $55 million. These cross currency swaps were accounted for as net investment hedges and the related loss was recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income. During the year-to-date ended September 27, 2025, we also entered into cross currency swaps with notional amounts totaling approximately €1.5 Billion, as hedges against foreign currency volatility associated with our net investment in our wholly-owned foreign subsidiaries. These swaps were designated as net investment hedges. We have cross currency swaps with notional amounts totaling $2.9 billion outstanding as of September 27, 2025 representing a net settlement obligation of $102 million. The total notional amount of cross currency swaps outstanding as of December 28, 2024 was $2.0 billion representing a net settlement receivable of $87 million.
Our Company is exposed to price fluctuations primarily as a result of anticipated purchases of raw and packaging materials, fuel, and energy. Primary exposures include corn, wheat, potato flakes, soybean oil, sugar, cocoa, cartonboard, natural gas, and diesel fuel. We have historically used the combination of long-term contracts with suppliers, and exchange-traded futures and option contracts to reduce price fluctuations in a desired percentage of forecasted raw material purchases over a duration of generally less than 18 months.
Geopolitical instability, including wars and conflicts (including conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East), actual and potential shifts in U.S. and foreign, trade, economic and other policies as well as other global events, may result in certain impacts to the global economy, including market disruptions, supply chain challenges, and inflationary pressures. During the quarter ended September 27, 2025, we continued to experience moderate supply chain cost inflation, including procurement and manufacturing costs. Our full-year 2025 outlook for modest input-cost inflation in 2025 may be pressured higher by U.S. and retaliatory tariffs enacted subsequent to the quarter, and we plan to mitigate any resultant acceleration in inflation through productivity, identifying alternative sources, and implementing revenue growth management strategies.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure under Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e). Disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, rather than absolute, assurance of achieving the desired control objectives.
As of September 27, 2025, we carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures.
Based on the foregoing, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
There were no changes during the quarter ended September 27, 2025, that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.


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Kellanova
PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes in our risk factors from those disclosed in Part I, Item 1A to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 28, 2024. The risk factors disclosed under those Reports in addition to the other information set forth in this Report, could materially affect our business, financial condition, or results. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we deem to be immaterial could also materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results.


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KELLANOVA
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
KELLANOVA
/s/ John Renwick
John Renwick
Principal Financial Officer; Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
/s/ Kurt Forche
Kurt Forche
Principal Accounting Officer;
Vice President and Corporate Controller
Date: October 30, 2025
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
In December 2022, the Board of Directors approved an authorization to repurchase up to $1.5 billion of the Company's common stock through December 2025. This authorization is intended to allow the Company to repurchase shares for general corporate purposes and to offset issuances for employee benefit programs.
The following table provides information with respect to purchases of common shares under programs authorized by our Board of Directors during the quarter ended September 27, 2025.
(c) Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
(millions, except per share data)
Period(a) Total Number
of Shares
Purchased		(b) Average Price
Paid Per Share		(c) Total Number
of Shares
Purchased as
Part of Publicly
Announced
Plans or
Programs		(d) Approximate
Dollar Value of
Shares that May
Yet Be
Purchased
Under the Plans
or Programs
Month #1:
6/29/2025 - 7/26/2025— $— — $1,330 
Month #2:
7/27/2025 - 8/23/2025— $— — $1,330 
Month #3:
8/24/2025 - 9/27/2025— $— — $1,330 
Total—  — 
Item 5. Other Information
None.


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Item 6. Exhibits
(a)Exhibits:         
Rule 13a-14(e)/15d-14(a) Certification from Steven A. Cahillane
Rule 13a-14(e)/15d-14(a) Certification from John Renwick
Section 1350 Certification from Steven A. Cahillane
Section 1350 Certification from John Renwick
101.INSXBRL Instance Document
101.SCHXBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CALXBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEFXBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LABXBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PREXBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
* A management contract or compensatory plan required to be filed with this Report.
† Certain exhibits have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. The Company hereby undertakes to furnish supplemental copies of any of the omitted exhibits upon request by the SEC.


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Kellanova
EXHIBIT INDEX
 
Exhibit No.DescriptionElectronic (E)
Paper (P)
Incorp. By
Ref. (IBRF)
Rule 13a-14(e)/15d-14(a) Certification from Steven A. CahillaneE
Rule 13a-14(e)/15d-14(a) Certification from John RenwickE
Section 1350 Certification from Steven A. CahillaneE
Section 1350 Certification from John RenwickE
101.INSXBRL Instance DocumentE
101.SCHXBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema DocumentE
101.CALXBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase DocumentE
101.DEFXBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase DocumentE
101.LABXBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase DocumentE
101.PREXBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase DocumentE
*A management contract or compensatory plan required to be filed with this Report.
† Certain exhibits have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. The Company hereby undertakes to furnish supplemental copies of any of the omitted exhibits upon request by the SEC.

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Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION

I, Steven A. Cahillane, certify that:
1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Kellanova;
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
a.designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b.designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c.evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d.disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a.all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b.any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
/s/ Steven A. Cahillane
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Date: October 30, 2025


Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION

I, John Renwick, certify that:
1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Kellanova;
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
a.designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b.designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c.evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d.disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a.all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b.any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
 
/s/ John Renwick
Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Date: October 30, 2025


Exhibit 32.1


SECTION 1350 CERTIFICATION
I, Steven A. Cahillane, hereby certify, on the date hereof, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that
(1)the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Kellanova for the quarter ended September 27, 2025 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
(2)the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Kellanova. 
/s/ Steven A. Cahillane
Name:Steven A. Cahillane
Title:Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
A signed copy of this original statement required by Section 906 has been provided to Kellanova and will be retained by Kellanova and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff on request.

Date: October 30, 2025
Exhibit 32.2


SECTION 1350 CERTIFICATION

I, John Renwick, hereby certify, on the date hereof, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that
(1)the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Kellanova for the quarter ended September 27, 2025 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
(2)the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Kellanova.
 
/s/ John Renwick
Name:John Renwick
Title:Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
A signed copy of this original statement required by Section 906 has been provided to Kellanova and will be retained by Kellanova and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff on request.

Date: October 30, 2025